scholarly journals A Sequential Study of Experimental Porcine Paramyxovirus (LPMV) Infection of Pigs: Immunostaining of Cryostat Sections and Virus Isolation

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Allan ◽  
F. McNeilly ◽  
I. Walker ◽  
T. Linne ◽  
J. Moreno-Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neurologic Disease ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Virus Excretion ◽  
Cryostat Sections ◽  
Virus Distribution

La Piedad Michoacan Paramyxovirus (LPMV) is a recently recognized paramyxovirus infecting pigs throughout Mexico. Disease syndromes observed in field cases associated with LPMV infection include neurologic, respiratory, and reproductive disorders. Clinical signs and the distribution of LPMV virus and antigen in tissue samples from pigs experimentally infected with LPMV by natural routes were studied. Severe neurologic disease and death occurred following experimental inoculation of 3- and 17-day-old pigs. All of the pigs inoculated at 3 days of age were either dead or moribund by 8 days after inoculation, whereas 30% of the pigs inoculated at 17 days of age were affected. Virus was consistently recovered from or demonstrated in tissues from the respiratory tract of both groups of pigs. LPMV and antigen were also demonstrated in central nervous system (CNS) tissues from these pigs; however, differences in virus distribution within the CNS were demonstrated in the 2 groups. In the pigs inoculated at 17 days of age, isolation of LPMV was restricted to the olfactory bulb and midbrain. In contrast, in the pigs inoculated at 3 days of age, isolation of LPMV was more widespread throughout the CNS tissue examined. Virus excretion studies indicated that nasal spread of LPMV was more important than fecal spread. Comparatively large quantities of infectious LPMV were consistently recovered from urine samples of experimentally infected pigs.

Effects of an aqueous extract of North American ginseng on MOG(35–55)-induced EAE in mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 933-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura E. Bowie ◽  
Wendi A. Roscoe ◽  
Ed M.K. Lui ◽  
Robin Smith ◽  
Stephen J. Karlik
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
American Ginseng ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, in which the release of reactive oxygen species by infiltrating immune cells contributes to demyelination. American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) is a natural health product with numerous beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ginseng could influence the course of the disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. C57BL/6J mice were immunized with MOG(35–55) peptide to induce EAE. After clinical disease appeared, mice received either oral doses of an aqueous extract of ginseng (150 mg/kg body mass), or the vehicle. Clinical symptoms were recorded, and spinal cord tissue samples were analyzed for pathological signs of disease. The aqueous extract of ginseng significantly decreased (i) clinical signs of EAE, (ii) levels of circulating TNF-α, and (iii) central nervous system immunoreactive iNOS and demyelination scores, without a change in other neuropathological measures. This study shows that an aqueous extract of ginseng may be able to attenuate certain signs of EAE, suggesting that it may be a useful adjuvant therapy for MS.

scholarly journals Intravenous, Intratracheal, and Intranasal Inoculation of Swine with SARS-CoV-2

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1506
Author(s):  
Alexandra Buckley ◽  
Shollie Falkenberg ◽  
Mathias Martins ◽  
Melissa Laverack ◽  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Histologic Changes

Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the susceptibility of animals and their potential to act as reservoirs or intermediate hosts for the virus has been of significant interest. Pigs are susceptible to multiple coronaviruses and have been used as an animal model for other human infectious diseases. Research groups have experimentally challenged swine with human SARS-CoV-2 isolates with results suggesting limited to no viral replication. For this study, a SARS-CoV-2 isolate obtained from a tiger which is identical to human SARS-CoV-2 isolates detected in New York City and contains the D614G S mutation was utilized for inoculation. Pigs were challenged via intravenous, intratracheal, or intranasal routes of inoculation (n = 4/route). No pigs developed clinical signs, but at least one pig in each group had one or more PCR positive nasal/oral swabs or rectal swabs after inoculation. All pigs in the intravenous group developed a transient neutralizing antibody titer, but only three other challenged pigs developed titers greater than 1:8. No gross or histologic changes were observed in tissue samples collected at necropsy. In addition, no PCR positive samples were positive by virus isolation. Inoculated animals were unable to transmit virus to naïve contact animals. The data from this experiment as well as from other laboratories supports that swine are not likely to play a role in the epidemiology and spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Confocal laser microscopy of impregnated central nervous system tissue

