Viral infections shared between water buffaloes and small ruminants in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110271
Author(s):  
Julia Lechmann ◽  
Mathias Ackermann ◽  
Vanessa Kaiser ◽  
Claudia Bachofen
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Exotic Animals

Importation of exotic animals that may harbor infectious agents poses risks for native species with potentially severe impacts on animal health and animal production. Although the Asian water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis) population in Europe is steadily increasing, its susceptibility to viral infections and its role for interspecies transmission is largely unknown. To identify viral infections that are shared between exotic water buffaloes and native small ruminants, we collected blood samples from 3 Swiss farms on which water buffaloes were kept either without, or together with, sheep or goats. These samples were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) as well as by selected conventional tests, including PCR, ELISA, and in some cases a virus neutralization test. By NGS, a novel virus of the genus Gemykrogvirus (GyKV; Genomoviridae) was first detected in the buffaloes on one farm, and subsequently confirmed by PCR, and was also detected in the co-housed sheep. In contrast, this virus was not detected in buffaloes on the farms without sheep. Moreover, conventional methods identified a number of viral infections that were not shared between the exotic and the native animals, and provided evidence for potential roles of water buffaloes in the epidemiology of ruminant pestiviruses, especially bovine viral diarrhea virus, bluetongue virus, and possibly bovine alphaherpesvirus 2. Our results clearly indicate that water buffaloes are susceptible to interspecies viral transmission and may act as intermediate hosts, or even as reservoirs, for these viruses.

scholarly journals Global Distribution and Genetic Heterogeneity of Border Disease Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 950
Author(s):  
Cecilia Righi ◽  
Stefano Petrini ◽  
Ilaria Pierini ◽  
Monica Giammarioli ◽  
Gian Mario De Mia
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Border Disease

Border disease virus (BDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Interspecies transmission of BDV between sheep, cattle, and pigs occurs regularly, sometimes making diagnosis a challenge. BDV can yield substantial economic losses, including prenatal and postnatal infections in lambs, which are the primary source of infection and maintenance of the virus in the population. Since BDV is antigenically and genetically related to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), it might pose a significant risk to cattle, influencing BVDV eradication campaigns. Similarly, the presence of BDV in swine herds due to pestivirus spillover between small ruminants and pigs might cause uncertainty in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) diagnostics. Therefore, knowledge of BDV epidemiology in different geographical regions will help prevent its spread and optimize control measures. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that various BDV genotypes are predominant in different countries. This review provides an overview of the spread of BDV world-wide in different host species.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Clinical Outcomes of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia besnoiti Infections in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavinia Ciuca ◽  
Giuliano Borriello ◽  
Antonio Bosco ◽  
Luigi D’Andrea ◽  
Giuseppe Cringoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Besnoitia Besnoiti ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Parasitic Pathogens

One hundred twenty-four water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) originating from 9 farms located in southern Italy were tested to investigate simultaneously, for the first time, the seroprevalence of the protozoa Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia besnoiti by ELISA tests and to evaluate the clinical findings potentially associated to the presence of these aborting parasitic pathogens. Twenty-five of 124 buffaloes (20.2%) were positive for N. caninum, while 17/124 (13.7%) for T. gondii. No buffalo showed specific antibodies for B. besnoiti. Nineteen of 124 animals (15.3%) were found seropositive for both T. gondii and N. caninum. The univariate statistical analysis showed that the seroprevalence of N. caninum is significantly associated with abortion and presence of retained foetal membranes, while the seroprevalence of T. gondii is significantly associated with an increase of days open. The logistic regression models showed that the co-infection by N. caninum and T. gondii strengthened the abortive effects (OR = 7.330) and showed further negative effects on the parameter embryonic death (OR = 2.607). The outcome revealed herein represents a high exposure of N. caninum and T. gondii in water buffaloes with reproduction disorders that deserves attention for both economic reasons, animal health and welfare.

scholarly journals The first report of seroprevalence of Q fever in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Phatthalung, Thailand

