Interactions of Caffeine and Restraint Stress During Pregnancy in Mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 227 (9) ◽  
pp. 779-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Luisa Albina ◽  
M. Teresa Colomina ◽  
Domenec J. Sanchez ◽  
Margarita Torrente ◽  
Jose L. Domingo
Keyword(s):  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Cesarean Sections ◽  
Combined Exposure ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Fetal Toxicity ◽  
Skeletal Malformations ◽  
Developmental Effects

The maternal and developmental toxicity of combined exposure to restraint stress and caffeine was assessed in mice. On gestational Days 0–18, three groups of plug-positive females (n = 13–15) were given by gavage caffeine at 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg/day. Three additional groups received the same caffeine doses and were restrained for 2 hr/day. Control groups included restrained and unrestrained plug-positive mice not exposed to caffeine. All animals in the group concurrently exposed to 120 mg/kg/day of caffeine and restraint died during the experimental period. In the remaining groups, cesarean sections were performed on Day 18 of gestation, and the fetuses were weighed and examined for external, internal, and skeletal malformations and variations. Although maternal and embryo/fetal toxicity were observed at all caffeine doses, the adverse maternal and developmental effects were significantly enhanced in the groups concurrently exposed to caffeine and restraint. It was especially remarkable at 60 and 120 mg/kg/day. The results of this study suggest that maternal and developmental toxic effects might occur if high amounts of caffeine were consumed by women under a notable stress during pregnancy.

Developmental Toxicity of Homobrassinolide in Wistar Rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogeshkumar V. Murkunde ◽  
P. Balakrishna Murthy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Fetal Toxicity ◽  
Skeletal Malformations ◽  
Teratogenic Potential

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are close analogues of animal cholesterol. Brassinosteroids have shown their great value as yield promoters of a variety of plants. In view of its steroidal moiety and recent use in agriculture in many countries, the teratogenic potential of homobrassinolide (HBR) was evaluated in Wistar rats. Homobrassinolide was administered by oral gavage at doses 0, 100, and 1000 mg/kg body weight in water during gestation days (GD) 6 to 15 in groups of 20 mated females. Maternal and embryo-fetal toxicity was analyzed by studying the effects such as clinical signs, mortality/morbidity, abortions, body weight, feed consumption, and pregnancy data, gravid uterine weights, implantation losses, litter size, external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. No treatment-related effect was observed on any of the maternal/fetal end points in any dose group. From the results, it can be concluded that HBR is nonteratogenic at doses as high as up to 1000 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats.

Safety assessment of the Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588® probiotic strain including evaluation of antimicrobial sensitivity and presence of Clostridium toxin genes in vitro and teratogenicity in vivo

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 818-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Isa ◽  
K Oka ◽  
N Beauchamp ◽  
M Sato ◽  
K Wada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Clostridium Butyricum ◽  
Toxin Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Developmental Effects ◽  
Safety Studies

Probiotics are live microorganisms ingested for the purpose of conferring a health benefit on the host. Development of new probiotics includes the need for safety evaluations that should consider factors such as pathogenicity, infectivity, virulence factors, toxicity, and metabolic activity. Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588® (CBM 588®), an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium, has been developed as a probiotic for use by humans and food animals. Safety studies of this probiotic strain have been conducted and include assessment of antimicrobial sensitivity, documentation of the lack of Clostridium toxin genes, and evaluation of CBM 588® on reproductive and developmental toxicity in a rodent model. With the exception of aminoglycosides, to which anaerobes are intrinsically resistant, CBM 588® showed sensitivity to all antibiotic classes important in human and animal therapeutics. In addition, analysis of the CBM 588® genome established the absence of genes for encoding for α, β, or ε toxins and botulin neurotoxins types A, B, E, or F. There were no deleterious reproductive and developmental effects observed in mice associated with the administration of CBM 588®. These data provide further support for the safety of CBM 588® for use as a probiotic in animals and humans.

