scholarly journals Review of methods for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110035
Author(s):  
Marta Campillo ◽  
Sionagh H. Smith ◽  
David L. Gally ◽  
Tanja Opriessnig
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cell Replication ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Proliferative Enteropathy ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Conclusive Diagnosis

Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium associated with enteric disease in pigs. Clinical signs include weight loss, diarrhea, and, in some cases, sudden death. The hallmark lesion is the thickening of the intestinal mucosa caused by increased epithelial cell replication, known as proliferative enteropathy. The immune response to L. intracellularis is not well defined, and detection of the infection, especially in the early stages, is still a significant challenge. We review here the main approaches used to identify this important but poorly understood pathogen. Detection of L. intracellularis infection as the cause of clinical disease is confounded by the high prevalence of the pathogen in many countries and that several other pathogens can produce similar clinical signs. A single L. intracellularis–specific ELISA and several amplification assays are available commercially to aid detection and surveillance, although histopathology remains the primary way to reach a conclusive diagnosis. There are major gaps in our understanding of L. intracellularis pathogenesis, especially how the host responds to infection and the factors that drive infection toward different clinical outcomes. Knowledge of pathogenesis will increase the predictive value of antemortem tests to guide appropriate interventions, including identification and treatment of subclinically affected pigs in the early stages of disease, given that this important manifestation reduces pig productivity and contributes to the economic burden of L. intracellularis worldwide.

scholarly journals Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis fecal shedding in dogs in Minas Gerais, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1619-1621
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva ◽  
Michelle de Paula Gabardo ◽  
Juliana Saes Vilaça de Oliveira ◽  
Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato ◽  
Roberto Maurício Carvalho Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Enteric Disease ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Proliferative Enteropathy ◽  
Possible Cause ◽  
Apparently Healthy

<p><bold>Lawsonia intracellularis</bold>is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is responsible for proliferative enteropathy, an enteric disease endemic in swine and common in foals. However, few studies have investigated this disease in dogs, and there are no reports of dogs infected with<bold> L. intracellularis</bold>in Latin America. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fecal shedding of<bold> L. intracellularis</bold>in diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 58 dogs, 18 apparently healthy and 40 diarrheic, were examined in this study. DNA extracted from feces was analyzed using a nested PCR reaction to detect<bold> L. intracellularis.</bold>Three out of 40 (7.5%) diarrheic samples, all from 3-month-old puppies, were positive for<bold> L. intracellularis</bold>. These results highlight the need for additional studies to examine the role of this pathogen as a possible cause of enteric disease in dogs</p>

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence of Lawsonia intracellularis Strain E40504, Isolated from a Horse Diagnosed with Equine Proliferative Enteropathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandita S. Mirajkar ◽  
Molly R. Kelley ◽  
Connie J. Gebhart
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Genomic Island ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Draft Genome Sequence ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Proliferative Enteropathy ◽  
Rna Genes

ABSTRACT Reported herein is the draft genome sequence of equine-origin Lawsonia intracellularis strain E40504, an obligate intracellular bacterium and the etiological agent of equine proliferative enteropathy. The 1.69-Mb draft genome sequence includes 1,380 protein-coding genes and 49 RNA genes, and it lacks a genomic island reported in swine-origin L. intracellularis strain PHE/MN1-00.

scholarly journals Experimental Chlamydia gallinacea infection in chickens does not protect against a subsequent experimental Chlamydia psittaci infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marloes Heijne ◽  
Jeanet van der Goot ◽  
Herma Buys ◽  
Annemieke Dinkla ◽  
Hendrik Jan Roest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Chlamydia Psittaci ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Zoonotic Potential ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Chlamydial Species ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Asymptomatic Disease

