Assessment of Susceptibility Risk Factors for ADHD in Imaging Genetic Studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 671-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Vilor-Tejedor ◽  
S. Alemany ◽  
J. Forns ◽  
A. Cáceres ◽  
M. Murcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
P Value ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Dichotomous Outcome ◽  
Independent Population

Objective: ADHD consists of a count of symptoms that often presents heterogeneity due to overdispersion and excess of zeros. Statistical inference is usually based on a dichotomous outcome that is underpowered. The main goal of this study was to determine a suited probability distribution to analyze ADHD symptoms in Imaging Genetic studies. Method: We used two independent population samples of children to evaluate the consistency of the standard probability distributions based on count data for describing ADHD symptoms. Results: We showed that the zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) distribution provided the best power for modeling ADHD symptoms. ZINB reveals a genetic variant, rs273342 (Microtubule-Associated Protein [MAPRE2]), associated with ADHD ( p value = 2.73E-05). This variant was also associated with perivascular volumes (Virchow–Robin spaces; p values < 1E-03). No associations were found when using dichotomous definition. Conclusion: We suggest that an appropriate modeling of ADHD symptoms increases statistical power to establish significant risk factors.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Bullying Victimization in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Peter L. Stavinoha ◽  
Cody Solesbee ◽  
Susan M. Swearer ◽  
Steven Svoboda ◽  
Laura J. Klesse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Neurofibromatosis Type ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Adhd Symptoms

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal disorder associated with numerous physical stigmata. Children with NF1 are at known risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), academic struggles, and significant social difficulties and adverse social outcomes, including bullying victimization. The primary aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with bullying victimization in children with NF1 to better inform clinicians regarding targets for prevention and clinical intervention. Children and a parent completed questionnaires assessing the bully victim status, and parents completed a measure of ADHD symptoms. Analyses were completed separately for parent-reported victimization of the child and the child’s self-report of victimization. According to the parent report, results suggest ADHD symptoms are a significant risk factor for these children being a target of bullying. Findings for academic disability were not conclusive, nor were findings related to having a parent with NF1. Findings indicate the need for further research into possible risk factors for social victimization in children with NF1. Results provide preliminary evidence that may guide clinicians working with children with NF1 and their parents in identifying higher-risk profiles that may warrant earlier and more intensive intervention to mitigate later risk for bullying victimization.

Risk Factors Associated With Dengue Fever Outbreak in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, 2018: Case-control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulkareem Ali Hussein Nassar ◽  
Amr Abdulaziz Torbosh ◽  
Yassin Abdulmalik Mahyoub ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Al Amad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is a significant health problem in Yemen especially in the coastal areas. On November 6, 2018, Taiz governorates surveillance officer notified the Ministry of Public Health and Population on an increase in the number of suspected DF in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate. On November 7, 2018, Field Epidemiology Training Program sent a team to perform an investigation. The aims were to confirm and describe the outbreak by person, place and time in Taiz governorate, and identify its risk factors.Methodology: Descriptive and case-control study (1:2 ratio) were conducted. WHO case definition was used to identify cases in Al Qahirah or Al Mudhaffar districts during August-November 2018. Control was selected from the same districts who did not suffer from DF. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data related to sociodemographic, behavioral and environmental characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise analyses were used. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. A P value < 0.05 was considered as the cut point for statistically significant. Epi info version 7.2 was used.Results: A total of 50 DF cases were found. Almost 52% were males and 76% were <30 years of age. The overall attack rate was 1/10,000 of the population. Case fatality rate was 4%. In multivariate analysis, not working (aOR = 26.6, 95% CI: 6.8–104.7), not using mosquito repellent (aOR = 13.9, 95% CI:1.4–136.8), wearing short sleeves/pants (aOR = 27.3, 95% CI: 4.8–156.8), poor sanitation (aOR = 5.4, 95% CI: 1.4–20.3), presence of outdoor trees (aOR = 13.2, 95% CI: 2.8–63.0) and houses without window nets (aOR = 15.7, 95% CI: 3.9–63.4) were statistically significant risk factors associated with DF outbreak. Eleven 11 (58%) of blood samples were positive for DF IgM.Conclusions: DF outbreak in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate was confirmed. This study provides evidence-based information regarding the identified risk factors that contributed to the occurrence of this outbreak. Raising community awareness on the importance of personal protection measures and improving the sanitation services are strongly recommended.

