Modified Oral Ondansetron Regimen for Cyclophosphamide-Induced Emesis in Lupus Nephritis

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 752-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl H Yarboro ◽  
Robert Wesley ◽  
Michael A Amantea ◽  
John H Klippel ◽  
Frank Pucino
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Dose Schedule ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Nursing Administration ◽  
True Rate ◽  
Antiemetic Regimen ◽  
Federal Research ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Oral Ondansetron ◽  
Intravenous Formulation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the antiemetic efficacy of a modified regimen of oral ondansetron and dexamethasone in patients with lupus nephritis undergoing treatment with cyclophosphamide whose conventional antiemetic regimen had failed. DESIGN: A before-after prospective observational pilot project. SETTING: A federal research hospital. PATIENTS: Fourteen outpatients with lupus nephritis receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide 0.75–1.0 g/m2 had previously experienced chemotherapy-induced emetic events (vomiting or retching) while receiving a standard combination intravenous antiemetic regimen. The regimen consisted of four doses of thiethylperazine 10 mg and diphenhydramine 25 mg every 6 hours, and two doses of lorazepam 0.5 mg every 6 hours starting 1 hour prior to cyclophosphamide. A subset of 8 patients previously completed a blinded study in which they received the intravenous formulation of ondansetron (4 doses of 4–16 mg q4h) administered orally beginning 30 minutes prior to the cyclophosphamide infusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of emetic events and cost of drug administration were assessed for the modified ondansetron intervention and compared with those of the standard antiemetic regimen. The incidence of emetic events and visual analog nausea scores for the subset of eight patients were also evaluated. INTERVENTIONS: To account for the delayed onset of emesis associated with cyclophosphamide, patients received both ondansetron 8 mg orally every 4 hours (3 doses) and dexamethasone 10 mg orally (1 dose) beginning 4 hours after the cyclophosphamide infusion. This is different from the manufacturer's recommended dose schedule, in which ondansetron is administered prior to chemotherapy. RESULTS: NO emetic events were observed following the administration of oral ondansetron/dexamethasone. The 95% confidence interval for the true rate of emesis was 0% to 19.3%. There was a significant difference in efficacy between ondansetron/ dexamethasone and the triple antiemetic regimen (p < 0.0002). None of the patients experienced adverse effects while receiving the ondansetron/dexamethasone regimen. Cost comparisons (including admixture and nursing administration times) for standard combination therapy and oral ondansetron/dexamethasone were $109.09 and $70.24, respectively. No difference in emetic events or nausea ratings was observed between oral ondansetron/ dexamethasone tablets and oral administration of ondansetron using the intravenous formulation. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a modified oral ondansetron/ dexamethasone regimen is safe and efficacious, and costs less than alternative regimens to prevent cyclophosphamide-induced emesis in patients with lupus nephritis.

Speech Methodologies in Cleft Palate Assessment: A Pilot Project to Compare Two Phonetically Different Sentence Sets

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-72
Author(s):  
Jennie Smith ◽  
Tim Pring ◽  
Debbie Sell
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Audio Video ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To investigate the impact of the phonetic content of two sentence sets on speech outcomes, specifically the effects of nasal phonemes. Method: Audio-video recordings of a consecutive series of 15 participants (age range 4–22 years), with cleft palate (syndromic or non-syndromic), with and without velopharyngeal dysfunction were taken. Participants repeated Sentence Set 1 (with nasals across sentences) and Sentence Set 2 (without nasals except the three nasal target sentences) during a routine speech recording. Two experienced Specialist Speech and Language Therapists, blinded to the study’s purpose, analyzed participants’ speech using the Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech-Augmented (CAPS-A). On day 1, recordings included Sentence Set 1. On day 2, 23 days later, recordings included Sentence Set 2. Main results: The difference between Sentence Set 1 and Sentence Set 2 ‘total scores’ (sum of scores on all CAPS-A parameters) was significant. The Pearson Product Moment showed high correlation. A Wilcoxon test revealed a significant difference between Sets 1 and 2 on the hypernasality parameter, and this alone accounted for the significant difference in total scores. Conclusion: The inclusion or exclusion of nasal consonants in the sentence set significantly affected perceptual ratings of hypernasality but none of the other CAPS-A parameters, highlighting the need for further investigation into perceptual nasality ratings.