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 94-95
Author(s):  
J.N. Turner ◽  
M. Siemens ◽  
D. Szarowski ◽  
D.N. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Central Nervous System Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Reflected Light

A classic preparation of central nervous system tissue (CNS) is the Golgi procedure popularized by Cajal. The method is partially specific as only a few cells are impregnated with silver chromate usualy after osmium post fixation. Samples are observable by light (LM) or electron microscopy (EM). However, the impregnation is often so dense that structures are masked in EM, and the osmium background may be undesirable in LM. Gold toning is used for a subtle but high contrast EM preparation, and osmium can be omitted for LM. We are investigating these preparations as part of a study to develop correlative LM and EM (particularly HVEM) methodologies in neurobiology. Confocal light microscopy is particularly useful as the impregnated cells have extensive three-dimensional structure in tissue samples from one to several hundred micrometers thick. Boyde has observed similar preparations in the tandem scanning reflected light microscope (TSRLM).

POSSIBILITIES OF BIOLOGICAL AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE INFECTION CAUSED BY EPSTEIN–BARR VIRUS

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 226-231
Author(s):  
A.V. Permyakova ◽  
◽  
A.V. Sazhin ◽  
E.V. Melekhina ◽  
A.V. Gorelov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Host Organism ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Virus Excretion ◽  
Epstein Barr

The review presents the existing biological and mathematical models of the infection process caused by the Epstein–Barr virus. The existence of the Epstein–Barr virus in the host organism can be described by a model representing a cycle of six consecutive stages, each of them has its own independent variant of immune regulation. The phenomenon of virus excretion in biological fluids, in particular, in saliva, is modeled using differential equations. Usage of mathematical modeling allows us to supplement existing knowledge about the pathogenesis of the infectious process caused by the Epstein–Barr virus, as well as to determine threshold levels of virus isolation in non-sterile environments for the diagnosis of active forms of infection.

Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) infections in rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1595-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Lindsay ◽  
J. P. Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Hepatic Necrosis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Methylprednisolone Acetate ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
Caninum Tachyzoites ◽  
Subcutaneous Inoculation

The susceptibility of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) to experimental inoculation with tachyzoites of Neospora caninum was examined. Groups of female rats were intramuscularly injected with 0, 2, or 4 mg of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) 7 days prior to, and on the day of, subcutaneous inoculation with 0 or 1.5 × 105 tachyzoites. Clinical signs of disease or deaths did not occur in rats given nothing or only N. caninum tachyzoites. Rats given only 4 mg MPA failed to grow as well as rats given nothing or only N. caninum tachyzoites but were otherwise healthy. All of 20 rats given 4 mg MPA and tachyzoites died of hepatitis and pneumonia within 12 days postinoculation. Hepatic necrosis was the most striking lesion seen in these rats, and other milder lesions consisted of pneumonia, encephalitis, and myositis. The response of rats given 2 mg MPA and tachyzoites was less severe. Three of 20 rats died with encephalitis, myositis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis. Mild lesions, but no N. caninum tachyzoites, were seen in 3 of 14 rats inoculated only with tachyzoites. Rats given the 4 mg MPA treatment and inoculated with N. caninum tachyzoites appear to be suitable subjects for examining acute neosporosis and could be used in studies designed to examine treatment of acute disease.

