Effect of Maximum Acceptable vs. Maximum Capacity Instructions for Three Lifting Tasks

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 912-916
Author(s):  
Valerie J. Rice ◽  
Michelle Murphy ◽  
Marilyn Sharp ◽  
Bob Mello ◽  
Randal Bills
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Maximum Capacity ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Repetitive Lifting ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
The Military ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Female Soldiers

Psychophysical techniques for establishing lifting guidelines are used by industry and the military. The instructions used during industrial research refer to maximum acceptable lifts (MAL), while the military uses maximum capacity lifts (MCL). The purpose of this study was to determine male and female soldiers' load selections using two sets of instructions (MAL and MCL) and two lift heights (floor-knuckle and knuckle-shoulder) for three lifting tasks (one-repetition maximum, 1-hr and 8-hr repetitive lifting). Thirteen male and 13 female soldiers participated in this study. A repeated measures analysis of variance identified main effects. Newman-Keuls Comparison of Means were used to examine significant interactions. Results revealed no difference due to instructions. Men selected a greater load than women, and greater loads were selected for floor-knuckle versus knuckle-shoulder (p < 0.05). Although slight differences were seen between loads selected by industrial workers vs. soldiers, the research results appear comparable for repetitive lifting but not for single lifts.

Transdermal delivery of carnosine into equine skeletal muscle

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
B.P. Dieter ◽  
C.J. Macias ◽  
T.J. Sharpe ◽  
B. Roberts ◽  
M. Wille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Transdermal Delivery ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

The dipeptide carnosine consists of β-alanine and L-histidine. It plays a major role in skeletal muscle metabolism, especially as an intracellular buffer and antioxidant. Increasing intramuscular carnosine has been shown to improve recovery from exercise and increase anaerobic threshold and time-to-exhaustion. Dietary supplementation with carnosine does not effectively increase intramuscular carnosine due to the presence of carnosinase in the blood. However, an effective transdermal delivery process could expediently increase intramuscular concentrations of carnosine. This study’s objective was to examine the efficacy of a transdermal system for delivering carnosine into the skeletal muscle of horses, using a randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. Carnosine plus a proprietary transdermal delivery agent or the agent alone (placebo) were applied to the middle gluteal muscles of 10 Thoroughbred racehorses, and muscle biopsies were taken before and 30, 60, and 120 min after application. Muscle carnosine concentration was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to test for the main effects of time and treatment (placebo or carnosine) as well as an interaction between time and treatment. Independent F-tests examined the change in intramuscular carnosine levels from baseline to each time point (30, 60, and 120 min). There was a significant main effect of treatment (P=0.004), no significant main effect for time (P=0.18), and a non-significant interaction of treatment with time (P=0.08). Mean intramuscular carnosine concentrations increased from baseline to 120 min. Compared to concentrations following placebo application, carnosine was greater by ~35% at 30 min (P=0.002) and ~46% after 60 min (P=0.044), but not at 120 min (P=0.20). The results indicated that intramuscular carnosine can be increased using a transdermal delivery system within 60 min of application which could have important implications for the health of horses, and their capacity to perform and recover from physical activity.

Construction and Validation of the Mills Inventory of Preferred Leisure Activities

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen H. Mills ◽  
Joseph C. Bledsoe
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Insight Into

A 55-item inventory of preferences for leisure activities mentioned in the literature was administered to 235 conference participants and responses factor analyzed. Six factors accounted for 47.2% of the total variance. Four items were discarded. A repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated no significant differences in preferences for Passive, Physically Active, Social, and Learning-related activities, but these four factors were preferred to mental activities, which in turn were preferred over creative activities. Main effects for general (undifferentiated) activities of age, income, sex, race, occupation, and education were non-significant, but significant interactions between these main effects and the six activities factors indicated that the inventory may provide insight into preferences related to these effects.

The Effects of Group versus Individual Goal Setting on Bowling Performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Johnson ◽  
Andrew C. Ostrow ◽  
Frank M. Perna ◽  
Edward F. Etzel
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Goal Difficulty ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Goal Condition ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effects

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of group and individual goal setting versus a control condition on bowling performance (BP), personal goals (PG), and perceived goal difficulty (PGD) across five weeks. Novice bowlers (N = 36) were randomly assigned to one of the three goal conditions. Three separate 3 × 5 (Goal Condition × Time: Weeks of Study) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant main effects for time on BP and PGD, and significant group by time interaction effects on BP and PG. The significant group × time interaction effects revealed that participants in the group goal setting condition increased both BP and PG relatively more than participants in the other goal setting conditions. Therefore, group goal setting may enhance performance in an individual sport by potentially increasing personal goal setting under difficult performance demands.

