Effect of Edible Sesame Oil on Growth of Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans

Elderly individuals are at increased risk of oral thrush (oral candidiasis) due to decreased saliva secretion. Due to their antimicrobial properties, edible oils can be effective natural agents for oral care. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of sesame oil, which is widely used for cooking in Asian countries, and two other edible oils on the growth of both mycelial and yeast forms of five clinical isolates of Candida albicans, a causative microorganism of oral thrush. We assessed the effect of each oil in concentrations of 0.078%, 0.156%, and 0.313% on growth of the mycelial forms of the clinical isolates over 24 hr using the crystal violet method. We also evaluated the effect of each oil on growth of the yeast forms by counting the number of viable yeast cells after culturing in the oils for 24 hr. Sesame oil inhibited the growth of both mycelial and yeast forms. Safflower and olive oil also inhibited the growth of both forms of C. albicans but to a lesser extent than sesame oil. The ability to inhibit the growth of the mycelial form correlated with sesame oil concentration. Roasting influenced growth inhibition ability and high-roasted sesame oil most effectively inhibited the yeast form. The growth inhibitory effect differed among the five isolates. We hypothesize that the sesamin and fatty acid components of sesame oil are involved in its antifungal activity.

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Pathogenicity of Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans after gastrointestinal inoculation in mice

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.29.2.808-813.1980 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 808-813 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J R Wingard ◽

J D Dick ◽

W G Merz ◽

G R Sandford ◽

R Saral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Lung Tissue ◽

Candida Tropicalis ◽

Cytotoxic Drugs ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Gastrointestinal Mucosa ◽

Compromised Host ◽

Adult Mice

The ability of clinical isolates of Candida albicans and candida tropicalis to invade through normal and damaged gastrointestinal mucosa was determined. Adult mice were treated with either gentamicin or gentamicin and cytarabine. Suspensions of yeast cells (10(7)) were administered through a catheter intraesophageally. Invasion was determined by culturing liver, kidney, and lung tissue from mice sacrificed after 48 h. C. albicans and C. tropicalis were incapable of invading through normal gastrointestinal mucosa in mice treated only with gentamicin. Two isolates of C. tropicalis penetrated the damaged gastrointestinal mucosa in 69% (49 of 71) of mice treated with gentamicin and cytarabine. In contrast, three isolates of C. albicans penetrated he damaged gastrointestinal mucosa in only 23% (14 of 62) of mice. These results suggest that C. tropicalis is more capable of invading through damaged gastrointestinal mucosa than C. albicans. The observations in this mouse model parallel those seen in patients on cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, this model offers a tool for investigation of the pathogenicity of these organisms in a model analogous to the compromised host.

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The ultrastructure of Candida albicans infections

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m81-181 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 27 (11) ◽

pp. 1156-1164 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Thomas J. Marrie ◽

J. William Costerton

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Ruthenium Red ◽

Host Cells ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Positive Matrix ◽

Urine Sediment ◽

Bacteria Adhesion

Scrapings of Candida albicans plaques from the tongue and buccal mucosa of patients with oral candidiasis were examined electron microscopy. In addition, urine sediment from patients with infection of their catheterized urinary tracts was similar examined. Three types of C. albicans – oral epithelial cell interactions were noted: a loose adherence apparently mediated by ruthenium red positive matrix, a "tight" adherence where no space could be seen between the host and yeast cell, and invasions host cells by yeast hyphal elements. Adhesion of Candida blastospores to hyphal elements and adhesion of bacteria to Candida cells was also frequently observed.Urine sediments from patients with mixed bacteria–yeast infections demonstrated adhesion of the bacteria to the yeast cells. This phenomenon was also demonstrated in in vitro experiments and fibrous ruthenium red material invariably occupied the zo*** of adhesion.Phagocytosis of yeast by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was found in urinary, but not in oral, candidiasis. Our in vivo and vitro observations indicate that a ruthenium red positive matrix covers the surfaces involved in the yeast to yeast, yeast to ho and yeast to bacteria adhesion.