scholarly journals The Toxicological Effects of Heavy Fuel Oil Category Substances

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 95S-109S ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. McKee ◽  
Fred Reitman ◽  
Ceinwen Schreiner ◽  
Russell White ◽  
Jeffrey H. Charlap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Fetal Survival ◽  
Developmental Effects

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) category substances are used to manufacture HFO, a product used in industrial boilers and marine diesel engines. Commercial HFOs and blending stream components are substances of complex and variable composition, composed of C20 to >C50 hydrocarbons, although lower molecular weight material may be added to reduce viscosity and improve flow characteristics. An HFO blending stream (catalytically cracked clarified oil [CCCO]) was tested for target organ and developmental toxicity in rats following repeated dermal administration at doses of 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/d. In the repeated dose study, there was evidence of increased liver weights, reduced thymus weights, and reductions in hematological parameters with an overall no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 5 mg/kg/d. In the developmental toxicity test, there were significant reductions in fetal survival, significant increases in resorption frequency, and significantly reduced fetal weights with an overall NOAEL of 5 mg/kg/d. These target organ and developmental effects are associated with the types and levels of aromatic constituents in these substances. Among HFO blending streams, CCCOs have the highest levels of aromatics and, because they produce the characteristic toxicological effects at the lowest levels, are considered as “reasonable worst-case examples” for this group of substances. Other HFO category members with lower levels of aromatics produce similar effects but have higher NOAELs. The potential for target organ and developmental effects of other HFO category members can be predicted from information on the types and levels of the aromatic constituents present in these substances.

Combination of fluoride and endosulfan induced teratogenicity and developmental toxicity in Swiss albino mice exposed during organogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 604-613
Author(s):  
Anju Sharma ◽  
PJ John ◽  
Pradeep Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Additive Interaction ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Skeletal Malformations ◽  
Subcutaneous Edema ◽  
Fetal Malformations ◽  
Albino Mice

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the teratogenic and developmental toxicity of fluoride and endosulfan alone and in combination in pregnant Swiss albino mice exposed during the organogenetic period (5–14 days) of gestation. Fluoride (25.1 mg/kg body weight in water) and endosulfan (1.8 mg/kg bw by oral intubation) when administered alone and in combination (fluoride 25.1 mg/kg bw + endosulfan 1.8 mg/kg bw) to pregnant mice caused significant teratogenic effects in developing fetuses. There was no maternal mortality but significant decreases in maternal weight gain and numbers of live fetuses and significant increases in numbers of fetal resorption were recorded in the treated groups. The fetal body weight and litter size also decreased significantly in all treated groups. No external malformations were observed in any of the fetuses. The percent of visceral and skeletal anomalies increased in the fetuses of all treated groups. The fetal malformations observed were internal hydrocephaly, microphthalmia, anophthalmia, pulmonary edema, subcutaneous edema, reduced ossification of skull bones, widened cranial sutures, rib anomalies (short, wavy, partially ossified, or absent ribs), and reduced ossification of phalanges. The occurrence of visceral and skeletal malformations was more severe in the combination group, suggesting additive interaction of fluoride and endosulfan in inducing developmental toxicity in Swiss albino mice.

scholarly journals Biocompatibility and Mineralization Activity of Three Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealers Compared to Conventional Resin-Based Sealer in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deog-Gyu Seo ◽  
Donghee Lee ◽  
Yong-Min Kim ◽  
Dani Song ◽  
Sin-Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Human Dental Pulp ◽  
Ah Plus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Root Canal Sealers