scholarly journals Early Detection and Intervention for Patients with Delirium Admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine: Lessons from a Pilot Initiative

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
Ron Oliven ◽  
Meital Rotfeld ◽  
Sharon Gino-Moor ◽  
Elad Schiff ◽  
Majed Odeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Early Mobilization ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Medical Patients ◽  
Geriatric Unit ◽  
Retrospective Comparison ◽  
Significant Difference

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Older patients who arrive to the emergency room with delirium have a worse prognosis than others. Early detection and treatment of this problem has been shown to improve outcome. We have launched a project at our hospital to improve the care of patients who arrive delirious to the medical emergency room. The present article describes lessons that can be learned from this pilot initiative. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> All patients older than 70 years admitted to the department of internal medicine were screened for delirium in the emergency room using the 4AT screening tool. Data of patients with a 4AT score ≥5 (or with incomplete score) were transferred to the geriatric unit of the hospital. On the ward, the presence of delirium was confirmed by a geriatric nurse that validated that the patient could walk with support and ordered mobilization and physiotherapy (M&amp;P). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Over the 2 and a half years (10 quarters) allocated for the pilot project, 1,078 medical patients with delirium were included in this survey. In 59.3%, the diagnosis of delirium could be confirmed only after admission. Due to budgetary constraints, only 54.7% received the allocated specific intervention – early M&amp;P. Since it was decided that randomization was not appropriate for our initiative, we found that patients who received M&amp;P had lower (better) 4AT scores on admission, and lower mortality. No significant difference was found between the patients who received M&amp;P and the others in length of hospitalization and discharge to nursing homes. Retrospective comparison of the two groups did not enable to determine whether M&amp;P was given to the patients for whom it was most effective. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> It is often not possible to verify in the emergency room that the cognitive decline is indeed new, that is, is due to delirium, and measures must be taken to verify this point as soon as possible after admission. Due to numerous constraints, the availability of early M&amp;P is often insufficient. Whenever resources are scarce and randomization is avoided, adequate criteria should be found for allocating existing dedicated staff to patients for whom early mobilization is likely to be most beneficial.

scholarly journals The Effect of Sonophoresis on Topical Anesthesia: A Pilot Project

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Packer ◽  
Barry Krall ◽  
Ali Makki ◽  
Mahmoud Torabinejad
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Topical Anesthesia ◽  
Needle Puncture ◽  
Topical Anesthetic ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Needle Penetration ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The dental anesthesia sonophoresis device (DASD) is a novel device that is intended to reduce the discomfort associated with intraoral mucosa needle puncture. The DASD produces ultrasonic energy that provides a sonophoretic effect on the oral mucosa, generating microchannels through the lipids between the keratinized cells that make up the stratum corneum. Once the topical anesthetic has permeated the stratum corneum, it quickly diffuses through the soft tissue, desensitizing the nerve endings and reducing the perception of pain caused by needle penetration. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether topical anesthesia applied using the DASD will reduce the discomfort of the needle puncture when compared to the control device. A split-mouth model, using 50 healthy subjects with puncture site at the maxillary canine vestibule, was used for this study. Subjects received a needle puncture on both sides of the mouth. Prior to the needle puncture, there was randomized application of 5% lidocaine with the DASD and a control device. Subjects rated their discomfort after needle punctures utilizing the visual analog scale pain scoring system. There was no statistically significant difference in the pain perception using the DASD versus the control device.

scholarly journals Lupus Nephritis: Role of Serum Complement Levels as Prognostic Marker

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Richmond Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Serum Complement ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Proliferative Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Assess Treatment Response ◽  
Serological Biomarkers

Background: Lupus Nephritis (LN) is one of the most common and serious manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Certain biomarkers for LN are sometimes able to assess treatment response of lupus nephritis. Objective: To compare serum complement levels (C3 & C4) as markers of treatment response of LN and their relation to the LN class in renal biopsy. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2018 to August 2019. Twenty seven patients who were diagnosed with lupus nephritis after kidney biopsy were included in this study. Serum complement levels (C3 & C4), 24 hours urinary total protein (24-hr UTP) and anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-ds DNA) were measured in all patients at baseline, 3 months and 6 months after treatment. These biomarker values before and after treatment were compared between the treatment response and non response groups. Results: Serum C3 levels were significantly different in patients of proliferative lupus nephritis (Class III & Class IV) than non proliferative lupus nephritis (Class V) at baseline (0.47 ± 0.32 vs0.89 ± 0.43g/l, p = 0.009) and levels changed significantly 6 months after treatment (p <0.001) and likewise for Serum C4 levels (0.10 ± 0.06 vs0.24 ± 0.26g/l, p = 0.040). Serum C3 levels were also found to correlate significantly with SLEDAI and renal SLEDAI. No significant difference was observed for 24-hr UTP levels at baseline between remission and non-remission groups. Conclusion: Serum C3 & C4 levels may be utilized as serological biomarkers to predict and monitor the treatment response of lupus nephritis.