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The evolution of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Candida albicans

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.00662 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Cited By ~ 133

Author(s):

Christopher B Ford ◽

Jason M Funt ◽

Darren Abbey ◽

Luca Issi ◽

Candace Guiducci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Large Scale ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Host Adaptation ◽

Copy Number Variations ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Ergosterol Biosynthesis ◽

Healthy Human

Candida albicans is both a member of the healthy human microbiome and a major pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Infections are typically treated with azole inhibitors of ergosterol biosynthesis often leading to drug resistance. Studies in clinical isolates have implicated multiple mechanisms in resistance, but have focused on large-scale aberrations or candidate genes, and do not comprehensively chart the genetic basis of adaptation. Here, we leveraged next-generation sequencing to analyze 43 isolates from 11 oral candidiasis patients. We detected newly selected mutations, including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), copy-number variations and loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) events. LOH events were commonly associated with acquired resistance, and SNPs in 240 genes may be related to host adaptation. Conversely, most aneuploidies were transient and did not correlate with drug resistance. Our analysis also shows that isolates also varied in adherence, filamentation, and virulence. Our work reveals new molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of drug resistance and host adaptation.

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Changes in glutathione metabolic enzymes during yeast-to-mycelium conversion of Candida albicans

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m96-011 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 76-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Merlin Manavathu ◽

Elias Manavathu ◽

Suresh Gunasekaran ◽

Quallyna Porte ◽

Muthukumaran Gunasekaran

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Glutathione Reductase ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Glutathione Metabolism ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Mycelial Form ◽

Glutamic Acid Residue ◽

Germ Tubes

Candida albicans is a dimorphic yeast capable of producing alternate morphological forms (yeast or mycelium) in response to environmental changes. The intracellular level of glutathione, which helps to maintain the redox potential of the cell, is decreased significantly during the thermal induction of yeast-to-mycelium conversion. The reason for the decline of glutathione in the mycelial form is not understood. We have, therefore, investigated the levels of glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and glutathione peroxidase, four key enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism, in the yeast and mycelial forms. Yeast cells of C. albicans 3153A were induced in Lee's medium (pH 6.5) at 37 °C for 3 h to produce germ tubes. Cell lysates were prepared from yeast and mycelial cells, and glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and glutathione peroxidase were assayed spectrophotometrically. There was a 640% increase of the level of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in the germ tubes as compared with the yeast cells. No other significant alteration of the levels of enzymes was noted. This increased activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, which cleaves the glutamic acid residue of glutathione (Glu-Cys-Gly) appears to be, at least in part, responsible for the rapid decrease of the intracellular glutathione in C. albicans during the yeast-to-mycelium conversion.Key words: Candida albicans, dimorphism, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase.

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Determination of Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentrations of Potash Alum Against Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans

Journal of The Pakistan Dental Association ◽

10.25301/jpda.294.235 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (04) ◽

pp. 235-238

Author(s):

Muhammad Irshad ◽

◽

Muhamamd Younas ◽

Asif Ullah Qureshi ◽

Amir Hameed

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Positive Control ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

In Vitro Susceptibility ◽

Fungicidal Action ◽

Broth Microdilution Method

OBJECTIVE: Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen causing oral candidiasis. Commercially available antifungal agents are effective in eliminating C. albicans, however, their toxicity and high cost are undesirable. Potash Alum is a naturally occurring salt with antibacterial and antifungal properties. Therefore, Potash Alum may be effective against C. albicans. Objective: The main objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of C. albicans to Potash Alum. METHODOLOGY: Swab samples from 19 patients attending the Oral medicine department of Rehman College of Dentistry were transferred to tubes containing Sabouraud Dextrose Broth. After identification of C. albicans by Gram-staining, a solution of 2-5 x 105 CFUs/mL C. albicans was prepared and subjected to MIC and MFC determination by the standard broth microdilution method. Potash alum concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 mg/mL were used. Commercially available Nystatin was used as a positive control. RESULTS: Our results showed that 10 mg/mL of Potash Alum (PA) solution was able to inhibit growth of most of the clinical isolates of C. albicans. In 5 samples, even 5mg/mL was effective in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans. Potash alum demonstrated fungistatic rather than a fungicidal action against C. albicans. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that potash alum has a fungistatic action against C. albicans in vitro. In addition, the optimum in vitro concentration of potash alum solution effective in inhibiting growth of C. albicans was found to be 10mg/mL. KEYWORDS: Candida albicans, potash alum, nystatin, antifungal HOW TO CITE: Irshad M, Younas M, Qureshi AU, Hameed A. Determination of minimum inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of potash alum against clinical isolates of candida albicans. J Pak Dent Assoc 2020;29(4):235-238.

