Defining ‘woman': A governmentality analysis of how protective policies are created in elite women's sport

2022 ◽  
pp. 101269022110727
Author(s):  
Anna Posbergh
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Women Athletes ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Women's Sport ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Standards And Regulations ◽  
Do So

Women's sport remains a contested realm that frequently features standards and regulations premised on women's inferiority and physiological distinctions from men. In response to these purported sex-based differences, a range of protective policies have been implemented to ostensibly ensure women's safety and health, defend “fair competition” in women's sport, and/or prevent the violation of social and medical boundaries that define who is a “woman.” Yet, protective policies encompass a multitude of rationales and strategies, demonstrating the malleability of “protection” in terms of who is protected and why. In this article, I draw from Michel Foucault's theory of “governmentality” to investigate the nuances of protective policies, especially their placed importance on sex differences. To do so, I examine three case studies: World Athletics’ (WA) 2019 female eligibility policy, WA's 2019 transgender eligibility policy, and the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S). Using document texts and semi-structured interviews with eight scientists involved with developing the case studies, I find that protective policies are developed through messy and often contentious processes that selectively draw from varying knowledges and discourses. This then culminates in contrasting methods of defining, protecting, and governing women athletes and their bodies.

Conservation Canines

Animal Labour ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 65-88
Author(s):  
Renée D’Souza ◽  
Alice Hovorka ◽  
Lee Niel
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Control Agency ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Work Lives ◽  
Good For ◽  
Environmental Work ◽  
Do So

For centuries, dogs have played a key role in the lives of humans both as companions as well as working animals. In recent years, the value of dogs in environmental work has been documented in the literature—namely their ability to detect targets more efficiently than humans and equipment. However, the environmental work dogs perform in Canada has been largely understudied in terms of both the specific tasks they are responsible for, as well as their welfare within these roles. This chapter addresses those gaps through an exploration of whether conservation canines could be an example of a humane job—one that is good for people, animals, and the environment. To do so this chapter explores tangible and moral issues related to dogs’ enjoyment of and suffering within conservation work, highlighting the complexity of dogs’ work-lives related to issues of freedom and consent. Findings are presented from two main case studies: Alberta and Ontario. An ethogram was used to assess dog welfare, while semi-structured interviews and participant observations revealed further insights into dogs’ work and work-lives. Ultimately, this chapter offers a discussion regarding how the study’s findings might inform assessment of humane jobs and work-lives, offering enjoyment, control, agency, respect, and recognition for dogs in this sector and for possibilities of fostering interspecies solidarity in other areas.

scholarly journals Are Coaches of Female Athletes Informed of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport? A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hamer ◽  
Ben Desbrow ◽  
Chris Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Adolescent Female ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
Risk Research

In the last decade, there has been greater appreciation of the harmful consequences of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), particularly in adolescent female athletes. Coaches act as both important moderators in the development of the condition and as identifiers of athletes at risk. Research suggests that coaches lack knowledge on this topic. At present, it is unclear if RED-S education is incorporated into coach accreditation pathways. The aim of this scoping review was to describe the extent to which RED-S education is incorporated into the coach accreditation pathways of endurance sporting organizations. Five national sporting organizations (Cycling Australia, Athletics Australia, Swimming Australia, Triathlon Australia, and Rowing Australia) were contacted to participate. First, each sporting organization’s website was scoped, then semi-structured interviews were conducted online. One investigator transcribed each interview verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed for thematic content. Four of the sporting organizations provided little to no RED-S education. Rowing Australia delivered a program of RED-S content via an affiliated sports dietitian. The barriers identified for implementation of RED-S content were: limited time, resources, and coaches’ preexisting knowledge and beliefs. Based on these results, RED-S education is, indeed, lacking in some coach accreditation programs for endurance-based sporting organizations. Support for these organizations is required to overcome existing barriers and to facilitate inclusion of RED-S education within the coaching curriculum to support female athlete health.