scholarly journals Applying a balanced score card approach and Multi-Rater feedback strategy to shift from appraising to managing head nurses’ performance at general surgical units-Main Mansoura University Hospital-Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nervana Abdel-Rahman Gheith
Keyword(s):  
Performance Appraisal ◽  
Staff Nurses ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Balanced Score Card ◽  
Nursing Administration ◽  
Feedback Strategy ◽  
Personnel Decisions ◽  
Score Card ◽  
Surgical Units ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and objective: Traditionally, performance appraisal is used to measure behaviors, procedures or actions taken as in head nurse performance plans. Applying balanced score card measures at the nursing administration department level with participating the findings with all nursing staff and patients will help administrators to get all information needed to match head nurses performance plans with nursing administration department as well as hospital goals which help in drawing full shape of performance. The objective was to apply balanced scorecard approach with 360-degree feedback strategy to shift from appraising to managing head nurses’ performance at general surgical units -Main Mansoura University Hospital-Egypt.Methods: Subjects: All supervisors (n = 12), head nurses (n = 10), staff nurses (n = 96) working in general surgical units and all available patients admitted to these units at the time of study (n = 113) were included. Tools: Eight tools that were used for data collection involved feedback questionnaires for patients, head nurses, staff nurses and supervisors, observational checklist, activity analysis checklist, auditing performance appraisal form, and auditing personnel decisions form.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between head nurses, staff nurses and supervisors’ perspectives from one side and among patients’ perspectives from the other side regarding the performance of head nurses’ in general surgical units. In addition, nearly of third of head nurses’ time spent in unclassified activities. However, none of personnel decisions depended on performance appraisal outcomes.Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that the methods used to measure head nurses’ performance in general surgical units at Main Mansoura University Hospital were not integrated or depend on clear work standards to develop and improve the performance of Head Nurses (HNs). 

scholarly journals Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Induction Therapies for the Treatment of Patients with Proliferative Lupus Nephritis in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Phelisa Sogayise ◽  
Udeme Ekrikpo ◽  
Ayanda Gcelu ◽  
Bianca Davidson ◽  
Nicola Wearne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Induction Therapy ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Proliferative Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kidney Replacement Therapy

Background. Lupus nephritis (LN) can be complicated with requirement for kidney replacement therapy and death. Efficacy of induction therapies using mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCYC) has been reported from studies, but there is limited data in Africans comparing both treatments in patients with proliferative LN. Methods. This was a retrospective study of patients with biopsy-proven proliferative LN diagnosed and treated with either MMF or IVCYC in a single centre in Cape Town, South Africa, over a 5-year period. The primary outcome was attaining complete remission after completion of induction therapy. Results. Of the 84 patients included, mean age was 29.6 ± 10.4 years and there was a female preponderance (88.1%). At baseline, there were significant differences in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and presence of glomerular crescents between both groups ( p ≤ 0.05 ). After completion of induction therapy, there was no significant difference in remission status (76.0% versus 87.5%; p = 0.33 ) or relapse status (8.1% versus 10.3%; p = 0.22 ) for the IVCYC and MMF groups, respectively. Mortality rate for the IVCYC group was 5.5 per 10,000 person-days of follow-up compared to 1.5 per 10,000 person-days of follow-up for the MMF group ( p = 0.11 ), and there was no significant difference in infection-related adverse events between both groups. Estimated GFR at baseline was the only predictor of death (OR: 1.0 [0.9–1.0]; p = 0.001 ). Conclusion. This study shows similar outcomes following induction treatment with MMF or IVCYC in patients with biopsy-proven proliferative LN in South Africa. However, a prospective and randomized study is needed to adequately assess these outcomes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Cooperative Learning Strategy on Undergraduate Nursing Students Enrolled in Nursing Administration Course