AbstractChlamydia psittaci was considered the predominant chlamydial species in poultry until Chlamydia gallinacea was discovered in 2009. C. psittaci is a zoonotic obligate intracellular bacterium reported in more than 465 bird species including poultry. In poultry, infections can result in asymptomatic disease, but also in more severe systemic illness. The zoonotic potential of C. gallinacea has yet to be proven. Infections in poultry appear to be asymptomatic and in recent prevalence studies C. gallinacea was the main chlamydial species found in chickens. The high prevalence of C. gallinacea resulted in the question if an infection with C. gallinacea might protect against an infection with C. psittaci. To investigate possible cross protection, chickens were inoculated with C. gallinacea NL_G47 and subsequently inoculated with either a different strain of C. gallinacea (NL_F725) or C. psittaci. Chickens that had not been pre-inoculated with C. gallinacea NL_G47 were used as a C. gallinacea or C. psittaci infection control. In the groups that were inoculated with C. psittaci, no difference in pharyngeal or cloacal shedding, or in tissue dissemination was observed between the control group and the pre-inoculated group. In the groups inoculated with C. gallinacea NL_F725, shedding in cloacal swabs and tissues dissemination was lower in the group pre-inoculated with C. gallinacea NL_G47. These results indicate previous exposure to C. gallinacea does not protect against an infection with C. psittaci, but might protect against a new infection of C. gallinacea.

scholarly journals Proliferative Enterocolitis Associated with Dual Infection with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coliand Lawsonia intracellularis in Rabbits

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1700-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Schauer ◽  
Sonya N. McCathey ◽  
Barbara M. Daft ◽  
Sharda S. Jha ◽  
Lisa E. Tatterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Epec Strain ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Gene Homology ◽  
Structural Subunit

Both enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and an obligate intracellular bacterium, previously referred to as an intracellular Campylobacter-like organism and now designated Lawsonia intracellularis, have been reported as causes of enterocolitis in rabbits. An outbreak of enterocolitis in a group of rabbits, characterized by an unusually high rate of mortality, was found to be associated with dual infection with EPEC and L. intracellularis. The EPEC strain was found to haveeaeA gene homology but was negative for afrAhomology. The absence of the afrA gene, which encodes the structural subunit for the AF/R1 pilus, indicates that this rabbit EPEC strain is distinct from the prototypic RDEC-1 strain. This finding suggests that rabbit EPEC strains widely reported in Western Europe, which lack AF/R1 pili, are also present in rabbits in the United States. Dual infection with these two pathogens in rabbits has not been previously reported and may have contributed to the unusually high mortality observed in this outbreak.

scholarly journals Proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis in rabbits in Southern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (5supl1) ◽  
pp. 2429-2436
Author(s):  
Bianca Santana de Cecco ◽  
Regina Tose Kemper ◽  
Susy Hermes de Sousa ◽  
Ronaldo Viana Leite-Filho ◽  
Raquel Aparecida Sales da Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Proliferative Enteropathy ◽  
Impregnation Technique ◽  
Macroscopic Findings ◽  
Marked Proliferation

Proliferative enteropathy (PE), also known as ileitis, is a disease caused by the bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis. This disease is characterized by diarrhea and ill-thrift. The aim of this study is to describe a PE outbreak in rabbits that occurred in Southern Brazil. The farm had 700 rabbits at the time the outbreak occurred. The clinical signs were severe diarrhea, dehydration, and apathy. Necropsy was performed in 33 rabbits, and the most evident macroscopic findings were thickening of the intestinal wall, intestinal loops distended by large amounts of gas, and liquid feces. Histopathological examination demonstrated a marked proliferation of enterocytes in intestinal crypts, decrease number of goblet cells, and crypts microabscesses. Silver impregnation technique (Warthin-Starry) demonstrated in intestinal crypts inside of enterocytes cytoplasm, curved vibrioid bacteria compatible with L. intracellularis. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-L. intracellularis confirmed the agent presence. PCR was performed and L. intracellularis was confirmed as the etiological agent.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequences of Lawsonia intracellularis Swine Strains Causing Proliferative Enteropathy in Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayaka Nishikawa ◽  
Yohsuke Ogawa ◽  
Masahiro Eguchi ◽  
Anura Rambukkana ◽  
Yoshihiro Shimoji
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Island ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Host Adaptation ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Proliferative Enteropathy

The draft genome sequences of three strains of Lawsonia intracellularis, an obligate intracellular animal pathogen responsible for causing proliferative enteropathy, obtained from swine in different prefectures in Japan revealed the absence of a genomic island previously reported to be linked to host adaptation and to high genomic diversity, despite geographical proximity.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Coxiellosis (Q fever) in Flocks of Goat in Birnin Gwari and ‎Maigana Agro-Ecological Zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria ‎

