This must be the place (to commit a crime). Testing the law of crime concentration in Milan, Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 702-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Favarin
Keyword(s):  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Street Segment ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Law Of Crime Concentration ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

The dense distribution of crime in a small number of micro places led to the formulation of a law of crime concentration applicable across cities and stable over time. This law has rarely been tested in Europe and has never been tested in Italy. In addition, there is a lack of extensive knowledge about its determinants. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are to test the presence and the stability of crime concentration in a different urban context and to explain this concentration. A street segment analysis and a group-based trajectory analysis were conducted to test the presence and the stability of crime concentration in the city of Milan (Italy), and negative binomial regression models were run to understand the main determinants of this concentration. The findings confirm the presence of crime concentration at street segment level, but only a few segments can be considered to be highly criminogenic over time. Social disorganization factors play an important role in explaining crime concentration, even though opportunity factors also coincide in this explanation. Despite their differences, cities around the world share the same crime concentration. The generalization of these findings is an important step in the development of common knowledge. Nevertheless, in Milan only a few segments are chronic hot spots. The stability pattern in the city needs to be further analysed using different methods. A theoretical integration approach considering both situational and social disorganization factors is promising in understanding why crime occurs in urban areas.

Composition of the City Block and the Cognitive Region of the Resident in the Historical City of Tokyo

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Shichun Zong ◽  
Hirotomo Ohuchi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Change Process ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Perception ◽  
Information Networks ◽  
City Block ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Due to the development of communication information networks in contemporary cities, and without the interconnection of space units, the quality of the overall urban environment is declining. Simultaneously, the awareness of people sharing such an environment is being lost. In this paper, we address Tsukishima, Tsukuda, Higashiueno, and Tsukiji areas in the historical city of Edo-Tokyo. investigate the district blocks and the environmental recognition of the residents to clarify how cognitive region coalesces as space. The results of our analysis show that the cognitive region will shift from the area where residents live due to the passage of time. There is some concern that the awareness of sharing in the area is decreasing. Based on survey data conducted in 1996 and 2011· 2012, the area of Tsukishima, Tsukiji, Tsukuda, and Higashiueno from the analysis of the resident's environmental perception to evaluate the change process over time, and it was possible to clarify the spread and change of the composition of environmental recognition of residents in historical urban areas (Downtown).

scholarly journals Are Older Populations at a Disadvantage? County-Level Analysis of Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in Urban and Rural America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-won Emily Choi ◽  
Tse-Chuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Older Population ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rural Counties ◽  
Early Action ◽  
Older Populations ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives This study examines how areas with different older population compositions are affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and whether urban and rural counties face different challenges. Methods Applying negative binomial regression to a data set of U.S. counties (N = 3,042), we estimated the relationship between older population ratios and the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, and how this relationship changes over time in urban and rural counties, respectively. Results Although low-ratio counties show the highest number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic, confirmed cases in high-ratio counties (>25% of the total population is aged 65 and older) increase exponentially with time in urban areas. High-ratio rural counties hit their peak later and recover more slowly compared to low- and medium-ratio rural counties. Discussion Both urban and rural counties with larger older populations are more vulnerable and their disadvantages in COVID-19 infections are more rapidly exacerbated over time in urban areas. This underscores the importance of early action in those counties for effective intervention and prevention.

Carceral urbanism: Reconstructing the architecture of punitive space in post-genocide Rwanda

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452110345
Author(s):  
Shakirah E Hudani
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Problem Space ◽  
Penal Order ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

In this article I make the argument that the prison in post-genocide Rwanda is an architectural artefact and a problem-space around which to examine the transitional dilemmas of the post-genocide period. I examine the changing punitive architecture of incarceration in Rwanda’s capital and in secondary urban areas. Looking at the space of the prison in relation to the changing city, I posit that through the penal production of space, the state reconfigures logics of punitive practices and urban governmentality. Changing logics of incarceration are evident in Rwanda today in the deconcentration of the capital, Kigali, to make way for an urban masterplanned order. In analyzing this shift in the visibility of the penal order in Rwanda over time, I contend that the prison constructs the city through its punitive and surveillance-based logic, as much as the city constitutes the prison as a spatially segregated edifice. I examine two sets of governmental spaces and practices that have run through different eras of Rwanda’s colonial, post-independence and post-genocide periods: (a) the prison and punishment, and (b) the reordering of the capital city and urban planning.

scholarly journals Better Living Environment Today, More Adaptable Tomorrow?