2021 ◽  
pp. 2574-2578
Author(s):  
Kamchai Kidsin ◽  
Decha Panjai ◽  
Sumalee Boonmar
Keyword(s):  
Q Fever ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
First Report ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Background and Aim: Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. A few studies focused on the occurrence of Q fever infection in water buffaloes in Thailand have been conducted; however, little is known regarding the seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in buffaloes. In the present study, we describe the prevalence of Q fever infection in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Phatthalung, Thailand. Materials and Methods: A total of 421 samples (156 blood, 156 sera, and 109 ectoparasites [lice]) were collected from 156 water buffaloes from 29 farms of the Phatthalung Province from January 22, 2021, to March 26, 2021. The blood and ectoparasite samples were screened for C. burnetii DNA using a polymerase chain reaction assay and the sera were tested for C. burnetii antibody using an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results: C. burnetii DNA was not detected in blood or ectoparasites; however, the seroprevalence of individual water buffaloes was 4.49% (95% CI: 2.19-8.99%), whereas that of the herd was 13.79%. There was a significant difference between abortion history and Q fever infection at 29 farms (p=0.005; OR=33.55 [95%CI: 156-722.38]). Conclusion: This is the first report describing the low seroprevalence of C. burnetii antibodies in water buffaloes in Phatthalung Province, Thailand. The occurrence of this pathogen in buffaloes with reproductive disorders and people working with buffaloes warrant further investigation. Animal health authorities should inform farmers to effectively prevent and control this zoonosis.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial potential of Jurema preta and umburana, native species of the Caatinga biome, on Staphylococcus isolated from small ruminants with mastitis

2020 ◽  
pp. 2231-2244
Author(s):  
Maura Marinete de Sousa ◽  
Renata de Moraes Peixoto Araújo ◽  
Rafael Cunha Libório ◽  
Eliatania Clementino Costa ◽  
Beatriz Nascimento de Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Potential ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Caatinga Biome

Mastitis is responsible for both damage to animal health and economic losses to the industry. To identify effective treatments for this disease, products extracted from a variety of plants with antimicrobial potential have gained attention. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial potential of the ethanolic extract of two plant species from the Caatinga biome against bacteria isolated from small ruminants with subclinical mastitis. The leaves of Mimosa tenuiflora and Commiphora leptophloeos were dried and processed to obtain crude ethanolic extracts and their phenolic composition was evaluated. In total, 33 Staphylococcus spp. isolates from the bacterial collection of the Laboratory of Food Quality Control of IF SERTÃO-PE were used for evaluation of biofilm production. Furthermore, an antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted using the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) method against the two ethanolic extracts. The toxic potential was measured through a toxicity test with Artemia salina. The quantification of the phenolic compounds revealed that the ethanolic extracts of M. tenuiflora and C. leptophloeos possessed higher amounts of myricetin (43.2 and 294.9 mg in 10 g, respectively) in relation to the other compounds. A 39.4% positivity rate was observed in the nuc gene investigation. The biofilm production analysis revealed that 96.9% of the isolates produced biofilm, evidencing the evolution the microorganisms regarding the development of resistance mechanisms. The MBC results showed an inhibition range between 195.30 and 3125.00 µg mL-1 and between 781.20 and 6250.00 µg mL-1 for the extracts of M. tenuiflora and C. leptophloeos, respectively. The M. tenuiflora extract showed the highest activity, suppressing 100% of the bacterial isolates (n=26), whereas the extract of C. leptophloeos showed an inhibition percentage of 69.23%. The crude ethanolic extract (EEB) of M. tenuiflora was found to be toxic, presenting a DL50 of 118.356 µg mL-1. In contrast, the EEB of C. leptophloeos was found to be non-toxic (DL50 = 1527.430 µg mL-1). In conclusion, both native Caatinga species presented antibacterial activity and myricetin was the major compound. These findings highlight the need for further studies regarding the identification of anti-mastitis products from natural extracts.

scholarly journals Proposed Update to the Taxonomy of Pestiviruses: Eight Additional Species within the Genus Pestivirus, Family Flaviviridae

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Alexander Postel ◽  
Donald B. Smith ◽  
Paul Becher
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Available Information

Pestiviruses are plus-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the family Flaviviridae. They comprise several important pathogens like classical swine fever virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus that induce economically important animal diseases. In 2017, the last update of pestivirus taxonomy resulted in demarcation of 11 species designated Pestivirus A through Pestivirus K. Since then, multiple new pestiviruses have been reported including pathogens associated with disease in pigs or small ruminants. In addition, pestivirus sequences have been found during metagenomics analysis of different non-ungulate hosts (bats, rodents, whale, and pangolin), but the consequences of this pestivirus diversity for animal health still need to be established. To provide a systematic classification of the newly discovered viruses, we analyzed the genetic relationship based on complete coding sequences (cds) and deduced polyprotein sequences and calculated pairwise distances that allow species demarcation. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was performed based on a highly conserved region within the non-structural protein NS5B. Taking into account the genetic relationships observed together with available information about antigenic properties, host origin, and characteristics of disease, we propose to expand the number of pestivirus species to 19 by adding eight additional species designated Pestivirus L through Pestivirus S.

