Occurrence of and Factors Associated With the Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk of Mothers in Fethiye, Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-368
Author(s):  
Gonca Karayağiz Muslu ◽  
Mehmet Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
Test Kit

Aflatoxins comprise a group of mycotoxins that are found in the environment. Exposure to aflatoxins has been reported to cause serious health problems in humans. Since aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is secreted in breast milk, the exposure of infants to this toxin is an important concern. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, levels of, and factors associated with the presence of AFM1 in breast milk of mothers in Fethiye, Turkey. Breast milk samples were taken from 100 mothers who had given birth over the period of October–November 2017. The AFM1 content of the samples was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The lowest limit for milk samples in the Ridascreen® AFM1 commercial test kit is 5 ng/L. Because of this, AFM1 levels below 5 ng/L in the breast milk samples were assessed as negative. Of the breast milk samples tested, 53 were positive. The average AFM1 amount in the positive samples was 6.36 ng/L (ppt; range 5.10–8.31 ng/L). Mothers who were housewives, lived in damp, humid houses, or ate spices or dried fruits and vegetables had significantly greater prevalence of AFM1 in their breast milk than those who were employed, did not report dampness or mold in the home, or did not eat spices or dried fruits and vegetables. AFM1 in breast milk could be an important risk factor for infant health. Informing the public about food safety could reduce the amount of AFM1 being transferred into breast milk via food channels.

Analysis of Aflatoxin M1 in Breast Milk and Its Association with Nutritional and Socioeconomic Status of Lactating Mothers in Lebanon

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1737-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jomana Elaridi ◽  
Maya Bassil ◽  
Joelle Abi Kharma ◽  
Farah Daou ◽  
Hussein F. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most potent of the dietary aflatoxins, and its major metabolite, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), is frequently found in the breast milk of lactating mothers. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence and factors associated with AFM1 contamination of breast milk collected from lactating mothers in Lebanon. A total of 111 breast milk samples were collected according to the guidelines set by the World Health Organization. Samples were analyzed with a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between December 2015 and November 2016. A survey was used to determine the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of participating lactating mothers. Dietary habits were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Mean (±standard deviation) concentration of AFM1 in the breast milk samples was 4.31 ± 1.8 ng/L, and 93.8% of samples contained AFM1 at 0.2 to 7.9 ng/L. The mean concentration of AFM1 was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fall and winter (4.1 ± 1.9 ng/L) than in spring and summer (5.0 ± 1.7 ng/L). None of the samples exceeded the European Commission regulation limit (25 ng/L) for infant milk replacement formula. AFM1 contamination was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the daily consumption of white cheeses but not with the consumption of meat or cereal products. No significant association (P > 0.05) was observed between AFM1 concentrations in breast milk and anthropometric sociodemographic factors (age and level of education) or the governorate of residence of the nursing mothers. The mean AFM1 estimated daily intake was found to be 0.69 ng/day/kg of body weight. Although the incidence of AFM1 contamination was low, our first-of-its-kind study highlights the importance of conducting investigations on mycotoxin contamination in breast milk and of developing protection strategies to tackle the exposure of infants to this potent chemical hazard.

Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Human Breast Milk and Raw Cow's Milk in Istanbul, Turkey

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 885-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
YAŞAR KESKIN ◽  
RUHTAN BAŞKAYA ◽  
SEHER KARSLI ◽  
TÜRKAN YURDUN ◽  
OĞUZ ÖZYARAL
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

This survey was undertaken to determine the extent of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in human breast milk and raw cow's milk in Istanbul, Turkey. Samples of human and raw cow's milk were collected randomly and analyzed for AFM1 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection in which the samples were cleaned up with immunoaffinity columns. In this study, AFM1 was detected in 8 (13.1%) of 61 human breast milk samples examined (mean ± SD level, 5.68 ± 0.62 ng/liter; range, 5.10 to 6.90 ng/liter) and 20 (33.3%) of 60 raw cow's milk samples examined (range, 5.40 to 300.20 ng/liter). Five (8.3%) of the positive raw cow's milk samples had AFM1 levels (153.52 ± 100.60 ng/liter; range, 61.20 to 300.20 ng/liter) that were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 ppb) stipulated by regulations in Turkey and some other countries.