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-58
Author(s):  
Sini Saarimaa ◽  
Sofie Pelsmakers
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Environment Quality ◽  
Building Typology ◽  
City Plan ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

In Finland, maximising urban land value has often resulted in urban housing with increased efficiency. This study highlights how increased building efficiency can lead to reduced living environment quality, manifesting in for example deep plan plans with limited opportunities for dwellers to adapt spaces to meet their changing needs over time. Within the Finnish urban housing context, this study evaluates the adaptation potential of two case study apartment buildings, with seven apartments studied in more detail. These cases represent a broader set of housing cases finished in 2019 or planned to be constructed in 2020–2022 in Finland's largest urban areas. Illustrated by comparative building and apartment plans, the findings indicate that the selected cases generally lack much capacity to accommodate change, but this can be improved with fairly simple spatial modifications with the same apartment number and size. It was also highlighted that in some cases there may be broader implications for the land use, and the city plan. The implications of the findings draw out a discussion about the inter-relationship between housing adaptability, dwelling quality and apartment type, building typology and urban housing block design at the city plan level.

scholarly journals Toward a test of the “Law of Crime Concentration” in Japanese cities: a geographical crime analysis in Tokyo and Osaka

Crime Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoru Amemiya ◽  
Tomoya Ohyama
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Level ◽  
Crime Analysis ◽  
Crime Concentration ◽  
Crime Type ◽  
Law Of Crime Concentration ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The Law ◽  
Gamma Method ◽  
Concentration Patterns ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This brief report aims to reveal crime concentration at the district level in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan, two cities characterized by low crime rates. Eight types of property crimes that occurred between 2008 and 2017 in Tokyo and Osaka and had been aggregated by the census enumeration district were analyzed using the Gini coefficient based on the Poisson-Gamma method. The results indicated three patterns. First, crime concentration was identified. Second, the degree of concentration depended upon crime type. Commercial burglary was the most concentrated crime type, and theft from vehicle and theft from vending machine were the most dispersed. Third, crime concentration patterns either remained stable or became more concentrated over time. Additionally, while theft of bicycle was found to display stable concentration levels over time, the concentration level of purse snatching was fluid. On the basis of the results, this report discusses the possibility of establishing the “Law of Crime Concentration” (LCC) in two Japanese cities.

How buildings learn

Facilities ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 382-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Jane Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Purpose – This paper aims to study the adaptation of low grade commercial buildings for sustainability in Melbourne. Informed adaptation of existing stock is imperative because the challenge of attaining sustainable development in the 21st century will be won or lost in urban areas. Local authorities promote adaptation to reduce building related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The City of Melbourne aims to retrofit 1,200 central business district (CBD) properties before 2020 as part of their carbon-neutral city strategy. Australian cities date from the early 1800s to the present day and the concepts of adaptation and evolution of buildings and suburbs is not as well-developed or entrenched as in other continents. As such, there is a pressing need for greater knowledge and awareness of what happens to buildings over time. Design/methodology/approach – This research examines all building adaptation from 1998 to 2008 within the Melbourne CBD. This paper concentrates on the question: what is the pattern of adaptation within low grade office buildings over time? Using the Melbourne CBD as a case study, the research analysed all commercial building adaptations in Melbourne. Here a range of office building types are selected and profiled to discover what happened to them during the period and to ascertain what may be learned as a result to inform future adaptation strategies and policies. Findings – Adaptation of existing buildings is vital to deliver the emission reductions required to transition to carbon-neutral urban settlements. In the short-term, it is opportune to capitalise on existing behaviour patterns in respect of adaptation and to “learn how buildings learn”, rather than seek to instigate major changes in behaviour. Research limitations/implications – The researcher acknowledges that the depth of analysis for each individual case does not attain levels achieved through a purely qualitative approach to data collection and that this is a limitation of this method of data collection. Practical implications – Examination of adaptation patterns showed that the events were similar regardless of age or location and typically involved multiple adaptations to separate areas within buildings such as office floors, lobbies and foyers. Such a pattern misses the opportunity to benefit from economies of scale or to incorporate more extensive adaptations to reduce environmental impact of the building as a whole. Social implications – The patterns of ownership and relatively short-term multiple tenancies compound the piecemeal approach to adaptations in this sector of the market. Moving forward, a more holistic approach is required to optimise adaptation and sustainability benefits and to minimise unnecessary waste. Originality/value – A real danger is that numerous adaptations over time which may seem “sustainable” within the context of the one adaptation may not be sustainable in the context of the entire building over the whole lifecycle or the city over the long–term, and this is a challenge we must attend to.