The Powers of Testosterone: Obscuring Race and Regional Bias in the Regulation of Women Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2019) ◽  
pp. 83-120
Author(s):  
Katrina Karkazis ◽  
Rebecca M. Jordan-Young
Keyword(s):  
Women Athletes ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feminist Studies ◽  
Sport Organizations ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Cultural Symbol ◽  
Western Modernity ◽  
Fair Competition

Using strategies from critical race studies and feminist studies of science, medicine, and the body, we examine the covert operation of race and region in a regulation restricting the natural levels of testosterone in women athletes. Sport organizations claim the rule promotes fair competition and benefits the health of women athletes. Intersectional and postcolonial analyses have shown that "gender challenges" of specific women athletes engage racialized judgments about sex atypicality that emerged in the context of Western colonialism and are at the heart of Western modernity. Here, we introduce the concept of "T talk" to refer to the web of direct claims and indirect associations that circulate around testosterone as a material substance and a multivalent cultural symbol. In the case we discuss, T talk naturalizes the idea of sport as a masculine domain while deflecting attention from the racial politics of intrasex competition. Using regulation documents, scientific publications, media coverage, in-depth interviews, and sport officials’ public presentations, we show how this supposedly neutral and scientific regulation targets women of color from the Global South. Contrary to claims that the rule is beneficent, both racialization and medically-authorized harms are inherent to the regulation.

The Roles of Government in Protecting and Promoting Occupational and Environmental Health

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Wagner ◽  
Emily A. Spieler
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Mine Safety ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Standards And Regulations ◽  
Regulatory Interventions ◽  
The Government ◽  
The U.S

This chapter discusses the roles of government in promoting occupational and environmental health, with a focus on the U.S. federal government. Governmental interventions, as described here, can range from non-regulatory interventions, such as dissemination of information or generation and communication of information, to establishing regulatory requirements through the promulgation and enforcement of standards and regulations. The chapter describes the U.S. laws and roles of the administrative agencies responsible for occupational and environmental health, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Noting the budgetary and political constraints on these federal agencies, the chapter goes on to discuss briefly the role of the public and the states. The government also plays a role when preventive efforts fail, and the chapter provides a brief summary of programs designed to provide compensation to injured workers.

scholarly journals Young children’s language-based agency in multilingual contexts in Luxembourg and Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Schwartz ◽  
Claudine Kirsch ◽  
Simone Mortini
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environment ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Educational Settings ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Teachers And Parents ◽  
Linguistic Backgrounds ◽  
Longitudinal Case Studies

AbstractDrawing on two longitudinal case-studies, this study aimed to identify some salient characteristics of the agentic behaviour of two young emergent multilinguals in two different multilingual contexts: Luxembourg and Israel. Despite the fact that the studies were conducted independently, the two cases were analysed together owing to the similarities in the research methods such as video-recorded observations, and semi-structured interviews with teachers and parents. The data were analysed through thematic and conversational analyses. Findings showed that a boy who learned Luxembourgish in Luxembourg and a girl who learned Hebrew in Israel, were outgoing and active learners who influenced their learning environment. We identified 10 types of agentic behaviour, including engaging in repetition after peers and the teacher, creatively producing language, translanguaging, and self-monitoring. Despite differences of the children’s sociocultural and linguistic backgrounds, and the language policies of their educational settings, we found a striking overlap in their language-based agentic behaviours. We suggest that the identified types can encourage further research in this field. Although our study with talkative children allowed us to observe many types of agentic behaviours, we cannot claim that less outgoing children or children who do not show the same behaviours do not have ways of expressing their agency.

scholarly journals Knochengesundheit und Hochleistungssport

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa-Maria Wallwiener ◽  
Barbara Kapfer ◽  
Vanadin Seifert-Klauss
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Medikamentöse Therapie ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Sich Eine ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Körperliche Betätigung