scholarly journals Incidence and Risk Factors of Recipient Surgical Site Infection in Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction with Vascularized Fibular Bone Grafts

2020 ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Pichai Vittayakittipong ◽  
Sarocha Makmanee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
P Value ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
Recipient Site ◽  
Maxillofacial Reconstruction

Objective: To determine the incidence and risk factors of recipient surgical site infection (RSSI) after oral and maxillofacial reconstruction with vascularized fibular bone grafts (VFBG).Material and Methods: This retrospective study was performed in patients who underwent oral and maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, with VFBG, at the Dental Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University. Demographic, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative data were recorded. Any infection at the recipient site occurring within 30 days post-operatively, by criteria from the Center of Disease Control, was defined as RSSI. Statistical analysis was performed by chi-square test, Student's t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient with statistical significance was set at 0.05.Results: There were twenty-one patients who met the eligibility criteria. The incidence of RSSI after oral and maxillofacial reconstruction with VFBG was 47.6% (10/21 patients), and the success rate of VFBG was 95.2%. American Society of Anesthetics (ASA) physical status class II and oral contamination were significant risk factors for RSSI (p-value=0.004 and p-value=0.031, respectively). Length of hospital stay was significantly higher in the RSSI group (p-value<0.001).Conclusion: The incidence of RSSI after oral and maxillofacial reconstruction with VFBG was high, and ASA physical status class II and oral contamination were significant risk factors for RSSI.

scholarly journals A Case-Control Study for Assessing Risk Factors for Congenital Anomalies among Children in Sulaimani City

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niaz Mustafa Kamal ◽  
Nasih Othman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Control ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Control Study

Congenital anomalies comprise a wide range of abnormalities in body structure or function that are present at birth and are of prenatal origin. These are defined as structural changes that have significant medical, social or cosmetic consequences for the affected individual, and typically require medical intervention. According to our Knowledge, research is scarce on these conditions in Sulaimaniyah city. Therefore, the current study was conducted to investigate potential risk factors for congenital anomalies. A case-control study was carried out from March to August 2017 involving 400 children (200 cases and 200 controls) aged 0-5 years. Required data were obtained on the risk factors through face to face interviews with mothers of cases and controls. The data were using descriptive statistical methods, Chi-square and Logistic Regression using STATA 11, calculating odds ratios and condensing P value less than 0.05 as statistically significant. The mean age of the children was 1.9 years and age of their mothers at the time of pregnancy was 28 years. Congenital heart anomalies were the commonest type accounting for 27.5%. Significant risk factors for congenital anomalies were family history (OR=2.24, P= 0.007), maternal obesity (OR= 2.26, P= 0.001), mothers age over 30 (OR=2.78, P= 0.002) and mothers not using folic acid during pregnancy (OR=2.12, P= 0.0007). In general, in order to control and prevent the cases of CM, it is important to provide health education and policies to reduce environmental and maternal risk factors. Further, studies with larger sample size are needed to investigate incidence and risk factors of congenital anomalies.

scholarly journals Risk factors for hypertensive crisis in children with acute glomerulonephritis

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Sherly Yuniarchan ◽  
Risky Vitria Prasetyo ◽  
Ninik Asmaningsih Soemyarso ◽  
Mohammad Sjaifullah Noer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Hypertensive Crisis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
P Value ◽  
Acute Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Female Ratio

Background Hypertensive crisis occurs in 1-4% of the hypertensive pediatric population, mostly due to acute glomerulonephritis (AGN). Some factors have been suggested to affect blood pressure (BP) in children, such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, obesity, and socioeconomic status, but little is known for risk factors for hypertensive crisis in AGN.Objective To analyze the risk factors for hypertensive crisis in children with AGN.Methods Retrospectively, we studied possible risk factors for hypertensive crisis in children with AGN at Dr. Soetomo Hospital from 2007 to 2011. Hypertensive crisis was defined as systolic BP ≥180 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥120 mmHg (for children ≥ 6 years of age); and systolic and/or diastolic BP >50% above the 95th percentile (for children aged <6 years). We evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics as potential risk factors. Statistical analysis was done with Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and logistic regression tests. Variables with P <0.25 in the univariable analysis were further analyzed by the multivariable logistic regression model. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results There were 101 children included (mean age 9.7 (SD 2.17) years), with a male-to-female ratio of 2.7:1. Hypertensive crisis occurred in 42 (41.6%) children, of whom 8 had hypertensive urgency and 34 had hypertensive emergency. Proteinuria was seen in 53 children with AGN (52.5%) and was the significant risk factor for hypertensive crisis in our subjects (OR=2.75; 95%CI 1.16 to 6.52; P=0.021). Gender, clinical profiles, ethnicity, nutritional status, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were not significant risk factors for hypertensive crisis.Conclusion Proteinuria is the significant risk factor for hypertensive crisis in children with AGN.