Seasonal Variation of Suicide in the City of São Paulo, Brazil, 1996–2010

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hideki Bando ◽  
Fernando Madalena Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
June July ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Background: In light of the few reports from intertropical latitudes and their conflicting results, we aimed to replicate and update the investigation of seasonal patterns of suicide occurrences in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Data relating to male and female suicides were extracted from the Mortality Information Enhancement Program (PRO-AIM), the official health statistics of the municipality of São Paulo. Seasonality was assessed by studying distribution of suicides over time using cosinor analyses. Results: There were 6,916 registered suicides (76.7% men), with an average of 39.0 ± 7.0 observed suicides per month. For the total sample and for both sexes, cosinor analysis estimated a significant seasonal pattern. For the total sample and for males suicide peaked in November (late spring) with a trough in May–June (late autumn). For females, the estimated peak occurred in January, and the trough in June–July. Conclusions: A seasonal pattern of suicides was found for both males and females, peaking in spring/summer and dipping in fall/winter. The scarcity of reports from intertropical latitudes warrants promoting more studies in this area.

On the Robustness of Solution Strategy Classifications

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Contreras ◽  
Víctor J. Rubio ◽  
Daniel Peña ◽  
José Santacreu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Study Strategies ◽  
Solution Strategy ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Strategy Changes ◽  
Over Time

Individual differences in performance when solving spatial tasks can be partly explained by differences in the strategies used. Two main difficulties arise when studying such strategies: the identification of the strategy itself and the stability of the strategy over time. In the present study strategies were separated into three categories: segmented (analytic), holistic-feedback dependent, and holistic-planned, according to the procedure described by Peña, Contreras, Shih, and Santacreu (2008) . A group of individuals were evaluated twice on a 1-year test-retest basis. During the 1-year interval between tests, the participants were not able to prepare for the specific test used in this study or similar ones. It was found that 60% of the individuals kept the same strategy throughout the tests. When strategy changes did occur, they were usually due to a better strategy. These results prove the robustness of using strategy-based procedures for studying individual differences in spatial tasks.

On the Stability of Evaluative Conditioning Effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 380-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Förderer ◽  
Christian Unkelbach
Keyword(s):  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Over Time

Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to valence changes in neutral stimuli (CSs) through repeated pairing with liked or disliked stimuli (USs). The present study examined the stability of EC effects in the course of 1 week. We investigated how this stability depends on memory for US valence and US identity. We also investigated whether CSs evaluations occurring immediately after conditioning (i.e., evaluative consolidation) are necessary for stable EC effects. Participants showed stable EC effects on direct and indirect measures, independent of evaluations immediately after conditioning. EC effects depended on memory for US valence but not for US identity. And although memory decreased significantly over time, EC effects remained stable. These data suggest that evaluative consolidation is not necessary, and that conditioned preferences and attitudes might persist even when people do not remember the concrete source anymore.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document