ZusammenfassungRegelmäßige körperliche Betätigung trägt zu einer gesunden Knochendichte bei, Leistungssportlerinnen in einigen Sportarten weisen jedoch eine erhöhte Prävalenz erniedrigter Knochendichte sowie vermehrt Stressfrakturen auf. Häufig liegt dem ein relatives Energiedefizit (RED), verbunden mit hoher mechanischer Belastung und intensivem Trainingsalltag, zugrunde. Das Vorliegen eines RED im Sport ist oft unterdiagnostiziert, daher hat sich eine systematische multidisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit unter Zuhilfenahme standardisierter Tests, z. B. des RED‑S CAT (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool) als hilfreich erwiesen. Therapieansätze zielen primär auf eine Behebung der negativen Energiebilanz der Patientin als auch auf psychotherapeutische Interventionen ab. Darüber hinaus kann in schweren Fällen eine medikamentöse Therapie zur Unterstützung sowohl einer ausgeglichenen hormonellen Situation als auch des Knochenstoffwechsels notwendig sein.

scholarly journals A MODEL OF CREATIVE HERITAGE FOR INDUSTRY: DESIGNING NEW RULES WHILE PRESERVING THE PRESENT SYSTEM OF RULES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
Honorine Harlé ◽  
Pascal Le Masson ◽  
Benoit Weil
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Innovation Management ◽  
Present System ◽  
Innovative Capability ◽  
Current Change ◽  
A Site ◽  
Do So

AbstractIn industry, there is at once a strong need for innovation and a need to preserve the existing system of production. Thus, although the literature insists on the necessity of the current change toward Industry 4.0, how to implement it remains problematic because the preservation of the factory is at stake. Moreover, the question of the evolution of the system depends on its innovative capability, but it is difficult to understand how a new rule can be designed and implemented in a factory. This tension between preservation and innovation is often explained in the literature as a process of creative destruction. Looking at the problem from another perspective, this article models the factory as a site of creative heritage, enabling creation within tradition, i.e., creating new rules while preserving the system of rules. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the model. The paper shows that design in the factory relies on the ability to validate solutions. To do so, the design process can explore and give new meaning to the existing rules. The role of innovation management is to choose the degree of revision of the rules and to make it possible.

scholarly journals The Key Strategies to Implement Circular Economy in Building Projects—A Case Study of Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
H.-Ping Tserng ◽  
Cheng-Mo Chou ◽  
Yun-Tsui Chang
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Pilot Projects ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
The World ◽  
Project Phases ◽  
Future Project

The building industry is blamed for consuming enormous natural resources and creating massive solid waste worldwide. In response to this, the concept of circular economy (CE) has gained much attention in the sector in recent years. Many pilot building projects that implemented CE concepts started to appear around the world, including Taiwan. However, compared with the pilot projects in the Netherlands, which are regarded as the pioneer ones by international society, many CE-related practices are not implemented in pilot cases in Taiwan. To assist future project stakeholders to recognize what the key CE-related practices are and how they could be implemented in their building projects in Taiwan, this study has conducted a series of case studies of Dutch and Taiwanese pilot projects and semi-structured interviews with key project stakeholders of Taiwanese pilot projects. Thirty key CE-related practices are identified via case studies, along with their related 5R principles (Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Recycle) and project phases. Suggestion on CE-related practices, their 5R principles, project items, and phases to implement in building projects in Taiwan is also proposed while discussion on differences between two countries’ pilot projects is presented.

Lawful Remedy or Illegal Response? Resolving the Issue of Foreign Subsidization Under WTO Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Victor Crochet ◽  
Marcus Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

Abstract Discontentment is growing such that governments, and notably that of China, are increasingly providing subsidies to companies outside their jurisdiction, ‘buying their way’ into other countries’ markets and undermining fair competition therein as they do so. In response, the European Union recently published a proposal to tackle such foreign subsidization in its own market. This article asks whether foreign subsidies can instead be addressed under the existing rules of the World Trade Organization, and, if not, whether those rules allow States to take matters into their own hands and act unilaterally. The authors shed light on these issues and provide preliminary guidance on how to design a response to foreign subsidization which is consistent with international trade law.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document