scholarly journals Urban dynamics, everyday hazards and disaster risks in Ibadan, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibidun O Adelekan
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The City ◽  
Official Records

Many cities in sub-Saharan Africa lack official records of deaths and of serious illnesses and injuries from everyday hazards and disaster events at all scales. This is a major limitation to effective planning for risk reduction. This paper seeks to fill some of these data gaps for the city of Ibadan, drawing on newspaper reports, hospital records, and databases or records of government departments for the period 2000–2015. It presents what can be learned about risks from these sources and discusses how the social, economic and political structures at the national, city and locality levels contribute to the most serious urban risks, as well as how these drive the process of risk accumulation, especially for vulnerable groups. Excluding public health risks for which data are scarce and incomplete, road traffic accidents, crime, violence and flooding constitute the most serious hazards in the city of Ibadan.

scholarly journals Injury patterns among road traffic accidents: a hospital-based study in Ecuador

Bionatura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1704-1711
Author(s):  
Aline Siteneski ◽  
Leonardo D. Jalca Cantos ◽  
Emily P. Calderón Delgado ◽  
Ruth M. Yaguache Celi ◽  
César A. Silva Saltos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Road Traffic Injuries ◽  
Santa Ana ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Injury Occurrence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The City

Traffic accidents are serious public health problems, account for profound economic costs to individuals, families, and societies. The social impacts range from physiological to economic causes, which could be a serious negative effect, especially in undeveloped countries. To further elucidate this problem, the prevalence of injuries caused by traffic accidents in a Santa Ana Health Centre, Portoviejo, Ecuador, was studied. This registry-based retrospective study analyzed data on Santa Ana, from Enero 2016 to Diciembre 2019, and the medical records of patients who had been admitted were extracted and analyzed. Passengers cars, motorcycles, and bicycles involved in collisions were included, and the information collected was relating to sex, age, and type of injuries. In total, 75%±6.34 patients victims of road traffic injuries were males, and their mean age was 20 and 49 years. There was a cooperative agreement between total injury occurrence (%) and type of vehicle. Bus and car accidents had lower relation (R2 = 0.44, 078) (p = 0.063, 0.005) with total occurrence. The highest relation was found in motorbikes (R2 = 0.98 p = 2e-05), since it's the primary or most popular means of transportation in the city. The best of our knowledge is the first study to reporting data on road traffic injuries in the Province of Manabí, the third-largest province in extension in Ecuador. Additional studies with larger populations are thus necessary to construct a robust data system in undeveloped countries that can facilitate the flow of reliable information about road traffic injuries.

scholarly journals Diabetes in Africa sub-Saharan Distribution Based on Social Status: The Case of Libreville (Gabon)

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 459
Author(s):  
Guy S. Padzys ◽  
Joseph P Ondo ◽  
Priscilla L Omouenze ◽  
Sylvie Zongo
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modifiable Factor ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Diabetes Center ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

<p class="Pa5"><strong>Objectives: </strong>Many researchers continue to believe that urbanization is a major contributor to diabetes. We seek to demon­strate that the social status associated with urbanization has an impact on the preva­lence of diabetes in Libreville, Gabon in sub-Saharan Africa.</p><p class="Pa5"><strong>Methods: </strong>Our study was conducted in Li­breville, the capital of Gabon; the city has a population of 397,000. Our study analyzed data from the registries of patients hospital­ized in 2013 in the main diabetes center in Libreville.</p><p class="Pa5"><strong>Result: </strong>The results revealed that, for 2013, 798 patients were hospitalized with diabetes at a prevalence of .2%. We found differences (<em>P</em>&lt;.05) between women (423) and men (375). Mean age for women was 52.02 years and 48.88 years for men. The number of existing cases hospitalized was significantly more than new cases. All levels of society were represented in our study: students (42); military (36); administratives (99); technicians (180); unemployed (295); and retired (146). The results showed that the unemployed (36%), particularly women (29.40%) are most affected by diabetes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results show the impact of social status on the increase of diabetes in Libreville. We found that urbanization, associated with insecurity especially in women, had an effect on the prevalence of diabetes in Libreville. These results indicate that, apart from the non-modifiable fac­tors (age, race, ethnicity), insecurity is a modifiable factor that should be taken into account. <em>Ethn Dis. </em>2015;25(4):459-462; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.459</p>