scholarly journals A Generalised Exponential-Lindley Mixture of Poisson Distribution

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Binod Kumar Sah ◽  
A. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Mixture Distribution ◽  
Discrete Data ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Lindley Distribution ◽  
First Four Moments

Background: The exponential and the Lindley (1958) distributions occupy central places among the class of continuous probability distributions and play important roles in statistical theory. A Generalised Exponential-Lindley Distribution (GELD) was given by Mishra and Sah (2015) of which, both the exponential and the Lindley distributions are the particular cases. Mixtures of distributions form an important class of distributions in the domain of probability distributions. A mixture distribution arises when some or all the parameters in a probability function vary according to certain probability law. In this paper, a Generalised Exponential- Lindley Mixture of Poisson Distribution (GELMPD) has been obtained by mixing Poisson distribution with the GELD. Materials and Methods: It is based on the concept of the generalisations of some continuous mixtures of Poisson distribution. Results: The Probability mass of function of generalized exponential-Lindley mixture of Poisson distribution has been obtained by mixing Poisson distribution with GELD. The first four moments about origin of this distribution have been obtained. The estimation of its parameters has been discussed using method of moments and also as maximum likelihood method. This distribution has been fitted to a number of discrete data-sets which are negative binomial in nature and it has been observed that the distribution gives a better fit than the Poisson–Lindley Distribution (PLD) of Sankaran (1970). Conclusion: P-value of the GELMPD is found greater than that in case of PLD. Hence, it is expected to be a better alternative to the PLD of Sankaran for similar type of discrete data-set which is negative binomial in nature.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF RISK FACTORS OF BREAST CANCER AND THE USEFULNESS OF BREAST MRI AS AN ADDITION TO MAMMOGRAPHY IN DETECTING BREAST CANCER IN HIGH RISK WOMEN

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (11-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Khairiah A. Karim ◽  
Rohayu Hami ◽  
Nur Hashamimi Hashim ◽  
Nizuwan Azman ◽  
Ibrahim Lutfi Shuaib
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Breast Mri ◽  
Breast Cancer Detection ◽  
P Value ◽  
High Risk Women ◽  
History Of

The risk factors of breast cancer among women, such as genetic, family history and lifestyle factors, can be divided into high-, intermediate- and average-risk. Determining these risk factors may actually help in preventing breast cancer occurrence. Besides that, screening of breast cancer which include mammography, can be done in promoting early breast cancer detection. Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been recommended as a supplemental screening tool in high risk women. The aim of this study was to identify the significant risk factor of breast cancer among women and also to determine the usefulness of breast MRI as an addition to mammography in detection of breast cancer in high risk women. This retrospective cohort study design was conducted using patients’ data taken from those who underwent mammography for screening or diagnostic purposes in Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, from 2007 until 2015. Data from 289 subjects were successfully retrieved and analysed based on their risk factors of breast cancer. Meanwhile, data from 120 subjects who had high risks and underwent both mammography and breast MRI were further analysed. There were two significant risk factors of breast cancer seen among the study population: family history of breast cancer (p-value=0.012) and previous history of breast or ovarian cancer (p-value <0.001). Breast MRI demonstrated high sensitivity (90%) while mammography demonstrated high specificity (80%) in detection of breast cancer in all 120 subjects. The number of cases of breast cancer detection using breast MRI [46 (38.3%)] was higher compared to mammography [24 (20.0%)]. However, breast MRI was found to be non-significant as an adjunct tool to mammography in detecting breast cancer in high risk women (p-value=0.189). A comprehensive screening guideline and surveillance of women at high risk is indeed useful and should be implemented to increase cancer detection rate at early stage

Tumor size and the risk for lymph node metastases in T1 esophageal adenocarcinoma.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 332-332
Author(s):  
Meena Sadaps ◽  
Neal Mehta ◽  
Michael J. McNamara ◽  
Alok A. Khorana ◽  
Amit Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Endoscopic Resection ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Gastroesophageal Junction ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
P Value ◽  
Macroscopic Appearance ◽  
Tertiary Referral Center