scholarly journals Kinetic Analysis of Swimming Flip-Turn Push-Off Techniques

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendi Weimar ◽  
Andrea Sumner ◽  
Braden Romer ◽  
John Fox ◽  
Jared Rehm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Level Set ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Alpha Level ◽  
Main Effects

The aims of the present study were to examine the influences of different push-off techniques on kinetic and kinematic parameters both in and out of the water. The two techniques were: (1) a push off that was characterized by rapid extension of knees and hips towards the wall, prior to contact (i.e., no countermovement), and, (2) where the swimmer glides into the wall, letting the wall flex the knees in an approximate countermovement or eccentric phase. Twenty trained male and female freestyle swimmers (age 26.1 ± 9.9 years, height 1.61 ± 0.04 m, and weight 65.6 ± 19.3 kg) participated. Data were analyzed by employing two (i.e., land and water) 3 (variables of interest) x 2 (push-off type) repeated measures ANOVAs with the alpha level set a priori at 05. Results indicated that there were significant main effects for peak perpendicular force (p < 0.001), perpendicular impulse (p = 0.018), and velocity at 2.5 m (p = 0.005) on land. However, no significant effects were found between techniques in the water trials. As many of the participants were master swimmers, it is possible that they were unable to approach the wall in the water at the requisite speed to elicit a benefit from the countermovement.

Relationship of Reinforcement by Student Clinicians and Peers to Accuracy of Imitated Grammatical Constructions during Language Training

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (3_suppl2) ◽  
pp. 1203-1214
Author(s):  
Philip Friedman ◽  
Karen P. Alster ◽  
Juanita Y. Reaves
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Reinforcement Theory ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Peer Reinforcement ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Frequency Counts ◽  
Reliable Interaction

Percentages of correctly imitated grammatical constructions were examined within a framework of reinforcement theory. Four small treatment groups, each of 4 language-delayed children, were repeatedly observed interacting with different student-clinicians. The Therapy Reinforcement Schedule was used to obtain frequency counts of verbal and non-verbal reinforcements so that within each language group the students could be objectively divided into those who frequently and infrequently were reinforcing, and the children into those for whom peer-reinforcement was high or low. The resulting 4 groups were compared for proportions of accurately imitated constructions with a repeated-measures analysis of variance design (student-clinicians' reinforcement × peers' reinforcement × trials). Correctly scored imitations increased significantly over trials. In addition, children interacting with frequently reinforcing students received higher imitation scores than those with infrequently rewarding ones. Significant main effects of reinforcement by the peer group were not observed, although a reliable interaction of student-clinicians' reinforcement × peers' reinforcement was present. Regression analyses indicated the importance of certain types of reinforcements in predicting accuracy of imitation.

To Simplify or Not to Simplify

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald P. Leow
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Present Perfect ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Assessment Task ◽  
Linguistic Item ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Written Materials ◽  
Pattern Of Performance

This study investigates the effects of simplification, type of linguistic item, and second language experience on learners' intake of linguistic items contained in written input. Learners at two levels of language experience were exposed to one of the following four conditions: a simplified or unsimplified reading passage with the present perfect tense form or a simplified or unsimplified reading passage with the present subjunctive form. To measure learners' intake, a repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed on the raw scores obtained on a task consisting of a pre- and posttest. The tests were a multiple-choice recognition assessment task. Significant main effects were found for type of passage and language experience, and there was a significant interaction between type of passage and task. Results suggest that simplification does not have a facilitating effect on learners' intake and that learners at different levels demonstrate a different pattern of performance while internalizing written input. Implications for pedagogical written materials and future research are also discussed.

The Optimal Downhill Slope for Acute Overspeed Running

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Ebben
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Ncaa Division Iii ◽  
Division Iii ◽  
Sprint Time ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Maximal Speed ◽  
Sprinting Speed ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Main Effects

Purpose:This study evaluated a variety of downhill slopes in an effort to determine the optimal slope for overspeed running.Methods:Thirteen NCAA Division III college athletes who participated in soccer, track, and football ran 40-yd (36.6-m) sprints, on downhill slopes of 2.1°, 3.3°, 4.7°, 5.8°, and 6.9° in random order. All sprints were timed using the Brower Timing System Speedtrap II. Data were analyzed with SSPS 15.0. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant main effects for the test slopes (P = .000). Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons determined that there were a number of differences between the hill slopes.Results:Analysis reveals that 40-yd sprints performed on hill slopes of approximately 5.8° were optimal compared with flatland running and the other slopes assessed (P < .05). Sprinting on a 5.8° slope increased the subjects’ maximal speed by an average of 0.35 s, resulting in a 6.5% ± 4.0% decrease in 40-yd sprint time compared with fatland running. Compared with the 4.7° slope, the 5.8° slope yielded a 0.10-s faster 40-yd sprint time, resulting in a 1.9% increase in speed.Conclusions:Those who train athletes for speed should use or develop overspeed hills with slopes of approximately 5.8° to maximize acute sprinting speed. The results of this study bring into question previous recommendations to use hills of 3° downhill slope for this form of overspeed training.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal and Kinematic Comparisons Between Anthropometrically Paired Male and Female Soldiers While Walking With Heavy Loads

