Small-scale multilingualism through the prism of lexical borrowing

Aims and Objectives: We assess whether data on lexical borrowing obtained through field elicitation may point not only to a specific donor language but also to its specific regional variety, and whether these data are a reliable tool for reconstructing unknown historical patterns of interaction between ethnic subgroups. Methodology: We use quantitative analysis of the data obtained by loanword probing—elicitations of short wordlists from speakers of minority languages—to calculate the amount and identify the source of lexical transfer. We compare the results across several areas with varying degrees of bilingualism and different contact varieties of the donor language to see how this influences our results. Data: The data for this study come from a large-scale field study in Daghestan, with 72 people from 19 villages speaking four languages. Findings: Our method suggests that speech communities clearly indicate one of the regional varieties of Azerbaijani as the donor, depending on the area of data collection. We also observe that the degree of lexical convergence with the donor depends not only on the level of bilingualism observed in the specific village but also on the native language of this village, suggesting language borders as a natural constraint to the spread of lexical borrowing. Originality: The study is novel in that it is fully based on analysis of data on lexical convergence obtained through fieldwork on minority languages and provides quantitative results that can be compared across speech communities in the survey. Implications: We conclude that the method is sensitive enough to trace donorship to specific regional varieties of the donor language. Limitations: Our observations on the relative weight of the level of bilingualism and language affiliation of a speech community as predictors of the degree of lexical convergence require more data obtained both from other linguistic environments and by different methods.

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Are Americans less likely to reply to emails from Black people relative to White people?

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.2110347118 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 118 (52) ◽

pp. e2110347118

Author(s):

Ray Block ◽

Charles Crabtree ◽

John B. Holbein ◽

J. Quin Monson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Large Scale ◽

Black People ◽

Racial Bias ◽

The United States ◽

Simple Task ◽

The Public ◽

Medical Sector ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

Ethnic Subgroups

In this article, we present the results from a large-scale field experiment designed to measure racial discrimination among the American public. We conducted an audit study on the general public—sending correspondence to 250,000 citizens randomly drawn from public voter registration lists. Our within-subjects experimental design tested the public’s responsiveness to electronically delivered requests to volunteer their time to help with completing a simple task—taking a survey. We randomized whether the request came from either an ostensibly Black or an ostensibly White sender. We provide evidence that in electronic interactions, on average, the public is less likely to respond to emails from people they believe to be Black (rather than White). Our results give us a snapshot of a subtle form of racial bias that is systemic in the United States. What we term everyday or “paper cut” discrimination is exhibited by all racial/ethnic subgroups—outside of Black people themselves—and is present in all geographic regions in the United States. We benchmark paper cut discrimination among the public to estimates of discrimination among various groups of social elites. We show that discrimination among the public occurs more frequently than discrimination observed among elected officials and discrimination in higher education and the medical sector but simultaneously, less frequently than discrimination in housing and employment contexts. Our results provide a window into the discrimination that Black people in the United States face in day-to-day interactions with their fellow citizens.

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A Field Efficacy Evaluation of In2Care Mosquito Traps in Comparison with Routine Integrated Vector Management at Reducing Aedes aegypti

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association ◽

10.2987/21-7038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 242-249

Author(s):

Eva A. Buckner ◽

Katie F. Williams ◽

Samantha Ramirez ◽

Constance Darrisaw ◽

Juliana M. Carrillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Large Scale ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Small Scale ◽

