scholarly journals Multiple Sclerosis Biomarker Discoveries by Proteomics and Metabolomics Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 117727192110133
Author(s):  
Ameneh Jafari ◽  
Amirhesam Babajani ◽  
Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Protein Marker ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Monitoring Treatment

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in demyelination and axonal loss in the brain and spinal cord. The precise pathogenesis and etiology of this complex disease are still a mystery. Despite many studies that have been aimed to identify biomarkers, no protein marker has yet been approved for MS. There is urgently needed for biomarkers, which could clarify pathology, monitor disease progression, response to treatment, and prognosis in MS. Proteomics and metabolomics analysis are powerful tools to identify putative and novel candidate biomarkers. Different human compartments analysis using proteomics, metabolomics, and bioinformatics approaches has generated new information for further clarification of MS pathology, elucidating the mechanisms of the disease, finding new targets, and monitoring treatment response. Overall, omics approaches can develop different therapeutic and diagnostic aspects of complex disorders such as multiple sclerosis, from biomarker discovery to personalized medicine.

scholarly journals Potential Pathological Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepali Mathur ◽  
Soumyashree Rout ◽  
Bikash Kumar Mishra ◽  
Gerardo Lopez Rodas ◽  
Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Disease Activity ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Disability Progression ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Monitoring Treatment

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves the intricate interplay of different immune cells going awry leading to inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Its diagnosis is quite arduous because of the baffling number of symptoms it elicits and the varied clinical manifestation it presents. The simplified criteria (in form of Macdonald’s Criteria) which have got modified several times is now the single most important criteria accepted by neurology bodies for diagnosing MS. Biomarkers from time to time have been explored to simplify the diagnosis and prognosticate MS along with anecessity to monitor treatment outcome. In recent years, research on biomarkers has advanced rapidly due to their ability to be easily and rapidly measured, their specificity, safety, and their ability to yield precise results. Biomarkers are classified into various categories including predictive, diagnostic, prognostic, related to disease activity, and monitoring treatment outcome. Each representative of the disease activity category reflects a variety of pathological processes of MS such as neuroaxonal loss, gliosis, demyelination, disability progression, remyelination, etc. This review discusses several promising serum and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and imaging biomarkers used in clinical practice. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease which is recently recognized as a definite disease will also be discussed. Furthermore, it sheds light on the criteria and the challenges a biomarker faces to be considered as a standard one.

scholarly journals Potential Biomarkers Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10323
Author(s):  
Deepali Mathur ◽  
Bikash Kumar Mishra ◽  
Soumyashree Rout ◽  
Francisco Jose Lopez-Iranzo ◽  
Gerardo Lopez-Rodas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Imaging Biomarkers ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves an intricate and aberrant interaction of immune cells leading to inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Due to the heterogeneity of clinical subtypes, their diagnosis becomes challenging and the best treatment cannot be easily provided to patients. Biomarkers have been used to simplify the diagnosis and prognosis of MS, as well as to evaluate the results of clinical treatments. In recent years, research on biomarkers has advanced rapidly due to their ability to be easily and promptly measured, their specificity, and their reproducibility. Biomarkers are classified into several categories depending on whether they address personal or predictive susceptibility, diagnosis, prognosis, disease activity, or response to treatment in different clinical courses of MS. The identified members indicate a variety of pathological processes of MS, such as neuroaxonal damage, gliosis, demyelination, progression of disability, and remyelination, among others. The present review analyzes biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood serum, the most promising imaging biomarkers used in clinical practice. Furthermore, it aims to shed light on the criteria and challenges that a biomarker must face to be considered as a standard in daily clinical practice.

scholarly journals Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Infertility and Impact of Infertility Treatments on Multiple Sclerosis Relapses in Slovenia: Medical Outline, Legal and Ethical Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-172
Author(s):  
Eda Vrtačnik Bokal ◽  
Urban Vrtačnik
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Infertility Treatments ◽  
Legal Outcomes ◽  
Significant Disability ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. It is common in the reproductive period and can lead to infertility and significant disability. The treatment on multiple sclerosis is recently more successful and enables better quality of life, therefore rising hope and desire for future parents, also in terms of successful infertility treatments. In this context, the couples should be managed concerning the detrimental effect of the disease itself on fertility, detrimental effect of the drugs used for treatment on gonads and in terms of the implementation of drugs used for ovarian stimulation and their impact on the basic disease (MS). The article finds solutions on the legal outcomes in situations where infertility treatments may negatively impact the progress of MS, as well as the solutions on how to (successfully) provide infertility treatments to the patients with MS. It proposes interdisciplinary approach between gynaecologists and neurologists to perform required weighing of benefits and risks (burdens), deriving from specific action or treatment, whereas for the patients who shall not undergo infertility treatments due to their medical status, related to MS, it proposes storage of gametes under conditions, set by the law.

