scholarly journals Comparison between menstrual cups: first step to categorization and improved safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 174550652110585
Author(s):  
Hannah Manley ◽  
John A Hunt ◽  
Lívia Santos ◽  
Philip Breedon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Incorrect Choice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Universal Testing

Objectives: Menstrual cups come in a range of shapes, sizes, and firmnesses, but unlike tampons are not categorized in any way. With these factors having an impact on product leaks and comfort, as well as being linked to illness and injury, women need the same level of transparency when purchasing a menstrual cup. The comparison of physical and mechanical properties of menstrual cups will be the first step to achieve this. Methods: In October 2020, 14 popular and highly rated menstrual cups underwent quantitative comparison in laboratory settings (the United Kingdom), and they were compared in terms of their dimensions, volume, and compressive strength (firmness) using the Instron Universal Testing System. The overall designs were compared including shape, material, and features. Results: Although all the products in this comparison were marketed to women below 30 years of age having never given birth, total volume varied from 18.88 mL to 38.14 mL, and compressive load to compress the menstrual cup 50% (±0.5%) maximum diameter varied from 3.39 N to 13.92 N. Conclusions: Women are not sufficiently informed when choosing a menstrual cup. With no correlation between menstrual cup size, shape, and its volume, or material, shape, and its firmness, consumers cannot estimate which menstrual cup might be most suitable, and incorrect choice could cause injury. Transparency is needed across menstrual cup brands. With this and further regulation, women will make an informed decision to choose the correct menstrual cup and minimize injury. This work recommends firmness categories, ranging from ‘very soft’ to ‘very firm’ as a first step.

scholarly journals Assessing serpentinite compressive strength using regression analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Timur Kharisov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hydraulic Testing ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Schmidt Hammer ◽  
Express Method ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
The Difference

Introduction. Today, the express method for assessing rock compressive strength using the Schmidt hammer is becoming more and more relevant and demanded. Compared to laboratory methods, measurements by this non-destructive express method result in the height of striker rebounding. The device has to be calibrated for further transition from the rebound height Hr to compressive strength in the UCS sample of the rock type under study. Research methodology included selection of hand specimen on the slopes of the Kiembai chrysotile asbestos open pit for laboratory tests. The height of striker rebounding was measured of Proceq RockShmidt Type N Schmidt hammer according to the ASTM method in local areas of exposed massif. Compressive strength of rock samples was tested in the laboratory using Wille Geotechnik servo hydraulic testing system. Research results. Based on the obtained data, an empirical formula has been established describing the dependence between compression strength of serpentinite in the UCS sample and striker height of rebounding of a Schmidt Type N hammer. The author’s results were compared to the ones obtained by the predecessors using a Schmidt Type L hammer when studying physical and mechanical properties of serpentinite in another field. The difference in the empirical formulas is due to the difference in physical and mechanical properties of serpentinite building up the deposits under consideration, as well as the difference in impact energy of the working Schmidt hammers

PEMANFAATAN KAYU AKASIA MANGIUM (Acacia mangium Willd) UNTUK MEBEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Djoko Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Fibers ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties ◽  
Scale Scores

Timber Acacia mangium (Acacia mangium, Willd) for Furniture. The study aims to determine the mechanical and physical properties and the decorative value (color and fiber) wood of acacia mangium with using finishing materials. This type of finishing material used is ultran lasur natural dof ,ultran lasur classic teak, aqua politur clear dof, aqua politur akasia dan aqua politur cherry. After finishing the wood is stored for 3 months. Test parameters were observed, namely, physical and mechanical properties of wood, adhesion of finishing materials, color and appearance of the fiber, and timber dimensions expansion. The results showed that the mechanical physical properties of acacia wood qualified SNI. 01-0608-89 about the physical and mechanical properties of wood for furniture, air dry the moisture content from 13.78 to 14.89%, flexural strength from 509.25 to 680.50 kg/cm2, and compressive strength parallel to fiber 342.1 - 412.9 kg/cm2. Finishing the treatment process using five types of finishing materials can increase the decorative value (color and fiber) wood. Before finishing the process of acacia mangium wood has the appearance of colors and fibers and less attractive (scale scores 2-3), after finishing acacia wood fibers have the appearance of colors and interesting and very interesting (scale 4-5).Keywords: mangium wood, mechanical properties, decorative value, finishing, furniture.

