scholarly journals Freezing time, preparing for the future: The stockpile as a temporal matter of security

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Folkers
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Freezing Time ◽  
Temporal Ontology ◽  
Material Politics ◽  
Fiscal Austerity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Security Device ◽  
Freeze Time

This article analyses stockpiling as a security device that hoards time, stores power and buffers disruptions. The stockpile is a temporal matter of security by virtue of its ability to freeze time and to prepare for future emergencies. Stockpiling is informed by anticipations of threats but also materially underpins expectations. After unpacking the temporal ontology of stockpiling, the article traces its history as a security device and technology of power. Stockpiling enabled the emergence of the earliest states by establishing the means to store surpluses and centralize power. In modernity, stores became more dispersed as money, commodity exchange and new infrastructures made it possible to procure resources through circulation. In the 20th century, stockpiling became a reflexive security device reactive to risks associated with the disruption of these circulations. Finally, the article illuminates the role of reserves in contemporary German catastrophe preparedness to show that stockpiling remains an important security technique. Yet fiscal austerity and budgetary constraints limit security stockpiling. To compensate for the absence of public security stores, the government is prompting citizens to establish emergency stockpiles. The article offers a theoretical, historical and empirical engagement with stockpiling and thereby further elucidates the material politics of anticipation.

scholarly journals Orientalist Construction on the Existence of Ammiyah Arabic in Egypt in the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
M. Taufiq Hidayat Pabbajah ◽  
Mustaqim Pabbajah
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Government

This study aims to explorehow the Ammiyah language came about in Egypt in the 20th century. It adopted an observational research design. To gather the data, the books and journals covering Orientalism were examined.The study details three of the findings. First, the Ammiyah language differs from the Arabic Fusha in terms of syntax, lexical and phonological characteristics. Second, Ammiyah has often been used in Egypt in familial and social communication. Third, the construction carried out by Orientalists in popularizing the Ammiyah language in order to shift the role of the Arabic Fusha as the language of state administration in Egypt through two aspects. The government orders the writing of books and newspapers in the Ammiyah language using Latin letters, and prohibits the teaching of Fusha language in the school and all activities. Although the Orientalist effort failed because of the opposition from Arab literary groups both Muslim and Christian Arabs, as well as the Al-Azhar and Majma 'Lughah Universities which protected the purity of the Arabic language, there was still a social impact on Egyptian society. The Egyptian society utilizes a number of Ammiyah languages in day-to-day contact.

The Phantom Wahhabi: Liberalism and the Muslim fanatic in mid-Victorian India

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULIA STEPHENS
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Public Security ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Police Powers ◽  
Executive Authority ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Anglo Indian

AbstractIn the late 1860s and early 1870s the British colonial government in India suppressed an imagined Wahhabi conspiracy, which it portrayed as a profound threat to imperial security. The detention and trial of Amir and Hashmadad Khan—popularly known as the Great Wahhabi Case—was the most controversial of a series of public trials of suspected Wahhabis. The government justified extra-judicial arrests and detentions as being crucial to protect the empire from anti-colonial rebels inspired by fanatical religious beliefs. The government's case against the Khan brothers, however, was exceptionally weak. Their ongoing detention sparked a sustained public debate about the balance between executive authority and the rule of law. In newspapers and pamphlets published in India and Britain, Indian journalists and Anglo-Indian lawyers argued that arbitrary police powers posed a greater threat to public security than religious fanatics. In doing so, they embraced a language of liberalism which emphasized the rule of law and asserted the role of public opinion as a check on government despotism. Debates about the Great Wahhabi Case demonstrate the ongoing contest between authoritarian and liberal strands of imperial ideology, even at the height of the panic over the intertwined threat of Indian sedition and fanatical Islam.

scholarly journals Analisis Peran IMF terhadap Fenomena Inflasi tahun 1997-1998 di Negara Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Aliya Nur Aziza ◽  
Audita Fathana ◽  
Ayun Faiza Yulianto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Stability ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Government Decision ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Exchange Policy ◽  
Monetary Crisis ◽  
Fiscal Austerity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All

Monetary crisis in Asia is a condition when the huge inflation takes place in almost all of the Southeast Asia countries. Thailand become pioneer of monetary crisis in Asia. The value of the country's currency in Thailand fell due to the government decision in adopting managed-float exchange policy of Baht currency to the Dollar America. This led the government to take the decision for seeking a help from IMF in order to recover their economic stability. However, this attempt became more complicated as a consequence of IMF regulation. IMF could not provide a solution to recover economic crisis as some of the parties disagree with the financial support by providing loan for Asia countries. The inflation also was one of the reasons behind of IMF incapability to provide solutions tackling this issue. Therefore, this paper has the aim to investigate the role of IMF towards the inflation issue in Thailand in 1997-1998. The method used to collect data is to use Internet based research with data analysis techniques using qualitative descriptive methods. The results of this study are that the IMF issued several policies including Monetary Tightening Policy, Fiscal Austerity, and Application of Letter of Intent.