Neuromyelitis Optica

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teri L. Schreiner ◽  
Jeffrey L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Neuritis ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), or Devic’s disease is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that preferentially affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Initially considered a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS), NMO is now clearly recognized to have distinct clinical, radiographic, and pathologic characteristics. Historically, the diagnosis of NMO required bilateral optic neuritis and transverse myelitis; however, the identification of a specific biomarker, NMO-IgG, an autoantibody against the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel, has broadened NMO spectrum disease to include patients with diverse clinical and radiographic presentations. This chapter addresses the diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of the disease.

scholarly journals A Review of Various Antioxidant Compounds and their Potential Utility as Complementary Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta Dorota Miller ◽  
Angela Dziedzic ◽  
Joanna Saluk-Bijak ◽  
Michal Bijak
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stress Mediators

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of this multifactorial disease has not been clearly defined. Conventional medical treatment of MS has progressed, but is still based on symptomatic treatment. One of the key factors in the pathogenesis of MS is oxidative stress, enhancing inflammation and neurodegeneration. In MS, both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are formed in the CNS mainly by activated macrophages and microglia structures, which can lead to demyelination and axon disruption. The course of MS is associated with the secretion of many inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators, including cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, INF-γ) and chemokines (MIP-1a, MCP-1, IP10). The early stage of MS (RRMS) lasts about 10 years, and is dominated by inflammatory processes, whereas the chronic stage is associated with neurodegenerative axon and neuron loss. Since oxidative damage has been known to be involved in inflammatory and autoimmune-mediated processes, antioxidant therapy could contribute to the reduction or even prevention of the progression of MS. Further research is needed in order to establish new aims for novel treatment and provide possible benefits to MS patients. The present review examines the roles of oxidative stress and non-pharmacological anti-oxidative therapies in MS.

Multiple sclerosis

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair Coles ◽  
Alastair Compston
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Axonal Degeneration ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Inflammatory Lesions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Made In

The papers in this chapter illustrate the picture that has emerged of multiple sclerosis as an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, caused by a complex interplay of multiple genetic susceptibility alleles and unknown environmental triggers. Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which there is first demyelination of nerves, followed by axonal degeneration. Demyelination is caused by inflammation, as shown by the synthesis of immunoglobulins within the CNS, and magnetic resonance imaging has shown that only the minority of inflammatory lesions cause symptoms. All of these discoveries were made in the twentieth century, which ended with the first demonstration that a treatment—interferon-beta—could influence the natural history of the disease.

A Case of Intractable Vomiting

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Aaron E. Miller ◽  
Tracy M. DeAngelis ◽  
Michelle Fabian ◽  
Ilana Katz Sand
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Clinical Imaging ◽  
Prompt Treatment ◽  
Disease Modifying Therapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Disease Modifying

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disorder affecting the central nervous system, with clinical, imaging, and laboratory characteristics that are distinct from multiple sclerosis. It presents most commonly with optic neuritis, myelitis, or an area postrema syndrome consisting of intractable nausea, vomiting, or hiccups. Most patients are positive for serum antibodies to aquaporin 4. Prompt treatment with corticosteroids and/or plasma exchange is critical for recovery, as is the initiation of disease-modifying therapy with an immunomodulatory agent to prevent future attacks. First-line disease-modifying therapies for NMOSD include rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil, and azathioprine. Several additional agents are used less commonly, and others are currently in clinical trials.

scholarly journals Balancing Early Aggression Against Risk of Progression in Multiple Sclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Duquette ◽  
Paul S. Giacomini ◽  
Virender Bhan ◽  
Marika Hohol ◽  
Robyn Schecter
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Brain Volume Loss ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

AbstractMultiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disease characterized by focal and diffuse inflammation of the central nervous system resulting in significant physical and cognitive disabilities. Disease-modifying therapies targeting the dysfunctional immune response are most effective in the first few years after disease onset, indicating that there is a limited time window for therapy to influence the disease course. No evidence of disease activity is emerging as a new standard for treatment response and may be associated with improved long-term disability outcomes. An aggressive management strategy, including earlier use of more potent immunomodulatory agents and close monitoring of the clinical and radiologic response to treatment, is recommended to minimize early brain volume loss and slow the progression of physical and cognitive impairments in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

scholarly journals T Helper Cells: The Modulators of Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Kunkl ◽  
Simone Frascolla ◽  
Carola Amormino ◽  
Elisabetta Volpe ◽  
Loretta Tuosto
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Th Cells ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Th Cell ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cell Subpopulations

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of axonal myelin in several areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that is responsible for clinical symptoms such as muscle spasms, optic neuritis, and paralysis. The progress made in more than one decade of research in animal models of MS for clarifying the pathophysiology of MS disease validated the concept that MS is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder caused by the recruitment in the CNS of self-reactive lymphocytes, mainly CD4+ T cells. Indeed, high levels of T helper (Th) cells and related cytokines and chemokines have been found in CNS lesions and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients, thus contributing to the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the activation of resident astrocytes and microglia, and finally the outcome of neuroinflammation. To date, several types of Th cells have been discovered and designated according to the secreted lineage-defining cytokines. Interestingly, Th1, Th17, Th1-like Th17, Th9, and Th22 have been associated with MS. In this review, we discuss the role and interplay of different Th cell subpopulations and their lineage-defining cytokines in modulating the inflammatory responses in MS and the approved as well as the novel therapeutic approaches targeting T lymphocytes in the treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in Multiple Sclerosis: Scratching the Surface of a Complex Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Disanto ◽  
Antonio J. Berlanga ◽  
Adam E. Handel ◽  
Andrea E. Para ◽  
Amy M. Burrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Outcome Prediction ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Different Populations

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the etiology and the pathogenesis of MS has been extensively investigated, no single pathway, reliable biomarker, diagnostic test, or specific treatment have yet been identified for all MS patients. One of the reasons behind this failure is likely to be the wide heterogeneity observed within the MS population. The clinical course of MS is highly variable and includes several subcategories and variants. Moreover, apart from the well-established association with the HLA-class II DRB1*15:01 allele, other genetic variants have been shown to vary significantly across different populations and individuals. Finally both pathological and immunological studies suggest that different pathways may be active in different MS patients. We conclude that these “MS subtypes” should still be considered as part of the same disease but hypothesize that spatiotemporal effects of genetic and environmental agents differentially influence MS course. These considerations are extremely relevant, as outcome prediction and personalised medicine represent the central aim of modern research.

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