scholarly journals Enhancing Density-Based Mining Waste Alkali-Activated Foamed Materials Incorporating Expanded Cork

CivilEng ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-540
Author(s):  
Imed Beghoura ◽  
Joao Castro-Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Al Powder ◽  
Highly Porous ◽  
Alkali Activated

This study focuses on the development of an alkali-activated lightweight foamed material (AA-LFM) with enhanced density. Several mixes of tungsten waste mud (TWM), grounded waste glass (WG), and metakaolin (MK) were produced. Al powder as a foaming agent was added, varying from 0.009 w.% to 0.05 w.% of precursor weight. Expanded granulated cork (EGC) particles were incorporated (10% to 40% of the total volume of precursors). The physical and mechanical properties of the foamed materials obtained, the effects of the amount of the foaming agent and the percentage of cork particles added varying from 10 vol.% to 40% are presented and discussed. Highly porous structures were obtained, Pore size and cork particles distribution are critical parameters in determining the density and strength of the foams. The compressive strength results with different densities of AA-LFM obtained by modifying the foaming agent and cork particles are also presented and discussed. Mechanical properties of the cured structure are adequate for lightweight prefabricated building elements and components.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of the Composite Material consisting of β-TCP and Alginate-Di-Aldehyde-Gelatin Hydrogel and Its Degradation Behavior

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1303
Author(s):  
Michael Seidenstuecker ◽  
Thomas Schmeichel ◽  
Lucas Ritschl ◽  
Johannes Vinke ◽  
Pia Schilling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Failure Load ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Flow Chamber ◽  
Degradation Behavior ◽  
Gelatin Hydrogel ◽  
Universal Testing

This work aimed to determine the influence of two hydrogels (alginate, alginate-di-aldehyde (ADA)/gelatin) on the mechanical strength of microporous ceramics, which have been loaded with these hydrogels. For this purpose, the compressive strength was determined using a Zwick Z005 universal testing machine. In addition, the degradation behavior according to ISO EN 10993-14 in TRIS buffer pH 5.0 and pH 7.4 over 60 days was determined, and its effects on the compressive strength were investigated. The loading was carried out by means of a flow-chamber. The weight of the samples (manufacturer: Robert Mathys Foundation (RMS) and Curasan) in TRIS solutions pH 5 and pH 7 increased within 4 h (mean 48 ± 32 mg) and then remained constant over the experimental period of 60 days. The determination surface roughness showed a decrease in the value for the ceramics incubated in TRIS compared to the untreated ceramics. In addition, an increase in protein concentration in solution was determined for ADA gelatin-loaded ceramics. The macroporous Curasan ceramic exhibited a maximum failure load of 29 ± 9.0 N, whereas the value for the microporous RMS ceramic was 931 ± 223 N. Filling the RMS ceramic with ADA gelatin increased the maximum failure load to 1114 ± 300 N. The Curasan ceramics were too fragile for loading. The maximum failure load decreased for the RMS ceramics to 686.55 ± 170 N by incubation in TRIS pH 7.4 and 651 ± 287 N at pH 5.0.

scholarly journals Properties of High-Strength Flowable Mortar Reinforced with Palm Fibers

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eethar Thanon Dawood ◽  
Mahyuddin Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Toughness Index ◽  
Strength And Toughness

This study was conducted to determine some physical and mechanical properties of high-strength flowable mortar reinforced with different percentages of palm fiber (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6% as volumetric fractions). The density, compressive strength, flexural strength, and toughness index were tested to determine the mechanical properties of this mortar. Test results illustrate that the inclusion of this fiber reduces the density of mortar. The use of 0.6% of palm fiber increases the compressive strength and flexural strength by about 15.1%, and 16%, respectively; besides, the toughness index (I5) of the high-strength flowable mortar has been significantly enhanced by the use of 1% and more of palm fiber.