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria G Bode ◽  
Peter N Frykman ◽  
Nathaniel I Smith ◽  
Rebecca E Fellin ◽  
Joseph F Seay
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Double Support ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Paired Male ◽  
Heavy Loads ◽  
Female Soldiers

ABSTRACT Introduction Limited work comparing the effect of heavier carried loads (greater than 30 kg) between men and women has attributed observed differences to sex with the possibility that anthropometric differences may have contributed to those discrepancies. With the recent decision permitting women to enter Combat Arms roles, knowledge of sex-based differences in gait response to load carriage is more operationally relevant, as military loads are absolute and not relative to body weight. The purpose of this study was to describe differences in gait parameters at light to heavy loads between anthropometrically similar male and female soldiers. Materials and Methods Eight female and 8 male soldiers, frequency-matched (1-to-1) on height (±0.54 cm) and mass (±0.52 kg), walked at 1.34 m∙s−1 for 10-min bouts on a level treadmill while unloaded (BM) and then carrying randomized vest-borne loads of 15, 35, and 55 kg. Spatiotemporal and kinematic data were collected for 30 s after 5 min. Two-way repeated measures analyses of variance were conducted to compare the gait parameter variables between sexes at each load. Results As load increased, overall, the percent double support increased, step frequency increased, stride length decreased, hip and ankle range of motion (ROM) increased, and vertical center of mass (COM) displacement increased. Sex-based significant differences were observed in knee ROM and mediolateral COM displacement. Among the male participants, knee ROM increased significantly for all loads greater than BM. For mediolateral COM displacement, male remained constant as load increased, whereas female values decreased between BM and 35 kg. Conclusions Spatiotemporal and kinematic differences in gait parameters were primarily because of increases in load magnitude. The observed sex-related differences with increasing loads suggest that women may require a more stable gait to support the additional load carried.

The Decremental Protocol as an Alternative Protocol to Measure Maximal Oxygen Consumption in Athletes

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1094-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina Taylor ◽  
Jeffrey Seegmiller ◽  
Chantal A. Vella
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Alpha Level ◽  
Incremental Protocol ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Over Time

Purpose:To determine whether a decremental protocol could elicit a higher maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) than an incremental protocol in trained participants. A secondary aim was to examine whether cardiac-output (Q) and stroke-volume (SV) responses differed between decremental and incremental protocols in this sample. Methods:Nineteen runners/triathletes were randomized to either the decremental or incremental group. All participants completed an initial incremental VO2max test on a treadmill, followed by a verification phase. The incremental group completed 2 further incremental tests. The decremental group completed a second VO2max test using the decremental protocol, based on their verification phase. The decremental group then completed a final incremental test. During each test, VO2, ventilation, and heart rate were measured, and cardiac variables were estimated with thoracic bioimpedance. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted with an alpha level set at .05. Results:There were no significant main effects for group (P = .37) or interaction (P = .10) over time (P = .45). VO2max was similar between the incremental (57.29 ± 8.94 mL · kg–1 · min–1) and decremental (60.82 ± 8.49 mL · kg–1 · min–1) groups over time. Furthermore, Q and SV were similar between the incremental (Q 22.72 ± 5.85 L/min, SV 119.64 ± 33.02 mL/beat) and decremental groups (Q 20.36 ± 4.59 L/min, SV 109.03 ± 24.27 mL/beat) across all 3 trials. Conclusions:The findings suggest that the decremental protocol does not elicit higher VO2max than an incremental protocol but may be used as an alternative protocol to measure VO2max in runners and triathletes.

scholarly journals Repeated Measures Analyses for Tree Fruit Experiments

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 845C-845
Author(s):  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Main Effects

Experiments with perennial crops often span several years, and a response variable may be measured on the same plant at several points in time. Such data are often analyzed as a split-plot design, taking time as the split-plot factor. In other cases, separate analyses are performed for each time. The mathematical conditions required for validity of these types of analyses might not hold because measurements repeated on the same plant are not independent. Annual trunk cross-sectional-area (TCSA) measurements from a peach tree training experiment will be used to compare two methods of analyses. The 6-year experiment was a factorial of two heading heights at planting (low vs. high) and two tree forms (central leader vs. open vase). Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multivariate repeated measures analysis (MANOVA) was performed. Main effects and interactions were more often significant with ANOVA than with MANOVA. ANOVA performed each year inflated the probability of falsely rejecting a true null hypothesis (Type I error), and was not appropriate for this data set.

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