Implications of dietary salt intake for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis

In recent years it has become increasingly clear that, alongside genetic risk factors, environmental factors strongly influence the incidence and severity of multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on observations from epidemiological studies, the potential contribution of dietary habits has lately been a matter of debate. Recently it was shown that high salt conditions promote pathogenic T-cell responses and aggravate autoimmunity in an animal model of MS, suggesting that high dietary salt intake might promote central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. However, so far, not much is known about the influence of dietary salt intake on MS disease pathology. Here, we discuss the association of dietary salt levels and MS with a special focus on the mechanisms of salt-mediated modulation of the different cell types critically involved in the pathophysiology of MS.

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The Effects of Different Kinds of Nutrition and Functional Foods on Multiple Sclerosis

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401316666200129115858 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 632-637

Author(s):

Masih Falahatian

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Functional Foods ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Vegetable Intake ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Dietary Salt Intake ◽

Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽

The Central Nervous System

It is an assumption that different kinds of nutrition, diet, and functional foods might have different positive or negative effects on multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This brief paper involved a study on various kinds of nutrition including salt, fat, dairy, fruit, and vegetables. At the end of this study, appropriate diets were evaluated for MS patients. Based on previous studies both on animal models and on MS patients, excessive dietary salt intake and animal fat had worsening effects on MS patients but fruit and vegetable intake helped the remission of MS and decreased the risk of developing it. There were, of course, conflicting results in different studies over the role of some nutrition in MS and future studies on larger numbers of cases were required to collect reliable results. As a result, at the end of this study and based on literature, it is suggested that a diet should be programmed by nutritionists containing fewer salt, fat, and dairy intake and more fruits and vegetables for MS patients in order to better management of the disease.

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Dietary salt intake and epidemiological studies.

Gut ◽

10.1136/gut.29.3.407 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 407-411

Author(s):

R L Hanneman ◽

B Moinier

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Dietary Salt Intake

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Salt and Health: Survey on Knowledge and Salt Intake Related Behaviour in Italy

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12020279 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 279 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paola Iaccarino Idelson ◽

Lanfranco D’Elia ◽

Giulia Cairella ◽

Paola Sabino ◽

Luca Scalfi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Social Inequalities ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Italian Population ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Dietary Salt Intake ◽

Level Of Knowledge

Background and aim: Excess sodium intake is a recognised causal factor of hypertension and its cardiovascular complications; there is however a lack of practical instruments to assess and monitor the level of knowledge and behaviour about dietary salt intake and to relate these factors to the population general dietary habits. Methods and Results: A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess the salt and health related knowledge and behaviour of the Italian population through an online survey. A sample of 11,618 Italian participants completed the questionnaire. The degree of knowledge and the reported behaviour about salt intake were both found to be related to age, gender, home region, level of education and occupation. There was a significant interrelation between salt knowledge and behaviour and both were significantly and directly related to the degree of adherence to a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern. A hierarchical evaluation was also made of the relevance of any single question to the overall assessment of knowledge and behaviour about salt intake. Conclusions: The study population overall appeared to have a decent level of knowledge about salt, but a less satisfactory behaviour. Our findings point to social inequalities and young age as the main factors having a negative impact on knowledge and behaviour about salt intake as part of generally inadequate dietary habits. The degrees of knowledge and behaviour were significantly and directly interrelated, confirming that improving knowledge is a key step for behavioural changes, and suggesting that educational campaigns are crucial for the implementation of good practices in nutrition.

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P1857SALT CONSUMPTION, LIFESTYLE AND PROTEINURIA IN A HETEROGENEOUS YOUNG POPULATION

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfaa142.p1857 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽

Author(s):

Claudia Zullo ◽

Lorenzo Dallari ◽

Alfredo Bagalà ◽

Chiara Somma ◽

Giuseppe Ferro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Salt Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Dietary Salt Intake ◽