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Gabr Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Nursing Administration ◽  
Student Centered ◽  
Undergraduate Nursing Students ◽  
Undergraduate Nursing ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test

Todays, higher education emphasizes the importance of student centered learning. Further the aim of nursing education should be on the process of thinking and involve being proactive, collaborative and quality oriented. Cooperative learning is an approach to the aim of student-centered activities towards the attainment of the outcomes-based environment as required by accrediting and certifying bodies and agencies of higher education. Cooperative learning most often involves small groups of students who contribute to each other's learning. It is one of the innovative teaching strategies can be incorporated in the nursing curriculum for the better results and it is a great tool that can be used to enhance and promote higher student achievement.Therefore, a variety of teaching strategies have been designed to be used in teaching, ranging from teacher-centered strategies to more student-centered ones.Hence, the present study aims to assess the effect of cooperative learning strategy on undergraduate nursing students enrolled in nursing administration course at Faculty of Nursing, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. A one-group before–after quasi-experimental design was used. The study was conducted at Faculty of Nursing at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. All nursing studentsenrolled in theeighth at the time of the study of the academic year 2015-2016were included in the study. Four tools were used for data collection namely; The Revised two-factor Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F), Teamwork perception survey, Students’ Self-Perception Leadership Questionnaire, and Students' Opinner Questionnaire Sheet.A major finding of the present study revealed there was statistical significant difference between the pretest and post-test mean scores of students' deep learning approach, team perception of learning and self-perception of leadership of student. While there was no a significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test mean scores for the surface approach to learning. It was concluded that  cooperative learning as a method and philosophy is an effective approach to fostering deeper approach to learning and improving communication skills of nursing students especially in interactive skills, team work, and their leadership abilities among nursing students. It is recommended to the successful introducing of cooperative learning in nursing education will improve professional performance.

Fluorouracil plus racemic leucovorin versus fluorouracil combined with the pure l-isomer of leucovorin for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study.

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 908-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Scheithauer ◽  
G Kornek ◽  
A Marczell ◽  
G Salem ◽  
J Karner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Advanced Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Dose Schedule ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Biochemical Modulation ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Phase Iii Study

PURPOSE To compare the efficacy and toxicity of fluorouracil (FU) and racemic leucovorin (d,l-LV) versus FU combined with the l-isomer of leucovorin (l-LV) in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 248 patients with advanced measurable colorectal cancer previously unexposed to chemotherapy were randomly assigned to treatment with either FU (400 mg/m2/d by intravenous [I.V.] infusion for 2 hours) and racemic LV (100 mg/m2/d by I.V. bolus injection) given for 5 consecutive days, or the combination of FU and the pure l-isomer of LV using the same dose schedule. In both treatment arms, courses were administered every 28 days if toxicity allowed for a total of 6 months, unless evidence of tumor progression was documented earlier. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the FU/racemic LV and the FU/l-LV arm in the overall response rate (25% v 32%), duration of response (7.2 v 8.0 months), median time to progression or death (6.25 v 8.0 months), or median overall survival time (14.5 v 15.0 months). Except for minor myeloid toxic effects associated with FU/l-LV, there was also no significant difference in terms of adverse reactions. Gastrointestinal symptoms, specifically mucasitis and diarrhea, were less frequent and less severe in both treatment arms compared with other trials with FU/racemic LV reported in the literature, which might be because of the prolonged administration of FU used in both arms. CONCLUSION The combination of FU/l-LV produced response rates, response durations, and survival times similar to those with FU/d,l-LV. Biochemical modulation of FU by either pure l-LV or racemic LV thus appears to result in equivalent clinical efficacy.