Integrated Vector Management ◽

Control Programs ◽

Vector Management ◽

Scale Field ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

Eggs And Larvae

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti is the predominant vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. This mosquito is difficult to control with conventional methods due to its container-inhabiting behavior and resistance to insecticides. Autodissemination of pyriproxyfen (PPF), a potent larvicide, has shown promise as an additional tool to control Aedes species in small-scale field trials. However, few large-scale field evaluations have been conducted. We undertook a 6-month-long large-scale field study to compare the effectiveness and operational feasibility of using In2Care Mosquito Traps (In2Care Traps, commercially available Aedes traps with PPF and Beauveria bassiana) compared to an integrated vector management (IVM) strategy consisting of source reduction, larviciding, and adulticiding for controlling Ae. aegypti eggs, larvae, and adults. We found that while the difference between treatments was only statistically significant for eggs and larvae (P < 0.05 for eggs and larvae and P > 0.05 for adults), the use of In2Care Traps alone resulted in 60%, 57%, and 57% fewer eggs, larvae, and adults, respectively, collected from that site compared to the IVM site. However, In2Care Trap deployment and maintenance were more time consuming and labor intensive than the IVM strategy. Thus, using In2Care Traps alone as a control method for large areas (e.g., >20 ha) may be less practical for control programs with the capacity to conduct ground and aerial larviciding and adulticiding. Based on our study results, we conclude that In2Care Traps are effective at suppressing Ae. aegypti and have the most potential for use in areas without sophisticated control programs and within IVM programs to target hotspots with high population levels and/or risk of Aedes-borne pathogen transmission.

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Viscosity and Large-Scale Magnetic Fields from Accretion Disc Dynamos

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100042639 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 163 ◽

pp. 190-200

Author(s):

Christopher A. Tout

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Fields ◽

Large Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cascade Process ◽

Jet Formation ◽

Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence ◽

Discs Large ◽

Scale Field ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

Nova Outbursts

AbstractWe review those processes associated with accretion discs that are probably influenced by magnetic fields, specifically, accretiondisc viscosity, energy dissipation and jet formation. We consider how magnetic instabilities in the disc can lead to a self-sustaining dynamical dynamo and how this is manifested as magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in numerical simulations. We show that currently these models do not fit with observational constraints imposed by dwarf-nova outbursts. We also show that the drop in ionisation fraction does not lead to the apparently necessary drop in viscosity in quiescent cataclysmic variable discs. Large-scale magnetic fields are required to launch and collimate jets form discs. We describe an inverse cascade process that can construct sufficient large-scale field from small-scale field generated by a dynamo.

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Off-Site Lime Stabilisation as an Option to Treat Pit Latrine Faecal Sludge for Emergency and Existing On-Site Sanitation Systems

Journal of Waste Management ◽

10.1155/2016/2717304 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wilson Greya ◽

Bernard Thole ◽

Catherine Anderson ◽

Flavius Kamwani ◽

Jan Spit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Buffer Capacity ◽

Hydrated Lime ◽

Field Trials ◽

Small Scale ◽

E Coli ◽

Scale Field ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

Sanitation Systems ◽

Faecal Sludge

Off-site lime stabilisation for treating faecal sludge was assessed by undertaking small-scale (35 L) and large-scale (600 L) field trials in Blantyre, Malawi. Hydrated lime was dosed to maintain pH 10, pH 10.5, pH 11, pH 11.5, and pH 12 depending on the buffer capacity of the faecal sludge in the four replica small-scale field trials. Significant reduction of E. coli to below the detection limit of 104 CFU/100 mL within 1 hour of treatment was reported for pH > 11. Based on the small-scale findings, large-scale field trials were conducted and greater than 3 log removal of E. coli was observed under pH 12 conditions. Therefore, based on the study, off-site lime stabilisation by dosing lime in the range of 10–35% w/w (dry solid basis), depending on the buffer capacity and solids content of the sludge to maintain pH > 11, can be used to sanitise faecal sludge during emergencies, as well as for existing on-site sanitation systems.

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Methanol masers and magnetic field in IRAS18089-1732

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s174392131701016x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (S336) ◽

pp. 285-286

Author(s):

Daria Dall’Olio ◽

W. H. T. Vlemmings ◽

G. Surcis ◽

H. Beuther ◽

B. Lankhaar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Magnetic Fields ◽

Large Scale ◽

High Mass ◽

Small Scale ◽

Star Forming ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

The Impact ◽

Theoretical Simulations ◽

The Magnetic Field

AbstractTheoretical simulations have shown that magnetic fields play an important role in massive star formation: they can suppress fragmentation in the star forming cloud, enhance accretion via disc and regulate outflows and jets. However, models require specific magnetic configurations and need more observational constraints to properly test the impact of magnetic fields. We investigate the magnetic field structure of the massive protostar IRAS18089-1732, analysing 6.7 GHz CH3OH maser MERLIN observations. IRAS18089-1732 is a well studied high mass protostar, showing a hot core chemistry, an accretion disc and a bipolar outflow. An ordered magnetic field oriented around its disc has been detected from previous observations of polarised dust. This gives us the chance to investigate how the magnetic field at the small scale probed by masers relates to the large scale field probed by the dust.