Italian Regions

Abstract Background and Aims Obesity, hypertension, smoke, high dietary salt intake and physical inactivity are the main modifiable risk factors for chronic kidney disease, that affects about 9-10% of Italian people. About daily salt intake, the World Health Organization recommends a maximum consumption of 5 grams of salt per day. In Italy, most people consume too much salt – on average 8-10 grams per day or around twice the recommended maximum level of intake. Aim of this study was to investigate dietary habits and lifestyle of the heterogeneous students population of “Scuola Carabinieri di Firenze” (attended by people coming from all Italian regions) and their relations with urinary abnormalities. Method from November 2018 to March 2019 we collected anamnestic and anthropometric data, blood pressure measurements and body cellular mass (BCM) of 257 young subjects (152 males, 105 females; mean age 32 + 11 yy). We determinated sodium, chlorine and protein excretion on a spot urine sample in addition to plasma creatinine levels. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results We analyzed preliminary data of urinary sodium excretion (UNa), proteinuria (Up) and hematuria (Urbc) of all the subjects. Fifty-five percent of them had a UNa higher than 100 mmol/L (approximately equivalent to a dietary salt intake of 6 grams/day). In these subjects with higher salt consumption, Up and Urbc, measured by urine dipstick, were detectable in 32% and 21% respectively. In subjects with lower salt intake (less than 6 grams/day), Up and Urbc were 0% and 5% respectively. To determine if there was an association between our variables, we used Pearson correlation coefficient. We found that UNa was directly related to Up (r 0.26, p 0.002), age (r 0.22 p 0.011) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP, r 0.22, p 0.012). We also found that poor exercise (r -0.15, p 0.7) and low lean body mass percentage (r -0.15, p 0.7) were inversely related to UNa. Conclusion high dietary salt intake is associated with elevated blood pressure and proteinuria in a young and “healthy” population. Hypertension and proteinuria are both known risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease. Wrong dietary habits and lifestyles must be detected and corrected in order to prevent nephropathy onset.

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A case-control study of dietary salt intake in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders ◽

10.1016/j.msard.2016.02.011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 87-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Jamie McDonald ◽

Jennifer Graves ◽

Amy Waldman ◽

Timothy Lotze ◽

Teri Schreiner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Case Control ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Dietary Salt Intake ◽

Control Study ◽

Pediatric Onset

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Estimation of Salt Intake Assessed by 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion among Somali Adults in Oslo, Norway

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10070900 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 900 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Sairah Chen ◽

Cecilie Dahl ◽

Haakon Meyer ◽

Ahmed Madar

Keyword(s):

Sodium Excretion ◽

Western Europe ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Salt Intake

High dietary salt intake is associated with increased blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The migration of Somalis from East Africa to Norway may have altered their dietary habits, making them vulnerable to adverse health outcomes. Since little is known about the lifestyle and health status of this population, the purpose of our study was to estimate salt intake in Somali adults in Oslo, Norway. In this cross-sectional study, we included 161 Somali adults (76 men, 86 women) from the Sagene borough in Oslo, Norway. Sodium and potassium excretion was assessed through the collection of 24-hour urine. Creatinine-based exclusions were made to ensure completeness of urine collections. Sodium excretion corresponding to an estimated dietary salt intake of 8.66 ± 3.33 g/24 h was found in men and 7.39 ± 3.64 g/24 h in women (p = 0.013). An estimated 72% of participants consumed >5 g salt/day. The Na:K ratio was 2.5 ± 1.2 in men and 2.4 ± 1.1 in women (p = 0.665). In conclusion, estimated salt intake was, while above the WHO recommendation, within the lower range of estimated salt intakes globally and in Western Europe. Further research is required to assess the health benefits of sodium reduction in this Somali immigrant population.

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Proteinuria changes in kidney disease patients with clinical remission during the COVID-19 pandemic

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0250581 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0250581

Author(s):

Nobuo Tsuboi ◽

Takaya Sasaki ◽

Naoki Kashihara ◽

Takashi Yokoo

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

University Hospital ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Dietary Salt Intake ◽

Clinical Variables ◽

Salt Excretion ◽

June July

Backgrounds Data on how lifestyle changes due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have influenced the clinical features of kidney disease patients remain scarce. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed clinical variables in patients with stage G1–G4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) with complete or incomplete remission of proteinuria, who were managed in a nephrology outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Tokyo. The clinical variables during the COVID-19 pandemic (term 1, June–July 2020) were compared to those one year before the pandemic (term 0, June–July 2019). The urinary protein excretion (UPE) was used as the primary outcome measure. Results This study included 325 patients with stage G1–G4 CKD (mean age 58.5 years old, 37.5% female, 80.6% on renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors [RAASis], 12.0% on maintenance dose immunosuppression therapy) evaluated at term 0. The UPE at terms 0 and 1 was 247 (92–624) and 203 (84–508) mg/day [median (25th–75th percentile)], respectively; the value in term 1 was 18% lower than that in term 0 (p<0.001), with no marked difference in body weight, blood pressure, protein intake or urinary salt excretion. In multivariable analyses, incomplete remission of proteinuria in term 0 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.70, p = <0.001), RAASi use (OR = 2.09, p = 0.02) and decreased urinary salt excretion in term 1 vs. term 0 (OR = 1.94, p = 0.002) were identified as independent variables associated with reduced UPE in term 1 vs. term 0. No significant interactions between the variables were observed. Conclusion In kidney disease patients receiving standard medical care from nephrologists, the UPE after the emergency declaration in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic was lower than before the declaration. The UPE reduction may be associated with reduced dietary salt intake during the pandemic in patients treated with RAASi for insufficient control of proteinuria. Our results support the current proposal to continue therapeutic approaches to these patients, which involve RAASi therapy along with optimizing dietary habits, even while dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.

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