332 Background: Adjuvant therapy after endoscopic resection (ER) of T1 EAC in non-surgical candidates is largely based on the risk of LNM. Risk factors for LNM in T1 EAC are not clearly defined. Our aim is to evaluate risk factors for LNM in T1 EAC patients following esophagectomy or ER with ≥ 5 years of follow-up. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis at a large tertiary referral center. Our pathology database identified patients who underwent esophagectomy or ER with ≥ 5 years follow-up, with histologically proven T1 EAC from 2010-2017. Patients were excluded if they (a) received chemoradiation prior to esophagectomy or before/after ER (b) had any other primary cancer treated within the previous 5 years. Specimens were reviewed by an expert GI pathologist for accuracy. Results: Of 80 patients [85% males], 61 (76%) underwent esophagectomy and 19 (24%) underwent ER. Twelve (15%) developed LNM per study criteria. Tumor size was significantly (p-value 0.014) associated with risk of LNM (Table). No other factors including lymphovascular invasion, differentiation on pathology, macroscopic appearance, infiltration growth pattern, or tumor distance from the gastroesophageal junction were significant risk factors for LNM. Conclusions: In T1 EAC, tumor size appears to be a significant risk factor for LNM at five years following surgical or endoscopic resection. Adjuvant therapy should be considered in patients with larger tumor size. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals 761Characterisation and clustering of diseases by their association with well-known risk factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Webster ◽  
Kezia Gaitskell ◽  
Iain Turnbull ◽  
Ben Cairns ◽  
Robert Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background Data-driven classifications are improving statistical power, refining prognoses, and improving our understanding of autoimmune, respiratory, infectious, and neurological diseases. Classifications have used molecular information, age of incidence, and sequences of disease onset (“disease trajectories”). Here we consider whether associations with easily-measured established risk factors such as height and BMI can usefully characterise disease. Methods UK Biobank data and their linked hospital episode statistics were used to study 172 common age-related diseases. A proportional hazards model was used to estimate associations with potential risk-factors and to adjust for well-known confounders. Diseases were compared and hierarchically clustered using novel but rigorous multivariate statistical methods. Results For diseases affecting both sexes, over 38% can be uniquely identified by their associations with risk factors. Equivalent diseases often clustered adjacently. After an FDR multiple-testing adjustment, roughly 5% have statistically significant differences. Similar remarks applied to several symptoms of unknown cause. Many clustered diseases are associated with a shared, known pathogenesis, others suggest likely but unconfirmed causes. Conclusions Risk factors for disease can be surprisingly precise and can be used to cluster diseases in a meaningful way. Risk factors for men and women may differ for some diseases. Several symptoms of unknown cause have disease-specific, statistically significant risk factors. Key messages Big datasets and modern statistics are providing new insights into the relationships between diseases and their associations with risk-factors. Diseases can be identified and clustered by their associations with well-known risk factors.

scholarly journals HAEMODIALYSIS;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1610-1614
Author(s):  
Aurangzeb Afzal ◽  
Sania Ashraf ◽  
Abubakar Raheel ◽  
Fateh Sher Chattah ◽  
Faiqa Zafar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Set Up

Background: Hepatitis C is an important health issue in chronic kidney diseasepatients especially those on regular hemodialysis. The cause of this high prevalence remainsmulti-factorial. Despite of various infection control measures adopted worldwide, hepatitis chigh seroconversion rates among dialysis patients remain a major health concern. Objectives:The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of seroconversion of hepatitis C inpatients on maintenance hemodialysis in our set-up and also to find the various risk factorsattributing to it. Study Design: Retrospective study. Place and duration of study: Hemodialysisunit of LAHORE GENERAL HOSPITAL since August, 2016. Methods: Forty seven patients onroutine hemodialysis who were initially sero negative for hepatitis C at the time of registrationin Lahore general hospital dialysis centre and frequency of seroconversion to positive for antiHCV was calculated using SPSS 20. The various variables were analyzed on basis of p-value(significant <0.05). Results: Out of total 47 patients, 6 patients (12.80%) were found to besero converted to hepatitis C during the dialysis treatment in our centre. History of surgicalprocedure (major/minor) (83.3%, p value:0.006) and presence of hepatitis C in spouse (66.7%,p value :0.0001) were found to be statistically significant risk factors. Conclusion: The currentstudy indicates the high rates of hepatitis C seroconversion in hemodialysis patients and thevarious contributing risk factors for it. Because of the immunodeficiency in these patients,intense education to medical staff as well as patients themselves will be beneficial in controllingthe spread.

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