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Shuaibu Gidado Adamu ◽  
Junaid Kabir ◽  
JU Umoh ◽  
MA Raji
Keyword(s):  
Q Fever ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Obligate Intracellular Bacterium ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Public Health Challenge

Coxiellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii which affect the prolific and reproductive competences of animals. A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of coxiellosis (Q fever) in flocks of goats in Kaduna State, Nigeria.The study aimed to determinethe seroprevalence of coxiellosis in goats in Birnin Gwari and Maigana agro-ecological zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria. A total of 400serum samples from goats of both sexes and of different age groupswere collected and screened forCoxiella burnetiiantibodiesusing indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA).Out of the 400 sera analysed,8.8% wereseropositive coxiellosis. Of the 253 female goats tested, 9.5% were seropositive, while 7.5% were seropositive out of the 147 male goats tested. There was no statistically significant association between sex of goats and coxiellosis (Q fever). A significant association was detected betweenage of goatstested andsensitivity of iELISA, non-significantassociation was found between breed ofgoats with sensitivity of iELISA. The study indicates that coxiellosis exists with high prevalence predominantly among femalegoats and is major public health challenge calling for awareness amongstinterested party for organized surveillance for the diseases in goats in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Porcine Gammaherpesviruses in Italian Commercial Swine Population: Frequent but Harmless

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Giovanni Franzo ◽  
Michele Drigo ◽  
Matteo Legnardi ◽  
Laura Grassi ◽  
Maria Luisa Menandro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Swine Population ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Differently from alpha- and betaherpesviruses affecting swine, interest in the recently discovered Suid gammaherpesvirus 3, Suid gammaherpesvirus 4, and Suid gammaherpesvirus 5, also known as porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3), has largely focused on their role as potential zoonotic agents in cases of xenotransplantation. However, their role as primary pathogens of swine or as co-factors for other lymphotropic infections has essentially been neglected. The present study aims at filling this gap, evaluating the association between PLHVs infection and different clinical conditions and/or porcine circovirus (PCV) co-infection. One hundred seventy-six samples were obtained from different animals located in a high-density pig area of Northern Italy in the period 2017–2020. The presence of PLHVs and PCVs was tested and quantified by specific real-time PCR: PLHVs were widespread among pigs (PLHV-1, PLHV-2, and PLHV-3 prevalence was 28.97%, 10.79%, and 4.54%, respectively) and detected in all considered tissues and clinical conditions. Frequent co-infections were also observed among PLHVs and with PCVs, although a significant association was not detected with the exception of a positive interaction between PLHV-1 and PLHV-3, and a negative one between PLHV-2 and PCV-2. Significantly, no association between PLHVs, alone or in co-infection, emerged with any of the considered clinical signs, their frequency being comparable between healthy and diseased animals. Based on these pieces of evidence and despite their high prevalence, PLHVs’ relevance for the swine industry appears negligible, either as primary pathogens or as predisposing factors for circovirus-induced diseases.

scholarly journals Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1670
Author(s):  
Gerald Reiner ◽  
Josef Kuehling ◽  
Frederik Loewenstein ◽  
Mirjam Lechner ◽  
Sabrina Becker
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Tail Damage

Tail biting is a prevalent and undesirable behaviour in pigs and a major source of significant reduction in well-being. However, focusing on biting considers only one part of the solution, because tail damage can be found with a high prevalence without any action by other pigs. The lesions are not limited to the tail but can also be found in the ears, heels, soles, claw coronary bands, teats, navel, vulva, and face. Environmental improvement alone often fails to overcome the problem. This review addresses a new inflammation and necrosis syndrome in swine (SINS). It shows the clinical signs and the frequencies of occurrence in different age groups. It compiles scientific evidence from clinical and histopathological studies in newborn piglets that argue for a primary endogenous aetiology of the disease. Bringing together the findings of a broad body of research, the possible mechanisms leading to the disease are identified and then discussed. This part will especially focus on microbe-associated molecular patterns in the circulation and their role in activating defence mechanisms and inflammation. Finally, the methods are identified to ameliorate the problem by optimizing husbandry and selecting a suitable breeding stock.

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