scholarly journals Recognition and interpretation of road signs by commercial drivers in Enugu Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 4181
Author(s):  
Wilfred O. Okenwa ◽  
Ikenna K. Ndu ◽  
Uchenna Ekwochi ◽  
Obinna C. Nduagubam ◽  
Ogechukwu F. Amadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Injury Death ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Commercial Drivers ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest road injury death rate of all regions in the world with Nigeria being one of the four countries accounting for half of all these deaths. Road, traffic signs or codes are salient ways of communication to road users geared towards reducing road traffic accident and studies that traffic violation are considered to be amongst the causes of road traffic accidents. Recognition, interpretation and observance of road signs could be of great importance in reducing the incidence of road accidents. This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge of road signs by commercial drivers in Enugu South-East Nigeria.Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study carried out in Enugu metropolis over a period of 3 months using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Commercial drivers in Enugu participated in the study. Common road signs in their usual colors were showed to the drivers to test their ability to correctly identify the signs.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 42.4±9.6 years. Majority of the respondents, 59.4% are on intra-city transport route. Over 65% of the driver’s attained secondary education and beyond. Nearly a half (49.4%) of the drivers had poor knowledge of road signs. Drivers who have attained primary education and less (AOR=0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.3); who are on intra-city transport route (AOR=0.08, 95% CI: 0.05-0.1) or had less than 11 years driving experience (AOR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.5) were less likely to have good knowledge of road signs.Conclusions: Significant gaps still exist in knowledge of road signs among commercial drivers in Enugu, Nigeria. 

scholarly journals Management and outcome of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 937
Author(s):  
Nasiru Jinjiri Ismail ◽  
Ali Lasseini ◽  
Aliyu Muhammad Koko ◽  
Bello Bala Shehu
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Aetiological Factor ◽  
Csf Rhinorrhea ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Sub Saharan

Background: Post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea are relatively uncommon neurosurgical condition that is associated with serious morbidity and life-threatening complications like meningitis. As such, it requires prompt and thorough evaluation and treatment. Is of note that, only few studies discussed CSF rhinorrhea in literature especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was designed to report outcomes of management of post-traumatic CSF rhinorrhea seen in our institution.Methods: Relevant data of all patients with post-traumatic CSF rhinorrhea managed from July 2015 to June 2019 were retrospectively reviewed.Results: Out of the total 1942 cases of head injury managed over the study period 20 cases (1%) were diagnosed with CSF rhinorrhea. The mean age of presentation was 30.5 years. All patients were male and road traffic accidents was the only aetiological factor noted. Majority of patients developed rhinorrhea after 48 hours of injury (12/20). Pneumocephalus was the commonest computerised tomographic scan finding and about 2/3rd of the patients required operative treatment by transcranial anterior cranial fossa repair (13/20). The remaining patients were managed non-operatively with acetazolamide, antihistamines, stool softeners and antibiotics. The outcome was generally good with no recurrence noted. The rate of mortality was 10% (2/20) and resulted from meningitis.Conclusions: Posttraumatic CSF rhinorrhea was seen in 1% of cases of head injury in our environment and affects males predominantly. Although, the outcome of treatments was good, 10% mortality caused by meningitis was recorded.

scholarly journals Mapping 20 Years of Urban Expansion in 45 Urban Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Yann Forget ◽  
Michal Shimoni ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
Catherine Linard
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Mapping Approach ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

By 2050, half of the net increase in the world’s population is expected to reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), driving high urbanization rates and drastic land cover changes. However, the data-scarce environment of SSA limits our understanding of the urban dynamics in the region. In this context, Earth Observation (EO) is an opportunity to gather accurate and up-to-date spatial information on urban extents. During the last decade, the adoption of open-access policies by major EO programs (CBERS, Landsat, Sentinel) has allowed the production of several global high resolution (10–30 m) maps of human settlements. However, mapping accuracies in SSA are usually lower, limited by the lack of reference datasets to support the training and the validation of the classification models. Here we propose a mapping approach based on multi-sensor satellite imagery (Landsat, Sentinel-1, Envisat, ERS) and volunteered geographic information (OpenStreetMap) to solve the challenges of urban remote sensing in SSA. The proposed mapping approach is assessed in 17 case studies for an average F1-score of 0.93, and applied in 45 urban areas of SSA to produce a dataset of urban expansion from 1995 to 2015. Across the case studies, built-up areas averaged a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% between 1995 and 2015. The comparison with local population dynamics reveals the heterogeneity of urban dynamics in SSA. Overall, population densities in built-up areas are decreasing. However, the impact of population growth on urban expansion differs depending on the size of the urban area and its income class.