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Cinnamaldehyde and α-terpineol inhibit the growth of planktonic cultures of Candida albicans and non albicans

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. e554101019027

Author(s):

Loyse Martorano Fernandes ◽

Mariana Cavalcanti Lacerda ◽

Yuri Wanderley Cavalcanti ◽

Leopoldina de Fátima Dantas de Almeida

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Candida Glabrata ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Positive Control ◽

Candida Krusei ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Antifungal Effect ◽

Reference Strains

Agents based in natural products have been investigated for the treatment of oral candidiasis. This study aims to evaluate the antifungal effect of phytoconstituent cinnamaldehyde and α-terpineol in planktonic cultures of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and clinical isolates of C. albicans. Reference strains of C. albicans (ATCC 90028 and ATCC 60193), C. glabrata (ATCC 2001), C. krusei (ATCC 34135) and four clinical isolates were used. Nistatin 100,000UI was used as a positive control. After preparation of the inoculum (1 × 103 CFU / mL), serial microdilution technique was performed using RPMI 1640 medium. Results: in reference strains, the MIC for α-terpineol ranged from 312,5 μg / mL (C. albicans 90028) to 40 μg / mL (C. krusei); and the cinnamaldehyde ranged from 40 μg / mL (C. albicans 90028, C. albicans 60193 and C. glabrata) to 20 μg / mL (C. krusei). Whereas for clinical strains, the MIC for α-terpineol ranged from 156 μg / mL to 78 μg / mL and cinnamaldehyde ranged from 78 μg / mL to 40 μg / mL. Therefore, the cinnamaldehyde and α-terpineol present an inhibitory effect against planktonic cultures of Candida albicans and not albicans.

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Treatment with Candida albicans biotherapic influences in vitro fungal adhesion to Ma-104 cells

International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 ◽

10.51910/ijhdr.v10i36.487 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (36) ◽

pp. 152-154

Author(s):

Beatriz Guerreiro Basílio Costa ◽

Camila Monteiro Siqueira ◽

Gleyce Moreno Barbosa ◽

Venicio Feo Da Veiga ◽

Maristela Barbosa Portela ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Host Cells ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Morphological Alterations ◽

Morphological Aspects

Background: Oral candidiasis is an opportunist fungal infection in humans, mainly caused by Candida albicans. It occurs when the host presents an imbalance in the immune system and Candida spp., normally found in human flora, become able to develop the infection [1]. This disease is very common in HIV patients, and in all individuals that present immunossupression, such as patients treated with chemotherapy. Considering this scenario, the development of new medicines to treat oral candidiasis is mandatory. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate citotoxicity, morphology and quantify the adhesion rates of C. albicans to biotherapic-treated Ma104 cells. Methodology: The biotherapic was prepared following the Roberto Costa technique and Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopeia protocol [2]. Briefly, biotherapic 1X was prepared with 1 mL of aqueous solution containing 108 yeasts of living Candida albicans plus 9 ml of sterile distilled water. This solution was submmited to 100 mechanical succussions. Biotherapic 2X was obtained after addition of 1 ml of 1X solution in 9 ml of sterile distilled water and it was also submitted to 100 mechanical succussions. This procedure was repeated until biotherapic 30X was obtained. As a control, sterile dynamized water (30X) was used. The inhibition of fungal growth induced by biotherapic was evaluated by MTT method after 24 hours of treatment. The morphological aspects of Ma104-biotherapic-treated cells were analyzed by Giemsa staining after 5, 10 and 60 days, and compared with control groups (water 30X and untreated cells). Additionally, Ma104 cells were treated during 5 and 30 days with biotherapic in parallel with respective controls, and the index adhesion of yeast cells was quantified. Results: The biotherapic was not able to reduce the viability of treated C. albicans when compared with controls. On the other hand, Ma104 treated cells presented important morphological alterations after 60 days, such as: cytoplasmic vacuoles, halos around the nucleolus and elongation of the plasmatic membrane. These changes were not observed in ,untreated cells nor in ones treated with water 30X. The adhesion index to Ma104 cells was reduced around 27% after 5 and 30 days of treatment when compared to controls. Conclusion: These results showed that the biotherapic did not present any citotoxicity, but was able to modify the morphological aspects of Ma-104 cells. Additionally, the interaction between host cells and ethilogic agent is directly influenced by biotherapic treatment, suggesting a promising antifungal potential of this medicine.