Occurrence and factors associated with the presence of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk samples of nursing mothers in central Mexico

Food Control ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 16-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Cantú-Cornelio ◽  
J.E. Aguilar-Toalá ◽  
C.I. de León-Rodríguez ◽  
J. Esparza-Romero ◽  
B. Vallejo-Cordoba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Nursing Mothers

scholarly journals Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk in Rafsanjan, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somayeh Pourtalebi ◽  
Seyyed Amin Ayatollahi Mousavi ◽  
Zahra Assadollahi ◽  
Seyyed Mahdi Mousavi
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Postnatal Exposure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Background and Purpose: Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of highly toxic mycotoxins present both in the environment and in foodstuffs. The food of infants should be safe and free of various pollutants, including breast milk mycotoxins. This study aimed to measure the mycotoxin of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human milk samples obtained from lactating mothers living in Rafsanjan city, Iran.  Materials and Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, breast milk samples were collected from 150 lactating mothers in Rafsanjan city from September 2015 to April 2016 using the structured food-frequency questionnaire. The AFM1 was measured by employing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific kits. The statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 16). Results: The AFM1 was detected in 98 mothers (65%) with a mean concentration of 14.69±8.15 ng/kg, ranging from 5.02 to 41.25 ng/kg. The AFM1 concentration exceeded the tolerable and accepted limit promulgated by the European Union and the USA (25 ng/kg) in only 10 milk samples. Moreover, in 59 milk samples, the AFM1 concentration exceeded the limit recommended by Australia and Switzerland (10 ng/kg). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, lactating mothers and their infants are at risk of AFM1 exposure in southern Iran. Accordingly, the examination of AFM1 concentrations in lactating mothers, as a critical postnatal exposure marker of infants to this carcinogenic compound, requires further studies in various seasonal periods and different parts of Iran.

scholarly journals Detection of cross-reactive IgA against SARS-CoV-2 spike 1 subunit in saliva

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi Tsukinoki ◽  
Tatsuo Yamamoto ◽  
Keisuke Handa ◽  
Mariko Iwamiya ◽  
Juri Saruta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces

AbstractAbundant secretory IgA (sIgA) in mucus, breast milk, and saliva provides immunity that prevents infection of mucosal surfaces. sIgA in pre-pandemic breast milk samples have been reported to cross-react with SARS-CoV-2, but whether it also occurs in saliva and, if so, whether it cross-reacts with SARS-CoV-2, has remained unknown. We aimed to clarify whether sIgA in saliva cross-reacts with SARS-CoV-2 spike 1 subunit in individuals who have not been infected with this virus. The study included 137 (male, n = 101; female, n = 36; mean age, 38.7 [24–65] years) of dentists and doctors in the Kanagawa Dental University Hospital. Saliva and blood samples were analyzed by PCR and immunochromatography for IgG and IgM, respectively. We then identified patients with saliva samples that were confirmed as PCR- and IgM-negative for COVID-19. Proportions of SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive IgA-positive individuals were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a biotin-labeled spike S1-mFc recombinant protein covering the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. The proportion of SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive IgA-positive individuals was 46.7%, and this correlated negatively with age (r = −0.218, p = 0.01). The proportion of IgA-positive individuals ≥ 50 y was significantly lower than that of patients aged ≤ 49 y (p = 0.008). sIgA was purified from the saliva of all patients, and the salivary sIgA was found to suppress the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the ACE-2 receptor. We found SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive sIgA in the saliva of some participants who had never been infected with the virus, suggesting that sIgA helps prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

A Survey of Aflatoxin M1 in Commercial Liquid Milk Products in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runjia Shi ◽  
Zhongna Yu ◽  
Harvey Ho ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Jun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Group I ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Liquid Milk

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Chinese liquid milk products. A total of 190 liquid milk samples, including 168 ultra-high temperature treated (UHT) milk samples and 22 pasteurized milk (PM) samples were collected in August 2019. A screening assay with the Charm Rapid Test Kit and a confirmation method with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for AFM1 analysis. Nine (4.74%) samples were screened positive, of which 5 (2.11%) samples were confirmed with concentration levels of 0.022-0.049μg/kg. The AFM1 levels confirmed were all below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by China, the European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA), and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). The detection rate of AFM1 in domestic milk samples was 3.39%, while no AFM1 was detected in samples of imported milk. The prevalence of AFM1 detected in three groups were: Group I (2.70%, the major brands of China ), Group II (4.55%, the local city domestic brands) and Group III (0, the imported brands into China). The detection rate of AFM1 in PM samples (9.09%) was significantly higher than UHT samples (1.19%) ( P < 0.05). Although the residue level of AFM1 in none of the samples exceeded the MRLs, the higher detection rate in local Chinese brands, especially in PM samples, deserves the attention of the Chinese government and consumers.

