scholarly journals Oligodendrocyte Bioenergetics in Health and Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Rosko ◽  
Victoria N. Smith ◽  
Reiji Yamazaki ◽  
Jeffrey K. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Coupling ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

The human brain weighs approximately 2% of the body; however, it consumes about 20% of a person’s total energy intake. Cellular bioenergetics in the central nervous system involves a delicate balance between biochemical processes engaged in energy conversion and those responsible for respiration. Neurons have high energy demands, which rely on metabolic coupling with glia, such as with oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. It has been well established that astrocytes recycle and transport glutamine to neurons to make the essential neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, as well as shuttle lactate to support energy synthesis in neurons. However, the metabolic role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system is less clear. In this review, we discuss the energetic demands of oligodendrocytes in their survival and maturation, the impact of altered oligodendrocyte energetics on disease pathology, and the role of energetic metabolites, taurine, creatine, N-acetylaspartate, and biotin, in regulating oligodendrocyte function.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation as Fuel for Axonal Regeneration in the Injured Vertebrate Central Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Bollaerts ◽  
Jessie Van houcke ◽  
Lien Andries ◽  
Lies De Groef ◽  
Lieve Moons
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vertebrate Central Nervous System

Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in elderly, as repair after lesions or neurodegenerative disease usually fails because of the limited capacity of CNS regeneration. The causes underlying this limited regenerative potential are multifactorial, but one critical aspect is neuroinflammation. Although classically considered as harmful, it is now becoming increasingly clear that inflammation can also promote regeneration, if the appropriate context is provided. Here, we review the current knowledge on how acute inflammation is intertwined with axonal regeneration, an important component of CNS repair. After optic nerve or spinal cord injury, inflammatory stimulation and/or modification greatly improve the regenerative outcome in rodents. Moreover, the hypothesis of a beneficial role of inflammation is further supported by evidence from adult zebrafish, which possess the remarkable capability to repair CNS lesions and even restore functionality. Lastly, we shed light on the impact of aging processes on the regenerative capacity in the CNS of mammals and zebrafish. As aging not only affects the CNS, but also the immune system, the regeneration potential is expected to further decline in aged individuals, an element that should definitely be considered in the search for novel therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals NGF, Brain and Behavioral Plasticity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Berry ◽  
Erika Bindocci ◽  
Enrico Alleva
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trophic Factor ◽  
Brain Growth ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Psychosocial Stressor ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) was initially studied for its role as a key player in the regulation of peripheral innervations. However, the successive finding of its release in the bloodstream of male mice following aggressive encounters and its presence in the central nervous system led to the hypothesis that variations in brain NGF levels, caused by psychosocial stressor, and the related alterations in emotionality, could be functional to the development of proper strategies to cope with the stressor itself and thus to survive. Years later this vision is still relevant, and the body of evidence on the role of NGF has been strengthened and expanded from trophic factor playing a role in brain growth and differentiation to a much more complex messenger, involved in psychoneuroendocrine plasticity.

scholarly journals INSULIN AND INSULIN RESISTANCE: NEW MOLECULE MARKERS AND TARGET MOLECULE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY OF DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 104-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Salmina ◽  
N. A. Yauzina ◽  
N. V. Kuvacheva ◽  
M. M. Petrova ◽  
T. Ye. Taranushenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Nad Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Coupling ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Insulin Activity ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The review summarizes current data on the role of insulin in the regulation of t glucose metabolism in the central nervous system at physiologic and pathologic conditions. For many years, the brain has been considered as an insulin-independent organ which utilizes glucose without insulin activity. However, it is become clear now that insulin not only regulates glucose transport and metabolism, but also has modulatory efftects in impact on excitability, proliferation and differentiation of brain progenitor cells, synaptic plasticity and memory formation, secretion of neurotransmitters, apoptosis. We have critically reviewed literature information and our own data on the role of insulin and insulin resistance in neuron-glia metabolic coupling, regulation of NAD+ metabolism and action of NAdependent enzymes, neurogenesis, brain development in (patho)physiological conditions. The paper clarifies interrelations between alterations in glucose homeostasis, development of insulin resistance and development of neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease), autism, stroke, and depression. We discuss the application of novel molecular markers of insulin resistance (adipokines, α-hydroxybutyrate, BDNF, insulin-regulated aminopeptidase, provasopressin) and molecular targets for diagnostics and treatment of brain disorders associated with insulin resistance.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC REGULATION OF THE USE OF INTERACTIVE EQUIPMENT IN THE CLASSROOM IN KINDERGARTEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-229
Author(s):  
Marina I. Stepanova ◽  
Z. I. Sazanyuk ◽  
I. E. Aleksandrova ◽  
M. A. Polenova ◽  
I. P. Vishneva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interactive Whiteboard ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sensorimotor Responses

