scholarly journals An evaluation of force attenuation, comfort properties and density of materials for hip protective pads

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 155892501985395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiah Wardiningsih ◽  
Olga Troynikov
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Women ◽  
Interface Pressure ◽  
Plate Interface ◽  
Evaporative Resistance ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Wear Comfort ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Spacer Fabrics ◽  
Dry Thermal Resistance

We evaluated 15 materials for their effectiveness as hip protective pads for elderly women, including several materials used in commercially available pads and novel materials. The materials’ densities were measured, and they were tested for force attenuation (relevant to protection), permeability index (relevant to thermophysiological wear comfort) and interface pressure delivery (relevant to pressure comfort). Force attenuation values were obtained in drop impact tests. Permeability data were obtained from the dry thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of the pads tested using a sweating guarded hot plate. Interface pressure delivery values were acquired using a Salzmann pressure-measuring device MST MK IV. Experimental pads were graded, rated and ranked on their overall performance using weights applied to the four parameters. Vertically lapped nonwoven fabrics and treated knitted spacer fabrics were highly ranked and could be used as material for hip protective pads.

Energy absorption and thermal comfort of segmented pad for hip protective garment

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 564-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiah Wardiningsih ◽  
Olga Troynikov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Evaporative Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wear Comfort ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Dry Thermal Resistance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Resistance Value

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence and relationship of segment area and opening area in segmented protective pad in comparison to non-segmented pad to the energy absorption and performance attributes relevant to thermophysiological wear comfort. Design/methodology/approach The compressive stress-strain curves were obtained using Instron Tester and were used to analyse the energy absorption of the pads and the segmented pad assemblies. The dry thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of the non-segmented and segmented protective pads were obtained using MTNW Sweating Guarded Hot Plate. Findings The compression test results and performance attributes relevant to thermophysiological wear comfort test result demonstrated that the area segment and opening area of segmented pad influenced their energy absorption value, dry thermal resistance value and evaporative resistance value (permeability index value). Originality/value The results are expected to be useful for design and engineering of hip impact protective garments. Hip impact protective pads are used to prevent hip fractures in elderly people as a result of fall.

Performance attributes relevant to thermal wear comfort of hip protective garment: influence of comprising pad materials, pad thickness, pad area, and pocket fabric structure

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiah Wardiningsih ◽  
Olga Troynikov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Permeability Index ◽  
Evaporative Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
Wear Comfort ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Thermal Wear ◽  
Dry Thermal Resistance ◽  
Protective Garment

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the performance attributes relevant to thermal wear comfort of the commercially available hip protective pads and materials intended for impact protection that can be used for the hip protective pad.Design/methodology/approachThe performance attributes relevant to thermal wear comfort (i.e. dry thermal resistance and evaporative resistance) of the pads were tested using MTNW Integrated Sweating Guarded Hotplate (iSGHP).FindingsIt was found that: the pad with more porous structure has more advantages in terms of evaporative resistance; the permeability index will be higher on the pad with an opening such as a segmented pad; the permeability index will be lower on the thicker and larger pad. The pocket fabric with open structure will have lower dry thermal resistance and evaporative resistance.Originality/valueThe study results showed that the properties of the utilised materials influenced thermal comfort performance. These results could be useful for designing and engineering hip protective garments.

Treated knitted fabric for hip protective pads for elderly women. Part II. Performance relevant to thermal comfort

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 5006-5013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiah Wardiningsih ◽  
Olga Troynikov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Spacer Fabric ◽  
Spacer Fabrics ◽  
Tetraisopropyl Titanate ◽  
Cell Foam

This paper describes Part II of a study of hip protective pads made from spacer fabric treated with shear thickening fluid (STF). Hip fractures are a substantial contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and incidence is rising worldwide. Hip protective pads reduce fractures, but wearing adherence is poor. Pads made from breathable and comfortable fabrics can increase adherence and prevent more hip fractures. In this research, warp-knitted spacer fabrics were treated with STF using one of two methods. Treatment I involved STF and room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone, while treatment II consisted of STF and a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and tetraisopropyl titanate. In Part I, STF-treated knitted spacer fabric was shown to have significantly greater force attenuation capacity than untreated fabric and comparable to force attenuation capacity of closed cell foam. In Part II, the effects on performance relevant to the thermal comfort of the wearer of each treatment method, the amount of STF used, and layering were assessed using a sweating guarded hot plate, and comparisons made between treated fabrics and with closed cell foam. Treatments I and II produced pads with significantly different permeability index and mass compared to closed cell foam. Treatment II produced pads with high force attenuation capacity, suitable permeability indexes, and low mass – preferred characteristics in hip protective pads. The study concluded that knitted spacer fabrics treated with STF, isopropyl alcohol, and tetraisopropyl titanate are potentially useful materials for hip protective pads.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Specialised Firefighter Clothing Used in Poland – the Thermal Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1(139)) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Magdalena Młynarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Parameters ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Evaporative Resistance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Local Thermal Insulation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact

This paper describes the characteristic thermal parameters of firefighters’ personal protective clothing (FFPPC) used in Poland. The total thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of three different types of FFPPC were measured and used on a thermal manikin. Next, the results were compared. Based on the analyses and calculations of the test results, it was shown that FFPPC provides a barrier to the heat exchange between the user and the surrounding environment. Differences in the local thermal insulation can be triggered not only by the material used but they can also be attributable to clothes fitted on the manikin. The biggest differences can be noted on the segments forming part of the manikin’s trunk. No difference was found in the evaporative resistance between the clothes tested. In order to examine further the impact of the materials used on thermal parameters of protective clothing, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the impact of individual layers.

scholarly journals Predicting Compression Pressure of Knitted Fabric Using a Modified Laplace’s Law

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4461
Author(s):  
Yetanawork Teyeme ◽  
Benny Malengier ◽  
Tamrat Tesfaye ◽  
Simona Vasile ◽  
Wolelaw Endalew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Interface Pressure ◽  
Compression Pressure ◽  
Engineering Strain ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Laplace’S Law ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Pressure ◽  
Laplace's Law

The aim of this study is to develop a mathematical model for the prediction of compression pressure based on fabric parameters, such as engineering stress, engineering strain and engineering modulus of elasticity. Four knitted compression fabrics with different fibrous compositions and knit structures were used. Rectangular-cut strips were employed for the force–elongation characterization of the fabrics. The experimental pressure values between the fabric and rigid cylinder were assessed using a Picopress pressure measuring device. The mechanical and physical parameters of the fabric that influence the interface pressure, such as strain, elasticity modulus/stress and thickness, were determined and integrated into Laplace’s law. A good correlation was observed between the experimental and calculated pressure values for all combinations of fabrics, mounted with variable tension on the cylinder. Over the considered range of pressures, the difference between the two datasets was generally less than 0.5 mmHg. The effect of washing after five, ten and fifteen washing cycles on the fabric–cylinder interface pressure was found to be significant.

scholarly journals Medical compression stockings on the skin moisture in patients with chronic venous disease

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 502-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Westphal ◽  
Wolfgang Konschake ◽  
Hermann Haase ◽  
Marcus Vollmer ◽  
Michael Jünger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Skin Care ◽  
Skin Hydration ◽  
Interface Pressure ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Wear Comfort ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Medical Compression Stockings ◽  
Skin Moisture

Summary: Background: Because of side effects like skin dryness and consecutive symptoms like itching the therapy of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) with medical compression stockings (MCS) can lead to a diminished wear comfort and restricted compliance. Compression stockings with integrated skin care may have a positive influence on the skin hydration and moreover a positive effect on patients compliance. Patients and methods: In this monocentric, randomized prospective, controlled trial a below knee conventional MCS was compared to a medical compression stocking with integrated skin care (MCS-SC), interface pressure range 23–32 mmHg. Participants: 50 patients with CVI. Primary outcome: skin hydration. Secondary outcomes: transepidermal water loss, skin roughness, leg volume, interface pressure and questionnaires about quality of life and wear comfort. Results: In patients wearing MCS the skin moisture decreased (p = 0.021) and the skin roughness increased significantly (p = 0.001), whereas in patients wearing the MCS-SC skin moisture and skin roughness changed only slightly (n.s.). These protective effects of MCS-SC compared to MCS were most common in patients with CVI at stage 3 (p = 0.046), in male patients (p = 0.013) and patients with initial dry skin (p = 0.034). Both MCS reduced lower leg volume, MCS by 80 ml (p < 0.001) and MCS-SC by 60 ml (p < 0.001), both MCS improved quality of life: leg complaints (p = 0.0003); functional status (p = 0.010), well-being and life satisfaction (p = 0.030). Wear comfort: In terms of tightness, constriction in bond area and strenuous donning the MCS-SC was assessed significantly more comfortable than MCS (p < 0.001). Conclusions: MCS-SC revealed to be superior to MCS with regard to skin moisture, particularly in patients with low skin humidity, in male patients and in patients with C3, varicose veins accompanied by edema.