The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effects and mineralization activity of three calcium silicate-based root canal sealers to those of a conventional resin-based sealer. Experiments were performed using human dental pulp stem cells grown in a monolayer culture. The root canal sealers tested in this study were EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brasseler), BioRoot RCS (Septodont), Endoseal MTA (Maruchi), and AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey). Experimental disks 6 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height were made and stored in a 100% humidity chamber at 37 °C for 72 h to achieve setting. The cytotoxicity of various root canal sealers was evaluated using a methyl-thiazoldiphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. To evaluate cell migration ability, a scratch wound healing method was used, and images of the scratch area were taken using a phase-contrast microscope. Cell morphology was evaluated by a scanning electron microscope after direct exposure for 72 h to each sealer disk. In the cell viability assay, there were no significant differences between the EndoSequence BC, BioRoot RCS, Endoseal MTA, and control groups in any experimental period (p > 0.05). In the cell migration assay, there were no significant differences between the EndoSequence BC, Endoseal MTA, and control groups in any experimental period (p > 0.05). BioRoot RCS exhibited slower cell migration relative to EndoSequence BC and Endoseal MTA for up to 72 h (p < 0.05). Conversely, it showed a similar wound healing percentage at 96 h (p > 0.05). In an evaluation of cell morphology, cells in direct contact with EndoSequence BC, BioRoot RCS, and Endoseal MTA disks showed superior spreading compared to those in contact with the AH Plus disk. In an Alizarin red staining assay, EndoSequence BC, BioRoot RCS, and Endoseal MTA showed a significant increase in mineralized nodule formation compared to the AH Plus group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, all calcium silicate-based root canal sealers tested in this study showed good biological properties and mineralization activity compared to conventional resin-based sealer.

scholarly journals Growth, survival and bone alterations in Piaractus mesopotamicus larvae under different rearing protocols

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1667-1673
Author(s):  
David Roque Hernández ◽  
Carlos Hernán Agüero ◽  
Juan José Santinón ◽  
Alfredo Oscar González ◽  
Sebastián Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Piaractus Mesopotamicus ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Skeletal Malformations ◽  
Osteological Development ◽  
Experimental Treatments

<p>The pacu (<bold>Piaractus mesopotamicus</bold>) is a neotropical freshwater fish. It is one of the most important species farmed in areas of the Parana and Paraguay Rivers basins. The effects of different rearing protocols on growth, survival and incidence of skeletal malformations in pacu larvae were analyzed. A total of six experimental treatments were considered, consisting of: a semi-intensive larviculture (L<sub>S</sub>) in ponds; intensive larviculture (L<sub>In</sub>) in laboratory (both L<sub>S</sub> and L<sub>In</sub> until 60 days of life); and mixed larviculture, with 20 days of semi-intensive larviculture into cages in ponds after 14 (L<sub>1</sub>), 21 (L<sub>2</sub>), 33 (L<sub>3</sub>) or 40 (L<sub>4</sub>) days of laboratory larviculture. At the end of the experimental period, L<sub>S</sub>larvae showed higher growth rate, with average weight values (2.28g) and total length (TL-48.20mm) statistically higher than the rest (P<0.05). L<sub>1</sub> to L<sub>4</sub> treatments showed intermediate growth values, without differences between them (P>0.05), while L<sub>In</sub> presented the lowest growth (P<0.05). Survival was around 75% in all experimental groups, except L<sub>S</sub>, that presented a significantly lower value (17.5%, P<0.05). Skeletal abnormalities were detected in all experimental treatments, but L<sub>In</sub> and L<sub>1</sub> presented the lowest incidence. In no case, visible morphological alterations were found. This study shows that prolonging pacu rearing under laboratory conditions at high densities improves temporal availability and survival of juvenile without affecting growth or subsequent osteological development of fish.</p>

scholarly journals Efficacy of a herbal toothpaste on patients with established gingivitis: a randomized controlled trial

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Ozaki ◽  
Claudio Mendes Pannuti ◽  
Ana Vitória Imbronito ◽  
Wellington Pessotti ◽  
Luciana Saraiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