Introduction. The purpose of the study was to assess the hygienic impact of classes with using an interactive whiteboard and an interactive table on the functional state of the body of preschool children aged 6-7 years. Material and methods. The results of studies of the impact of classes using interactive equipment in kindergarten on the functional state of the body of children aged 6-7 years. The interactive whiteboard was used in all classes (two or three) during the day. Continuous duration of its use at each session did not exceed 5 minutes, in total - 15 minutes during play activities used the interactive table which lasted up to 10 min. Results. The comparative analysis of the results of the studies did not reveal any differences in the indices of fatigue and psycho-emotional state of children in the response to developmental activities with and without the use of interactive equipment. The expressed activating influence of occupations with use of the interactive equipment on the activity of the central nervous system is established. This was manifested in a significant increase in the speed of complex sensorimotor responses and a decrease in the probability of an error. Discussion. In our opinion, the approximate response to the novelty, bright and attractive form of information presentation with the interactive equipment lead to the functional mobilization of brain structures involved in the analysis of information, followed by a more pronounced concentration of attention, creates an optimal tone of the central nervous system, providing ease and speed of lockings and functioning of nerve connections underlying learning.

scholarly journals The physiological role of vitamin D and the significance of its deficiency in the pathogenesis of climacteric syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia E. Morozova ◽  
Marina A. Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Climacteric Syndrome ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

This literature review summarizes data on the physiological role of vitamin D in women during menopause. We discuss the peculiarities of climacteric syndrome affected by vitamin D deficiency, including the impact of the vitamin on the central nervous system and its role in cognitive and affective disorders. The necessity of vitamin D therapy to prevent pathologies associated with menopause is highlighted.

The role of exogenous heart-RNA in development of the chick embryo cultivated in vitro

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
M. C. Niu ◽  
L. Mulherkar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chick Blastoderm ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Formation

The physiological effect of fresh calf heart-RNA was studied on the explanted chick blastoderm at the definitive streak stage. It was found that heart-RNA interferes with normal development of the central nervous system, especially forebrain, and of the body axis, but not with normal development of the heart. To analyse this effect further, the untreated and RNA-treated fragments of the antero-lateral blastoderm were investigated by intrablastodermal transplant and in vitro. Approximately 50% of the treated grafts transplanted intrablastodermally developed into heart, but none of the controls. In vitro formation of the heart-like structure was found in 45% of the heart-RNA-treated series as opposed to 20% of the PC saline controls and none of the liver-RNA series. When theexplants of the presumptive forebrain were treated with heart-RNA and cultured in isolation in vitro, 11% developed into brain vesicle compared with 76% of the controls. It appears, therefore, that heart-RNA has somehow collaborated with the macromolecules responsible for heart formation but interfered with those responsible for the development of the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Autonomic Nervous System in Obesity and Insulin-Resistance—The Complex Interplay between Leptin and Central Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5187
Author(s):  
Benedetta Russo ◽  
Marika Menduni ◽  
Patrizia Borboni ◽  
Fabiana Picconi ◽  
Simona Frontoni
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

The role of the autonomic nervous system in obesity and insulin-resistant conditions has been largely explored. However, the exact mechanisms involved in this relation have not been completely elucidated yet, since most of these mechanisms display a bi-directional effect. Insulin-resistance, for instance, can be caused by sympathetic activation, but, in turn, the associated hyperinsulinemia can activate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. The picture is made even more complex by the implicated neural, hormonal and nutritional mechanisms. Among them, leptin plays a pivotal role, being involved not only in appetite regulation and glucose homeostasis but also in energy expenditure. The purpose of this review is to offer a comprehensive view of the complex interplay between leptin and the central nervous system, providing further insights on the impact of autonomic nervous system balance on adipose tissue and insulin-resistance. Furthermore, the link between the circadian clock and leptin and its effect on metabolism and energy balance will be evaluated.

scholarly journals Integral health improvement system for adolescent patients with paroxysmal conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (1-2) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
K G. Ganeev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Improvement ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Hormonal Imbalance ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Many Body Systems

The development of pathological mechanisms of paroxysmal states of epileptic and non-epileptic nature of the pubertal period was studied. A systematic approach to identifying the interest of many body systems that provide homeostasis (mental, autonomic, immune) revealed their inconsistency. Taking into account the dominant role of the central nervous system in the implementation of adaptive, adaptive functions of the body, the formation of a paroxysmal state (PS) is considered as one of the manifestations of central nervous system dysadaptation in the period of hormonal imbalance.

scholarly journals The role of MRI in the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Natalia Leksa ◽  
◽  
David Aebisher ◽  
Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
The Body ◽  
Structural Abnormalities ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has modified the practice of radiology. MRI is base on safe interaction between radiowaves at a particular frequency and hydrogen nuclei in the body. Metabolic encephalophaties are by definition those disorder of the central nervous system that are not due primarily to structural abnormalities. Aim. Here we present the 1H MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) method applied to diagnosis of disorders of the central nervous system. Material and methods. Analysis of literature and self-research. Results.We have discussed the major MRI applications in the characteristic of the central nervous system. The relationship beteen the motion of flowing blood and the representation of the blood on images is complex. This work is an introduction to the basic ideas and techniques of fMRI. Therefore, both, 1H MRI and functional MRI, methods are ued in neuroscience. Conclusion. Nonivasive MRI and functional MRI are daily diagnostics methods in neurology.

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