P0080INTERLEUKIN-17A GENE POLYMORPHISM (RS2275913G>A) IN SLE PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nehal Atef elshabrawy ◽  
Hussein Sheashaa ◽  
Adel L Abdelsalam ◽  
Ahmed Mohammed Abd El Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dsdna Antibody ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background and Aims There are six IL-17-family ligands [IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17C, IL-17D, IL-17E (IL-25) and IL-17F]. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) also commonly called IL-17, is produced by the T helper17 (Th17) subset of CD4+ T cells.Interleukin-17 and other Th17 cytokines are linked to the pathogenesis of diverse autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. IL-17A is detected in synovial fluids and synovium from RA patients and induces proinflammatory cytokine production from synoviocytes, also expression of IL-17A was higher in SLE patients and its level positively correlated with the severity of lupus nephritis, because of its contribution to increasing anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibody production in SLE. The aim of the present study is to determine the IL-17A gene polymorphism (rs2275913 G&gt;A) frequency in patients with SLE and lupus nephritis, and to determine the association of this polymorphism with the disease activity. Method This cross-sectional, observational, case control study was carried out on 50 females patients, with their age ranged from 15 to 50 years (mean 25.67±9.29 years) with SLE attending Mansoura University Hospital .A control group of 50 healthy females of matched age were also included. The patient group was subdivided into patients with and those without lupus Nephritis (35 and 15 patients, respectively). Lupus nephritis was confirmed by renal biopsy. All patients were subjected to a thorough clinical evaluation and routine laboratory tests. SLEDAI score was calculated for all patients to determine the degree of lupus activity. DNA extraction was performed for all patients as well as controls, One SNPs of IL-17A (rs2275913G&gt;A) was genotyped utilizing PCR- RFLP technique. Results The frequency of rs2275913 A allele was significantly higher in SLE patients than the control group (34.0% vs. 21.0%, respectively; p=0.04, OR =1.9, 95%CI =1.03-3.65). While G allele was significantly higher in control group, (P=0.04)). Moreover, AA genotype was significantly higher in the SLE patients than in the control group (8.0% vs. 0.0%, respectively; p=0.036) and associated with higher SLEDAI, ANA, and anti-dsDNA antibodies titer, (P=0.03, P=.039, P=0.047 respectively).on the other hand there was no significant difference in GG and GA genotypes in the SLE patients versus the control group. The frequency of both genotype GA and AA was higher in the SLE patients than the controls (60% vs. 42%, respectivley; OR=2.07, CI-95%=0.9-5.59); although the difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.07).Although A allele was numerically higher in lupus nephritis group versus non nephritis group(37.0% vs 27.0%, respectively), the Analysis of the frequency of IL-17A rs2275913 alleles and genotypes showed no statistical differences between the two groups. Moreover there was no statistical significance between different genotypes in cases of nephritis regard lupus nephritis class (P=0.9) and no statistical significance between different genotypes (GG-GA-AA) regarding activity indices (AI) or chronicity indices (CI) in lupus nephritis group (P=0.18, P=0.56 respectively). Conclusion We suggest that there was a significant association between IL-17A rs2275913 G&gt;A polymorphism and SLE, as A allele and AA genotype were increased in SLE patients, lupus nephritis especially those with high activity

scholarly journals Cytokine Profile in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
A. Elfar ◽  
Amal El-Bendary ◽  
M. A. Abdel-Hafez ◽  
N. Abo El Hana
Keyword(s):  
Lupus Nephritis ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Urinary Protein ◽  
Cytokine Profile ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Sledai Score ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Active Patients

Background: Cytokines have an important role in immune system dysregulation in SLE because they act on the differentiation, maturation, and activation of several effector cells, culminating in inflammation and subsequent tissue damage.The aim of the work was to evaluate cytokine profile (IL2, IL10 and IL13) in children with SLE and their possible role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Methods: This is a cross sectional case-control study conducted on 60 children with SLE and 30 healthy children of matched age and sex served as a control group. The presence of lupus nephritis was confirmed by renal biopsy and histopathological examination. The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score for each patient was used to evaluate disease activity. Serum IL2, IL-10 & IL-13levels were measured using ELISA. Results: There was a significant increase in serum IL-10 levels in SLE patients compared to healthy controls and in patients with lupus nephritis compared to patients without lupus nephritis. Also, there were significant positive correlation between IL-10 and SLEDAI Score and between IL-10 and 24-hour urinary protein collection. There was no statistically significant difference in IL-2 levels in SLE patients compared to healthy controls. However, IL2 levels were significantly lower in active patients without lupus nephritis compared to active patients with lupus nephritis. There was no correlation between IL-2 and 24-hour urinary protein collection. The levels of IL13 were significantly higher in SLE patients compared to healthy controls and in patients with lupus nephritis compared to patients without lupus nephritis. There were significant positive correlations between Il 13 and SLEDAI Score and between IL-13and 24-hour urinary protein collection. Conclusions: Soluble IL10 and IL-13 could be used as a measure of disease activity. Further studies are needed to evaluate SLE pathophysiology including measurement of cytokine profile.

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