The aim of this randomised, double blind controlled trial was to verify the efficacy of a herbal dentifrice on the reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Forty eight volunteers with established gingivitis were randomly assigned to either a test group (herbal dentifrice) or positive control group (dentifrice with triclosan and fluoride). The dentifrices were distributed in plain white tubes by an independent pharmacy, which revealed the contents of each tube only after the experimental period. Plaque and gingivitis assessments were carried out on baseline and after 28 days of product use. All examinations were conducted by the same calibrated investigator. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth three times daily using their assigned dentifrice for 28 days. There was a significant reduction in plaque levels in both the test and control groups. However, there was no significant difference between the groups. A significant reduction in gingivitis was observed in both groups, although there was no significant difference between them. No adverse reactions were reported. The authors concluded that both dentifrices were effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis in subjects with established gingivitis.

scholarly journals Mercury Exposure and Heart Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Genchi ◽  
Maria Stefania Sinicropi ◽  
Alessia Carocci ◽  
Graziantonio Lauria ◽  
Alessia Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Developmental Toxicity ◽  
Heart Rhythm ◽  
Mercury Exposure ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
System Control ◽  
Cardiac Parasympathetic Activity ◽  
And Function

Environmental contamination has exposed humans to various metal agents, including mercury. It has been determined that mercury is not only harmful to the health of vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and children, but is also toxic to ordinary adults in various ways. For many years, mercury was used in a wide variety of human activities. Nowadays, the exposure to this metal from both natural and artificial sources is significantly increasing. Recent studies suggest that chronic exposure, even to low concentration levels of mercury, can cause cardiovascular, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Possible biological effects of mercury, including the relationship between mercury toxicity and diseases of the cardiovascular system, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction, are being studied. As heart rhythm and function are under autonomic nervous system control, it has been hypothesized that the neurotoxic effects of mercury might also impact cardiac autonomic function. Mercury exposure could have a long-lasting effect on cardiac parasympathetic activity and some evidence show that mercury exposure might affect heart rate variability, particularly early exposures in children. The mechanism by which mercury produces toxic effects on the cardiovascular system is not fully elucidated, but this mechanism is believed to involve an increase in oxidative stress. The exposure to mercury increases the production of free radicals, potentially because of the role of mercury in the Fenton reaction and a reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase. In this review we report an overview on the toxicity of mercury and focus our attention on the toxic effects on the cardiovascular system.

Elephant foot yam ameliorates activities of intestinal and renal disaccharidases in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Harshavardhan Reddy A ◽  
Jamuna J. Bhaskar ◽  
Paramahans V. Salimath ◽  
Aradhya S. M.
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Lactase Activity ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Elephant Foot Yam ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase ◽  
Intestinal Sucrase Activity

Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson syn. Amorphophallus campanulatus) is a tuber vegetable used as an ingredient in ayurvedic preparations for various ailments. The present investigation deals with the effect of elephant foot yam extract on intestinal and renal disaccharidases in normal rats and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The specific activities of maltase, sucrase and lactase were measured in control and starch fed diabetic (SFD), elephant foot yam extract at 0.1% fed diabetic (YFD0.1), elephant foot yam extract at 0.25% fed diabetic (YFD0.25) and aminoguanidine fed diabetic (AFD) groups at the end of experimental period. Intestinal maltase, sucrase and lactase activities were high in SFD group compared to control, YFD0.1, YFD0.25 and AFD groups. Amelioration of intestinal maltase activities by 18% 26% and 48% was observed in YFD0.1, YFD0.25 and AFD groups respectively when compared to SFD group. Intestinal sucrase activity was ameliorated in YFD0.1, YFD0.25 and AFD groups to about 28%, 45% and 56% respectively. Lactase activity of intestine was improved by 36%, 52% and 64% in YFD0.1, YFD0.25 and AFD groups respectively. On the contrary, specific activities of renal maltase, sucrase and lactase were decreased in SFD group compared to control groups. Supplementation of elephant foot yam extract in diet significantly ameliorated renal disachharidases activities in YFD0.1 and YFD0.25 groups. The results demonstrate the potential use of elephant foot yam for the management of diabetes.

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