Slaves and society in Western Africa, c. 1445—c. 1700

1980 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Fage
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
The Social ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
Limited Supply ◽  
Sub Saharan

Published European first-hand accounts of the coastlands from Senegal to Angola for the period c. 1445-c. 1700 are examined to see what light they throw on the extent to which institutions of servitude in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa were autonomous developments or a response to external demands for African slaves. It seems clear that when, in the early years of this period, European traders first approached societies along the western African coasts, they were commonly offered what they called ‘slaves’ in exchange for the goods they had brought. But it would be wrong to conclude from this that a slave class was necessarily a feature of western African coastal societies when these were first contacted by Europeans. It is clear, for instance, that the Europeans preferred to deal with societies which had developed monarchical governments, whose leaders had control of sufficient surpluses to make trade worthwhile. The evidence suggests that in these societies most individuals were dependants of a ruling and entrepreneurial elite, but that there was also social mobility. A category of dependants that particularly attracted the notice of the European observers was women, whom men of power and wealth tended to accumulate as wives (and hence as the potential mothers of still more dependants). The necessarily limited supply of women may have been a factor encouraging such men to seek to increase their followings, and thus their status, power and wealth, by recruiting other dependants by forcible, judicial and economic means. While many such dependants, or their offspring, would be assimilated into the social groups commanded by their masters, the latter were certainly willing to contemplate using recently acquired or refractory recruits in other ways, such as exchanging them for alternative forms of wealth.

Transcontinental Modernism. M&G as an Unité d’habitation and a factory complex in Mozambique

2010 ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
Ana Tostões ◽  
Maria Manuel Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Social Program ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
Technological Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Overseas Territories ◽  
Architectural Modernism

With the aim of contributing to the documentation and conservation of the modern architectural heritage, this paper presents Monteiro & Giro Complex (M&G), built during the 50’s in Quelimane, Mozambique, with the goal of stressing the modernity of the social program and the technological approach. If one wants to gain a better understanding of the worldwide Diaspora of architectural modernism, it is essential to document and analyse the important heritage of sub–Saharan Africa. Modern architectural debates have been reproduced, transformed, contested and sometimes even improved in distant lands and overseas territories. These contradictory aspects of Modernist practice are revealed in the programmatic, technological and structural M&G industrial Complex.

Cross-Border Funding and Microfinance Mission Drift: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-40
Author(s):  
Akem Forkusam
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Mission Drift ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Ssa Countries

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has become the top priority for international funders and they are now increasing their cross-border funding to microfinance institutions (MFIs) in the region. This foreign funding is considered an additional source of capital for MFIs in the region who are facing difficulties in meeting the demand of the poor. However, these funds are provided by public and private funders who each have different motives. The paper examines the impact of these different sources of funding on microfinance performance and mission drift in SSA, which is the world’s poorest region. The study utilizes data from 212 MFIs in 30 SSA countries accessed over a three-year period (i.e. 2007, 2009, and 2011). The findings show that cross-border funding does not affect either the social or financial performance of MFIs when time and country effects are accounted for.

Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
pp. 183-219
Author(s):  
Rhys Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Ssa Countries

Some of the most controversial aspects of China’s economic presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) relate to the social, political, and environmental impacts. Many of the claims that are made are based on anecdotal evidence, and there is a need for more systematic research on these aspects. In terms of social impacts, the chapter discusses employment, wages, working conditions, and labour rights. Political issues addressed include claims that China’s involvement supports authoritarian regimes, encourages corruption, and leads to conflict and political instability. These claims are not generally supported, and SSA countries have benefitted from the increased policy space that Chinese involvement gives them. The environmental effects of both increased exports to China and the activities of Chinese firms in SSA are analyzed. Contrasting case studies illustrate the negative impacts of China on forestry, and the positive effects of Chinese support for wind and solar power.

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