Head Space Sensor Array for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Ewe's Milk

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1089-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. BENEDETTI ◽  
S. IAMETTI ◽  
F. BONOMI ◽  
S. MANNINO
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Sensor Array ◽  
Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Head Space ◽  
Ewe's Milk

A novel screening method was developed for simple and rapid detection of aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw ewe's milk samples without the need for sample pretreatment. The method was based on the use of a commercial head space sensor array system constituted by 12 metal oxide semiconductor sensors, 10 metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor sensors, and a pattern recognition software. Twenty-four raw milk samples collected from two different groups of ewes fed with a formulated feed that contained increasing amounts of aflatoxin B1 and six noncontaminated ewe's milk samples were analyzed. The results obtained by using the head space sensor array, processed by statistical methods, made it possible to group the samples according to the presence or the absence of aflatoxin M1. Sample classification was in complete agreement with the aflatoxin M1 content measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay procedure. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of detection of aflatoxin M1 in ewe's milk by a multisensor array.

scholarly journals Aflatoxin M1 levels in sow milk

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 341
Author(s):  
J. PRODANOV-RADULOVIĆ ◽  
M. ŽIVKOV-BALOŠ ◽  
S. JAKŠIĆ ◽  
Z. GRGIĆ ◽  
I. STOJANOV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Special Health

Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most known and investigated group of mycotoxins, which can be found as contaminants in different types of food and feed. Animals are exposed to AFs mainly through the consumption of contaminated feed, particularly products of plant origin. Among AFs, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the monohydroxylated derivative of AFB1 formed in the liver and excreted into the milk of lactating animals. This study encompassed the Vojvodina region of Serbia and was aimed at determining the levels of AFM1 excretion in sows’ milk in the first 3‒5 days of lactation, after consumption of naturally contaminated with AFB1 maize. A total of 110 sows’ milk samples from 11 swine farms in the specific region were analyzed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Different levels of AFM1 were detected in the majority (97%) of the examined milk samples. The obtained results showed AFM1 levels ranging from 5 to 165.4 ng/L. The results of this study pose special health concern associated with aflatoxin contamination of swine feed raw materials in this particular part of Serbia. Moreover, such high incidence of AFM1 detection in sows’ milk may suggest the occurrence of long-term low level aflatoxicosis clinical cases.

A Study on the Presence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow’s Milk in Jiroft

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohadeseh Kamali ◽  
Seyyedeh Sedigheh Seyyedi ◽  
Mehdi Taheri Sarvtin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Maximum Tolerance

Background and Aims: Cow's milk is a daily staple food for many individuals that can be contaminated with many toxins such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). AFM1 is a chemical form of the aflatoxin B1 produced by some species of Aspergillus genus like A. ochraceus, A. flavus, A. nomius, and A. parasiticus that can contaminate feed and forage cattle. This toxin enters into the milk after eating contaminated feed by cows. AFM1 can cause various dangerous diseases such as cancer and immune deficiency in humans. The present study is aimed to investigate the level of AFM1 in cow's milk in Jiroft, Kerman Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 cow’s milk samples were collected in spring and summer 2019 from available stores in Jiroft city. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure AFM1 in all cow’s milk samples.Results: In the present study, AFM1 was found in 88 (97.8%) milk samples with a range of 0.2-90.62 ppt (mean, 20.07±24.46 ppt). AFM1 concentrations exceeded 50 ppt (maximum tolerance level of AFM1 in the European Union) was seen in 12 (13.3%) samples. Conclusions: The results of this study showed the presence of AFM1 in cow's milk in Jiroft city. So, in this region, many people are exposed to dangerous diseases such as cancer due to the consumption of milk contaminated with AFM1.

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