scholarly journals The New Role of Ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the Post 1999 Democratic Dispensation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Nigeria is a country with a centuries’ long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

scholarly journals Propositions for the Development of the Public Grievances Commission (A Korean Style Ombudsman)

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (0) ◽  
pp. 155-172
Author(s):  
Kwang-Il Kim
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Relative Ease ◽  
The Public ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Regular Session

The ombusdsman originated in Sweden as a substitution for the Parliament practiced a role of superintending the administration in its beginning, but now the office operates both as a commissioner of the people and the arbiter between the government and individual and also as an institution aims at the realization of efficient redress and justice. The office is expected to practice a function of disposition of the complaints on the principle of equity with relative ease and promptitude. After the ombudsman had originated in Sweden in 1809 as a Parliamentary commissioner Finland adopted the office in 1920, but the interests in the office became widespread only after the mid-20th century and at present about 50 countries have introduced the institution. In case of our country the Public Grievances Commission thereafter described as PGC), Korean style ombudsman, was inaugurated in 4 April 1994 under the provision of the "Basic Law about Administrative Regulations and Civil Affairs Administration (hereafter described as the "Basic Law.") that has passed in a regular session of the National Assembly of 1993.

20th Century Genocides

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Payaslian
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
East Timor ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Genocide Studies ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
Subject Areas ◽  
The Government

The scholarship on genocide has grown exponentially since the 1970s. The two general objectives of genocide studies have been to develop more systematic explanations of causes of genocide and a deeper understanding of consequences than previously available in the literature. Genocides in the 20th century are estimated to have cost more than forty million lives. The term genocide was coined by Raphael Lemkin (b. 1900–d. 1959), a Polish-Jewish legal scholar, who, in reaction to the atrocities taking place during World War II, advocated the creation of an international legal instrument to prevent genocide. His efforts led to the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (9 December 1948). The convention is legally binding under international law but has become the subject of much heated debate, mostly regarding contending definitions of “genocide.” A consensus has formed among scholars that genocides in the 20th century encompassed (although were not limited to) the following cases: Herero in 1904–1907, the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915–1923, the Holodomor in the former Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933, the Jewish Holocaust in 1938–1945, Bangladesh in 1971, Cambodia in 1975–1979, East Timor in 1975–1999, Bosnia in 1991–1995, and Rwanda in 1994. The diversity of subject areas, theories, and methodologies in genocide studies notwithstanding, most work is primarily concerned with the role of the perpetrator state; the nature of leadership; the ability of the leaders to transform ordinary men into murderers and bureaucracies into instruments of murder; and, finally, how to prevent future genocides. Although a small number of scholarly works have also paid attention to followers and bystanders, this area requires more research, as does genocide prevention. Regardless of the paucity of scholarly literature on genocide prevention, the European Union, in cooperation with the government of Hungary, took the significant step of establishing, in 2011, the Budapest Centre for the International Prevention of Genocide and Mass Atrocities.

scholarly journals Role of Government Agent in Local Administration in Sri Lanka

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
R.A.W Ranasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The Political ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
District Administration

The Government Agent (GA) represented the highest authority of the district Administration in the pre-independent Sri Lanka. A similar position known as the “Disawe” could be found in the local administration in the kandyan kingdom. The post of the disawe was replaced by the colonial post of the GA. The powers and functions of the GA made him a petty king in the district. The GA commanded his duty centering in his official place known as Kachchery. The beginning of the 20th Century, the GA played a significant role in district administration in Sri Lanka. Despoil of power and functions of the GA by the political authority were accelerated with the introduction of the Provincial Council system in 1987. Presently the GA is not other than a government servant who plays a role of a coordinator. Also GA has become a victim of the rapid process of politicization of bureaucracy.

On retroeconomy

2017 ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
V. Papava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
International Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This paper analyzes the problem of technological backwardness of economy. In many mostly developing countries their economies use obsolete technologies. This can create the illusion that this or that business is prosperous. At the level of international competition, however, it is obvious that these types of firms do not have any chance for success. Retroeconomics as a theory of technological backwardness and its detrimental effect upon a country’s economy is considered in the paper. The role of the government is very important for overcoming the effects of retroeconomy. The phenomenon of retroeconomy is already quite deep-rooted throughout the world and it is essential to consolidate the attention of economists and politicians on this threat.

The Great Reform and the Fate of Capitalism in Russia (On the 150th Anniversary of the Emancipation Reform)

2011 ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
In The Beginning

The paper deals with the problem of the establishment of capitalism in Russia in the late 19 - early 20th centuries. Using a wide array of historical research and documents the author argues that the thesis on the advanced state of capitalism in Russia in the beginning of the 20th century does not stand up to historical scrutiny, and the role of the famous Emancipation reform of 1861 appears to be of limited importance.

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