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Efek Proteksi Ekstrak Etanol Stichopus hermanii Terhadap Jumlah Limfosit pada Tikus yang Terpapar Asap Rokok dan Diinduksi Candida albicans

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v9i2.12 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Auliasari Yunanda ◽

Syamsulina Revianti ◽

Isidora Karsini

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Test

Latar Belakang: Merokok berhubungan dengan jamur rongga mulut yang dapat mengakibatkan oral candidiasis. Stichopus hermanii mengandung efek antioksidan, antifungi dan immunostimulator. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efek proteksi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii terhadap jumlah limfosit pada tikus Wistar yang terpapar asap rokok dan diinduksi C.albicans. Bahan dan Metode: Rancangan penelitian ini adalah post test-only control group design. 42 ekor tikus Wistar jantan, dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok, Kelompok1 (saline 0,1mL, udara segar, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok2 (saline 0,1mL, asap rokok, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok3 (C.albicans 0,1mL, udara segar, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok4 (C.albicans 0,1mL, asap rokok, CMC-Na 0,2%), Kelompok5 (saline 0,1mL, asap rokok, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB), Kelompok6 (C.albicans 0,1mL, udara segar, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB), Kelompok7 (C.albicans 0,1 mL, asap rokok, ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 0,02mg/kgBB). Tikus Wistar diinduksi C.albicans 1 minggu, terpapar asap rokok 8 minggu, dan diberi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii 8 minggu. Selanjutnya, tikus Wistar dikorbankan setelah 2 bulan perlakuan. Jumlah limfosit dihitung melalui metode hapusan darah dengan different counting dibawah mikroskop cahaya dengan pembesaran 1000x. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Kelompok yang terpapar asap rokok dan diinduksi C.albicans memiliki dapat menurunkan jumlah limfosit, kelompok suplementasi menggunakan ekstrak ethanol Stichopus hermanii dapat meningkatkan jumlah limfosit. Simpulan: Suplementasi ekstrak Stichopus hermanii memiliki efek protektif untuk memicu proliferasi limfosit pada tikus Wistar setelah paparan asap rokok dan induksi C.albicans.

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Novel Aggregation Properties of Candida albicans Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase Sap6 Mediate Virulence in Oral Candidiasis

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00282-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 83 (7) ◽

pp. 2614-2626 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Rohitashw Kumar ◽

Darpan Saraswat ◽

Swetha Tati ◽

Mira Edgerton

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Epithelial Cells ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Proteinase Activity ◽

Adhesion Properties ◽

Content Type ◽

Oral Epithelial Cells ◽

Oral Epithelial ◽

Cell Cell

Candida albicans, a commensal fungus of the oral microbiome, causes oral candidiasis in humans with localized or systemic immune deficiencies. Secreted aspartic proteinases (Saps) are a family of 10 related proteases and are virulence factors due to their proteolytic activity, as well as their roles in adherence and colonization of host tissues. We found that mice infected sublingually withC. albicanscells overexpressing Sap6 (SAP6OE and a Δsap8strain) had thicker fungal plaques and more severe oral infection, while infection with the Δsap6strain was attenuated. These hypervirulent strains had highly aggregative colony structurein vitroand higher secreted proteinase activity; however, the levels of proteinase activity ofC. albicansSaps did not uniformly match their abilities to damage cultured oral epithelial cells (SCC-15 cells). Hyphal induction in cells overexpressing Sap6 (SAP6OE and Δsap8cells) resulted in formation of large cell-cell aggregates. These aggregates could be produced in germinated wild-type cells by addition of native or heat-inactivated Sap6. Sap6 bound only to germinated cells and increasedC. albicansadhesion to oral epithelial cells. The adhesion properties of Sap6 were lost upon deletion of its integrin-binding motif (RGD) and could be inhibited by addition of RGD peptide or anti-integrin antibodies. Thus, Sap6 (but not Sap5) has an alternative novel function in cell-cell aggregation, independent of its proteinase activity, to promote infection and virulence in oral candidiasis.

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Oral Candidiasis and COVID-19 in Users of Removable Dentures: Is Special Oral Care Needed?

Gerontology ◽

10.1159/000515214 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Laura Silva Jerônimo ◽

Rafael Paschoal Esteves Lima ◽

Thaís Yumi Umeda Suzuki ◽

José Augusto César Discacciati ◽

Cláudia Lopes Brilhante Bhering

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Oral Health ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Oral Candidiasis ◽

Oral Care ◽

Antifungal Treatment ◽

Immunocompromised Patients ◽

Appropriate Care

Elderly patients with systemic disorders and immunocompromised patients seem to have a higher risk of developing morbidity from COVID-19. Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a potentially dangerous pathogen for these patients, especially for denture wearers with prosthetic stomatitis who require mechanical ventilation. C. albicans infection, the main candidiasis infection associated with denture wear, can complicate COVID-19 and increase the associated morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis of C. albicans infection in COVID-19 patients is important to establish more effective antifungal treatment methods and prophylaxis strategies. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients should undergo an oral examination to assess their oral health, and those with poor oral health should receive the appropriate care and monitoring.

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