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Advection/diffusion of large scale magnetic field in accretion disks

Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics ◽

10.5194/npg-16-77-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 77-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. V. E. Lovelace ◽

G. S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan ◽

D. M. Rothstein

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Large Scale ◽

Turbulent Viscosity ◽

Pressure Ratio ◽

Rotational Instability ◽

Small Scale ◽

Magnetic Diffusivity ◽

Large Scale Magnetic Field ◽

Scale Field ◽

Large Scale Field

Abstract. Activity of the nuclei of galaxies and stellar mass systems involving disk accretion to black holes is thought to be due to (1) a small-scale turbulent magnetic field in the disk (due to the magneto-rotational instability or MRI) which gives a large viscosity enhancing accretion, and (2) a large-scale magnetic field which gives rise to matter outflows and/or electromagnetic jets from the disk which also enhances accretion. An important problem with this picture is that the enhanced viscosity is accompanied by an enhanced magnetic diffusivity which acts to prevent the build up of a significant large-scale field. Recent work has pointed out that the disk's surface layers are non-turbulent and thus highly conducting (or non-diffusive) because the MRI is suppressed high in the disk where the magnetic and radiation pressures are larger than the thermal pressure. Here, we calculate the vertical (z) profiles of the stationary accretion flows (with radial and azimuthal components), and the profiles of the large-scale, magnetic field taking into account the turbulent viscosity and diffusivity due to the MRI and the fact that the turbulence vanishes at the surface of the disk. We derive a sixth-order differential equation for the radial flow velocity vr(z) which depends mainly on the midplane thermal to magnetic pressure ratio β>1 and the Prandtl number of the turbulence P=viscosity/diffusivity. Boundary conditions at the disk surface take into account a possible magnetic wind or jet and allow for a surface current in the highly conducting surface layer. The stationary solutions we find indicate that a weak (β>1) large-scale field does not diffuse away as suggested by earlier work.

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Comparison of Gaseous and Water-Based Medium-Expansion Foam Depopulation Methods in Cull Sows

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11113179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 3179

Author(s):

Joshua N. Lorbach ◽

Magnus R. Campler ◽

Brad Youngblood ◽

Morgan B. Farnell ◽

Tariku J. Beyene ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Nitrogen Gas ◽

State Of Emergency ◽

Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Nitrogen Foam ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

Cull Sows

The U.S. swine industry is currently inadequately prepared to counteract the increasing threat of high-consequence diseases. Although approved and preferred depopulation guidelines exist, ventilation shutdown (VSD+) is currently the only method being deployed during a state of emergency to depopulate large swine populations. However, the permitted use of VSD+ during constrained circumstances has been criticized due to raised swine welfare concerns. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of carbon dioxide gas (CO2), nitrogen gas (N2), compressed air foam (CAF), compressed nitrogen foam (CAF-N2) and aspirated foam (AF) during a 15-min dwell time on adult swine in an emergency depopulation situation. A small-scale trial using 12 sows per depopulation method showed the highest efficiency to induce cessation of movement for AF and CO2 (186.0 ± 48 vs. 202.0 ± 41, s ± SD). The ease of implementation and safety favored AF for further investigation. A large-scale field study using AF to depopulate 134 sows in modified rendering trailers showed a mean fill time of 103.8 s (SD: 5.0 s) and cessation of movement of 128.0 s (SD: 18.6 s) post filling. All sows were confirmed dead post-treatment for both trials. The implementation of AF in modified rendering trailers may allow for a safe and reliable method that allows for the expedient and mobile depopulation of both small and large numbers of sows during an emergency.