Histopathologic lesions in conventional pigs experimentally infected with Haemophilus parasuis serovar 5

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.-L. Austin-Busse ◽  
A. Ladinig ◽  
G. Balka ◽  
S. Zoels ◽  
M. Ritzmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Haemophilus Parasuis ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Group A ◽  
Pathologic Lesions ◽  
Group B ◽  
Kidney Lesions ◽  
Challenge Group

Summary Objective: In the present study various tissues of pigs were investigated for the presence of histopathologic lesions after an experimental infection with Haemophilus (H.) parasuis serovar 5. Material and methods: Conventional pigs (n = 36) were divided into a control group B (n = 9) and a challenge group A (n = 27), which was infected intratracheally. Pigs that did not die prior to study termination were euthanized on day 14 post inoculation. Postmortem samples of the lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, left tarsal joint capsule and brain were collected. Results: All but one pig with detectable histopathologic lesions (n = 11) showed typical macroscopic changes. Histopatho logic examination of all tissue samples identified pyelitis (n = 10), synovitis (n = 7) and meningitis (n = 7) and all those animals were euthanized prior to study termination. No histopathologic lesions were found in pigs of the control group. The correlations between pyelitis and meningitis, pyelitis and synovitis and synovitis and meningitis were significant (p < 0.001). No significant correlation could be observed between the histopathologic and the clinical examination of the joints. The investigation of samples from the joints by PCR was not significantly correlated with the observed synovitis. The clinical observation of neurologic signs was significantly correlated with meningitis (p = 0.03). A significant correlation (p < 0.001) could be detected between meningitis and the detection of H. parasuis by PCR in brain samples. Conclusions: H. parasuis constantly causes clinical signs and pathologic lesions as soon as it infects the brain while it can infect the joints without causing histopathologic lesions. Pigs with histopathologic lesions do not always show typical clinical signs. Only few studies described the finding of kidney lesions in pigs with Glässer’s disease and this is the first study to describe a pyelitis in pigs experimentally infected with H. parasuis. The observed pyelitis mainly occurred in acute cases.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity of an African swine fever virus strain isolated in Vietnam and alternative diagnostic specimens for early detection of viral infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hu Suk Lee ◽  
Vuong Nghia Bui ◽  
Duy Tung Dao ◽  
Ngoc Anh Bui ◽  
Thanh Duy Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Specimen Collection

Abstract Background African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), was first reported in Vietnam in 2019 and spread rapidly thereafter. Better insights into ASFV characteristics and early detection by surveillance could help control its spread. However, the pathogenicity and methods for early detection of ASFV isolates from Vietnam have not been established. Therefore, we investigated the pathogenicity of ASFV and explored alternative sampling methods for early detection. Results Ten pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with an ASFV strain from Vietnam (titer, 103.5 HAD50/mL), and their temperature, clinical signs, and virus excretion patterns were recorded. In addition, herd and environmental samples were collected daily. The pigs died 5–8 days-post-inoculation (dpi), and the incubation period was 3.7 ± 0.5 dpi. ASFV genome was first detected in the blood (2.2 ± 0.8) and then in rectal (3.1 ± 0.7), nasal (3.2 ± 0.4), and oral (3.6 ± 0.7 dpi) swab samples. ASFV was detected in oral fluid samples collected using a chewed rope from 3 dpi. The liver showed the highest viral loads, and ear tissue also exhibited high viral loads among 11 tissues obtained from dead pigs. Overall, ASFV from Vietnam was classified as peracute to acute form. The rope-based oral fluid collection method could be useful for early ASFV detection and allows successful ASF surveillance in large pig farms. Furthermore, ear tissue samples might be a simple alternative specimen for diagnosing ASF infection in dead pigs. Conclusions Our data provide valuable insights into the characteristics of a typical ASFV strain isolated in Vietnam and suggest an alternative, non-invasive specimen collection strategy for early detection.