scholarly journals Role of probiotics in nutrition and health of small ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Abd El-Tawab ◽  
I.M.I. Youssef ◽  
H.A. Bakr ◽  
G.C. Fthenakis ◽  
N.D. Giadinis
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Research On Application

AbstractSmall ruminants represent an important economic source in small farm systems and agriculture. Feed is the main component of livestock farming, which has gained special attention to improve animal performance. Many studies have been done to improve feed utilisation through addition of feed additives. For a long period, antibiotics have been widely used as growth promoters in livestock diets. Due to their ban in many countries, search for alternative feed additives has been intensified. Probiotics are one of these alternatives recognised to be safe to the animals. Use of probiotics in small ruminant nutrition has been confirmed to improve animal health, productivity and immunity. Probiotics improved growth performance through enhancing of rumen microbial ecosystem, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion rate. Moreover, probiotics have been reported to stabilise rumen pH, increase volatile fatty acids production and to stimulate lactic acid utilising protozoa, resulting in a highly efficient rumen function. Furthermore, use of probiotics has been found to increase milk production and can reduce incidence of neonatal diarrhea and mortality. However, actual mechanisms through which probiotics exert these functions are not known. Since research on application of probiotics in small ruminants is scarce, the present review attempts to discuss the potential roles of this class of feed additives on productive performance and health status of these animals.

Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in female water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from the southeastern region of Brazil

2001 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.U Fujii ◽  
N Kasai ◽  
S.M Nishi ◽  
J.P Dubey ◽  
S.M Gennari
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Southeastern Region

Validation of salivary ferning based estrus identification method in a large population of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) using Foldscope

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 100528
Author(s):  
Gangu Naidu Surla ◽  
Aparna Hebbar ◽  
Varun Kumar ◽  
Varij Nayan ◽  
Veerappa Gowdar Vedamurthy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Water Buffaloes ◽  
Identification Method

​Caprine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis (Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia CCPP)- A Global Perspective of the Disease, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Chemotherapy and Immunization: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shaheen ◽  
S. Bashir ◽  
N. Hassan ◽  
Z.A. Akhoon ◽  
A. Muhee
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Febrile Reaction ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
Mycoplasma Infection ◽  
Mycoplasma Capricolum ◽  
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia

Mycoplasma infection of the respiratory tract of goats is prevalent worldwide including the South Asian sub-continent. Owing to intensive and large scale goat farming, the incidence of the disease is on an increase. Among various species of mycoplasma, Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies Capri pneumoniae is increasingly incriminated in Contagious Caprine Pleurapneumonia (CCPP) in goat populations with considerable economic fallout in the form of high morbidity and mortality. The disease manifestations in caprines are recorded as anorexia, high febrile reaction and respiratory embarrassment in the shape of clinical dyspnoea, polypnea, paroxysmal cough and sero-purulent nasal discharges. The disease is thus contracted by the healthy animals through aerosol, contaminated feed and water sources in the herd premises, without a protective immunity and that the conferred immunity in recovered cases being short-lived. The true lesions of CCPP are confined to the lung alveolar tissues of infected goats, which distinguish it from other respiratory diseases of small ruminants caused by the members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. Atypical pneumonia caused by the mycoplasma infection of goats, also known as Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been more often reported from Africa and Asia than Europe. Classical, acute CCPP attributed to Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capri pneumoniae, originally known asthe F38 biotype (World Organisation for Animal Health, 2008) causes heavy kid mortality. Two other organisms in this group, M. mycoides subsp. capri and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type, can cause disease in small ruminants that clinico-pathologically mimics CCPP but may have extra pulmonary signs and lesions, sometimes. Mycoplasma Capri pneumoniae and other members of the M. mycoides cluster cross-react in serological tests and share biochemical and genetic similarities. The most favourable epidemiological scenario in the Sub-continent is the hot humid climate during monsoons. The diversity and multi-etiological subspecies involved in the disease is detrimental in the development of an effective vaccine even though in some places a liquid vaccine is presently in use. At other places, anti-mycoplasmal antibiotics of aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone and perhaps the macrolide groups remain to be the main option in preventing flock mortalities.

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