Development of a Pressure Related Assessment Model of Seating Discomfort

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 831-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqi Shen ◽  
Ian A. R. Galer
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Interface Pressure ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Seat Angle ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Seating Discomfort

This study consisted of the development of a factor model and a sitting interface pressure related assessment model of sitting discomfort, based on an extensive literature review. The factor model identified the force applied on the sitter's body as one of the main factors causing seating discomfort. The assessment model proposed that sitting discomfort mainly arises from feelings in the lumbar and buttock areas, and that local discomfort either depends upon or, is reflected by, the interface pressure. A pilot experiment was conducted to explore the utility of the assessment model by change of postural angles. Eleven subjects attended a 40 min sitting session. The independent variables were seat angle and seat-to-backrest angle. A pressure measuring device was used to record interface pressure between the subject and a prototype seat surface. A general comfort scale was administered after each pressure measurement. Results showed that all pressure measures were sensitive to postural changes of varied angulation, and that subjective ratings of comfort correlated with pressure measures, especially maximum pressure, average pressure ratio and maximum pressure gradient. Evidence from the pilot suggested that the model may have utility and eventually be used to assess seating discomfort.

scholarly journals Effect of Glass-Beads on Sound Insulation Properties of Nonwoven Fabrics

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 155892501200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mevlut Tascan ◽  
Katharine Lyon Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Nonwoven Fabric ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Sound Insulation ◽  
Insulation Material ◽  
Insulation Property ◽  
Nonwoven Fabrics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Materials Used

Nonwovens are very important sound absorption materials used by the automotive and building industries. One of the most important fabric parameters that affect the sound insulation and absorption properties is the surface area. Higher surface area is often achieved by using low-diameter fibers in the insulation material. This research was done to prove that neither the thickness nor the weight of the material is as important as the total surface area of the fabric. Glass beads with 0.1mm, 0.5mm and 2.5mm sizes, which do not contribute considerably to the total surface area of the fabric, were imbedded into cross-lapped and needlepunched nonwoven structures. These beads were added in weight percentages of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 200%. Sound insulation of glass bead imbedded nonwoven fabrics was tested using Clemson Boston Sound Insulation Tester. It was found that the micro-glass beads did not have a large impact on the sound insulation, as they do not contribute to the surface area of the nonwoven fabric. The samples with 0.1mm beads performed slightly better than samples with larger beads but not enough to make a significant difference. Since surface area is the major parameter that affects sound insulation, simply increasing the weight does not affect the sound insulation property of the material.

Treated knitted fabric for hip-protective pads for elderly women, part I: force attenuation capacity

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 1408-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiah Wardiningsih ◽  
Olga Troynikov
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fractures ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Shear Thickening ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Shear Thickening Fluid ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Spacer Fabric ◽  
Spacer Fabrics

This paper describes a study of hip-protective pads made from warp-knitted spacer fabric treated with shear thickening fluid (STF). Hip fractures, mostly caused by falls, are a substantial contributor to morbidity and mortality in the elderly, and incidence is rising worldwide. Hip-protective pads reduce fractures, but wearing adherence is poor. Protective pads made from breathable and comfortable fabrics can improve adherence and prevent more hip fractures. In this research, warp-knitted spacer fabrics were treated with STF using different methods. Treatment 1 involved STF and room-temperature vulcanizing silicone, while treatment 2 applied STF and tetraisopropyl titanate. The effects on force attenuation capacity of each treatment method, the amount of STF used, and fabric layering were measured using drop impact tests. Treated knitted spacer fabric had significantly higher force attenuation capacity than untreated knitted spacer fabric. Impact forces decreased as the number of layers increased and as STF concentrations rose. Treatments 1 and 2 produced fabrics with force attenuation capacity similar to that of closed-cell foam.

Experimental evaluation of the compression garment produced from elastic spacer fabrics through real human limb

2021 ◽  
pp. 152808372098808
Author(s):  
Golnaz Mousavi ◽  
Mehdi Varsei ◽  
Abosaeed Rashidi ◽  
Reza Ghazisaeidi
Keyword(s):  
Superior Performance ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Interface Pressure ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Pressure Mapping ◽  
Uniform Interface ◽  
Spacer Fabric ◽  
Medical Textile ◽  
Human Limb ◽  
Spacer Fabrics

Spacer fabrics found vast applications as medical textile due to their intrinsic and unique properties such as good air permeability, breathability, compressibility and comfort. The aim of this study is to utilize weft knitted spacer fabric as pressure garment to apply more uniform interface pressure on limb than common commercial fabrics. Initially, different weft knitted spacer fabrics by varying the spacer fabric thickness (0.8, 1.2 and 1.8 mm) and elastane yarn content (25, 30, 35 and 40%) were produced. Then, mean interface pressure was obtained through conducting the Mannequin test. Based on the Mannequin test results, spacer fabrics with similar applied interface pressure to commercial one were selected to perform human limb test. According to the results, the spacer fabric with the thickness of 1.8[Formula: see text] and elastane yarn content of 25% not only applied interface pressure comparable to commercial fabric, but also exhibited the most uniform interface pressure mapping on human limb among those studied. Also experimental results showed the superior performance of spacer knitted fabrics with elastane yarn than the single jersey knitted fabrics as pressure garments.

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