Studies on Diagnosis of Bovine Brucellosis by Immunocyto-chemistry and Immunohistochemistry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Lakshmikanth ◽  
N.S. Sharma ◽  
D. Pathak ◽  
Paviter Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Results

Background: Brucellosis is a major threat to livestock economy and an important zoonotic disease. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is a necessity to curb the spread and progress of the disease. The current study aimed to evaluate sensitivity of Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry methods for detection of Brucella spp.Methods: A total of 50 samples comprising of fetal stomach content, vaginal discharges and placenta were collected from cattle and buffaloes suffering from abortions and other reproductive disorders in and around Ludhiana, Punjab during the period 2017-2018. All the samples were processed for isolation and confirmed with biochemical analysis and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolates obtained and 43 clinical samples excluding placental samples were subjected to Immunocytochemistry (ICC). Immunohistochemistry (ICH) was performed on placental samples.Result: A total of four isolates were recovered from the screened samples. The four isolates also yielded positive results in Immunocytochemistry. Among the 43 clinical samples screened by Immunocytochemistry, five were positive, however only 3 isolates were recovered on isolation. A total of seven placental tissue samples were processed and subjected to immunohistochemistry. Of the three placental samples positive by immunohistochemistry, only one sample was isolated on culture. The results suggest that both immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry are sensitive diagnostic techniques in comparison to isolation.

scholarly journals Lankesterella alencari n. sp., a toxoplasma-like organism in the central nervous system of Amphibia (Protozoa, Sporozoa)

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvio Celso Gonçalves da Costa ◽  
Neize de Moura Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ascitic Fluid ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
South American ◽  
Susceptible Host ◽  
Experimental Inoculation ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
American Frog

Lankesterella alencari n. sp. a Sporozoa that occur in the blood and CNS of the South American frog Leptodactylus acellatus is described. Since the tissue forms of this parasite have been previously reported as belonging to the genus Toxoplasma, we attempted in fection of 2 species of amphibia (Bufo marinus an dLeptodactylus ocellatus) with a Toxoplasma strain of human origen; inoculation was by intraperitoneal injection of parasite-containing ascitic fluid from infected mice. Attempt of experimental inoculation of the parasite found in the CNS of L. ocellatus in a highly susceptible host (mice) was unsuccessful. These results suggest that Toxoplasma does not occur naturally in the amphibia; be related to Toxoplasma is excluded. The following genera of haematozoa found in brazilian amphibia have been considered briedfly: Haemobartonella, Cytamoeba, Dactylosoma, Hepatozoon and Trypanosoma.

scholarly journals Clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of outbreaks of bluetongue disease in sheep in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443-1452
Author(s):  
Ronaldo M. Bianchi ◽  
Welden Panziera ◽  
Tatiane C. Faccin ◽  
Gisane L. de Almeida ◽  
Juliana F. Cargnelutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Area At Risk ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Facial Swelling

ABSTRACT: This article describes the clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of 17 outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) disease in sheep occurring between December 2014 and July 2015 in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil. Affected farms were visited for clinical examination, necropsy, sample collection and epidemiological investigation. The outbreaks were seasonal and occurred during the summer and autumn. A total of 180 sheep (20.4%) out of 884 in 17 small herds were affected. All ages of Texel and mixed breed sheep were affected. However, lambs (younger than one year) had higher morbidity than adult sheep. The most frequent clinical signs were anorexia, lethargy, loss of body condition, facial swelling mainly involving the lips, and greenish seromucous or mucous nasal discharge. Pulmonary lesions characterized by edema were the most prevalent findings; however, erosive and ulcerative lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as cardiac, skeletal muscle and esophageal striated muscle necrosis, and hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery were also frequent. The bluetongue virus (BTV) genome was detected by RT-PCR in blood and tissue samples (spleen and lungs) of 21 animals from 17 outbreaks. The virus involved in the outbreak 3 was subsequently isolated and shown to belong to serotype 17, for the first time reported in Brazil. In summary, our data support the BTV genotype 17 as the etiological agent of the outbreaks and indicate that the central region of RS is an area at risk for BT in sheep, a disease previously not recognized in the region.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document