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Pengembangan Alat Peraga Taktual Model Atom untuk Siswa Tunanetra Kelas VIII

INKLUSI ◽

10.14421/ijds.010202 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 159

Author(s):

Wahyu Triningsih ◽

Winarti Winarti

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Student Response ◽

Atomic Model ◽

Small Scale ◽

Product Analysis ◽

Expert Teacher ◽

Scale Field ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

Research Procedure ◽

Grade 3

The research purposes to (1) produce atomic model tactual props and material guidance of atomic model for blind student on eight grade, (2) know quality of atomic model tactual props and material guidance of atomic model for blind student on eight grade, (3) know student response toward atomic model tactual props and material guidance of atomic model for blind student on eight grade.This is a developmental research based on a procedural model. The development procedure is based on the development research procedure by Puslitjaknov Team that is adapted from Borg and Gallresearch procedure with development steps such as (1) doing product analysis that will be developed, (2) developing preliminary product, (3) experts validation and revision, (4) small scale field test and product revision, and (5) large scale field and final product. Collecting data technique by a non test research instruments are developed by such as validation sheet, appraisal sheet and student response. The analyzing data technique is done by changing the quantitative data into qualitative data.This research produced an atomic model tactual props and material guidance for blind student on eight grade. Based on the appraisal of media expert, material expert, teacher, atomic and students this prop has a very good quality.

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PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PANLINTARMATIKA (PAPAN PERKALIAN PINTAR MATEMATIKA) MATERI PERKALIAN UNTUK SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

WASIS : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan ◽

10.24176/wasis.v2i1.5785 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 41-47

Author(s):

Hasna Nur Afifah ◽

Meita Fitrianawati

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Field Test ◽

Large Scale ◽

Field Testing ◽

Small Scale ◽

Quantitative Data Analysis ◽

Scale Field ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

The Media ◽

Information Collecting

This study aims to 1) find out the steps in developing Panlintarmatika learning media, 2) know the feasibility of developing Panlintarmatika learning media based on experts. This study is a type of Research and Development (RD) research using the Borg and Gal model which consists of: (1) research and information collecting, (2) planning, (3) developing preliminary from a product, (4) prelimunary field testing, (5) main product revision, (6) main field testing, (7) operational product revision (8) operational field testing. The trial subjects used were 18 grade 2 students and teachers at SD N Kalangan. Data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis includes quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis. The results showed that the validation of the media experts received a score of 60 in the "Very good" category, the validation of the material experts received a score of 42 in the "Good" category and the learning expert received a score of 60 in the "Good" category. The results of the small-scale field test students get a score of 100 with the category "Very Good" and the teacher gets a score of 94 with the category "Very Good". Large-scale field test results students get a score of 100 with the category "Very Good" and the teacher scores 98 with a score of "Very Good" It can be concluded that the Panlintarmatika learning media is feasible and can be used as class 2 learning multiplication material

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Construct 2 Berbasis Android Sebagai Bahan Ajar Relasi dan Fungsi

Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Pendidikan Matematika (JP3M) ◽

10.36765/jp3m.v3i1.164 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 17-28

Author(s):

Resti Pangestu ◽

Farida ◽

Siska Andriani

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Average Score ◽

Small Scale ◽

Teaching Material ◽

Design Development ◽

Average Value ◽

A Value ◽

Large Scale Field ◽

The Media ◽

Addie Model

This research and development uses the ADDIE model which includes 5 steps namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The results of this study are android-based M-learning teaching materials assisted by Construct 2 on the subject matter of relations and functions. This teaching material gets an assessment in the valid category with an average value of 3.40 in the material experts and includes a valid category with a value of 3.54 in the media expert. In small-scale trials followed by 3C and 5D classes with 10 students each getting an average score of 3.47 with very interesting criteria. In the large-scale field trial which was attended by 30 students of 3E grade the average score of attractiveness was 3.57 and grade 5C with an average of 3.38 with very interesting criteria. Effect size test results in class 3E with 0.56 results and in class 5C of 0.57 with moderate criteria. Based on these results it can be concluded that the Android-based M-learning teaching material is assisted by construct 2 on the material of the relation and the function is feasible and effective to be used as a learning aid.

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