scholarly journals Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cemented Ash-Based Lightweight Building Materials with and without Pumice

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neslihan Doğan-Sağlamtimur ◽  
Adnan Güven ◽  
Ahmet Bilgil
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Lightweight Material ◽  
Important Input ◽  
Axial Compressive Strength ◽  
International Companies

Pumice, cements (CEM I- and CEM II-type), waste fly and bottom ashes (IFA, GBA, and BBA) supplied from international companies were used to produce lightweight building materials, and physical-mechanical properties of these materials were determined. Axial compressive strength (ACS) values were found above the standards of 4 and 8 MPa (Bims Concrete (BC) 40 and 80 kgf/cm2 class) for cemented (CEM I) pumice-based samples. On the contrary, the ACS values of the pumice-based cemented (CEM II) samples could not be reached to these standards. Best ACS results (compatible with BC80) from these cemented lightweight material samples produced with the ashes were found in 50% mixing ratio as 10.6, 13.2, and 20.5 MPa for BBA + CEM I, GBA + CEM II, and IFA + CEM I, respectively, and produced with pumice were found as 8.4 MPa (same value) for GBA + pumice + CEM II (in 25% mixing ratio), BBA + pumice + CEM I (in 100% mixing ratio), and pumice + IFA + CEM I (in 100% mixing ratio), respectively. According to the results, cemented ash-based lightweight building material produced with and without pumice could widely be used for constructive purposes. As a result of this study, an important input to the ecosystem has been provided using waste ashes, whose storage constitutes a problem.

Comparative experimental study on physical and mechanical properties of quartz sandstone after water-cooling and natural-cooling under high temperature

2021 ◽  
pp. qjegh2020-181
Author(s):  
Haopeng Jiang ◽  
Annan Jiang ◽  
Fengrui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Uniaxial Compressive Strength ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Water Cooling ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Cooling Methods

Experimental tests were conducted to study the influence of natural cooling and water cooling on the physical and mechanical properties of quartz sandstone. This study aims to understand the effect of different cooling methods on the physical and mechanical properties of quartz sandstone (such as mass, volume, density, P-wave velocity, elastic modulus, uniaxial compressive strength, etc.). The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and elastic modulus(E) of the specimens cooled by natural-cooling and water-cooling decrease with heating temperature. At 800℃, after natural cooling and water cooling, the average value of UCS decreased by 34.65% and 57.90%, and the average value of E decreased by 87.66% and 89.05%, respectively. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were used to capture the development of microcracks and pores within the specimens after natural-cooling and water-cooling, and it was found that at the same temperature, water cooling treatment was more likely to cause microcracks and pores, which can cause more serious damage to the quartz sandstone. These results confirm that different cooling methods have different effects on the physical and mechanical properties of quartz sandstone, and provide a basis for the stability prediction of rock mass engineering such as tunnel suffering from fire.

Cellulose Fibres as a Reinforcing Element in Building Materials

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viola Hospodarova ◽  
Nadezda Stevulova ◽  
Vojtech Vaclavik ◽  
Tomas Dvorsky ◽  
Jaroslav Briancin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Cement Composites ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Cellulosic Fibres

Nowadays, construction sector is focusing in developing sustainable, green and eco-friendly building materials. Natural fibre is growingly being used in composite materials. This paper provides utilization of cellulose fibres as reinforcing agent into cement composites/plasters. Provided cellulosic fibres coming from various sources as bleached wood pulp and recycled waste paper fibres. Differences between cellulosic fibres are given by their physical characterization, chemical composition and SEM micrographs. Physical and mechanical properties of fibre-cement composites with fibre contents 0.2; 0.3and 0.5% by weight of filler and binder were investigated. Reference sample without fibres was also produced. The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of cellulose fibres on the final properties (density, water absorbability, coefficient of thermal conductivity and compressive strength) of the fibrecement plasters after 28 days of hardening. Testing of plasters with varying amount of cellulose fibres (0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) has shown that the resulting physical and mechanical properties depend on the amount, the nature and structure of the used fibres. Linear dependences of compressive strength and thermal conductivity on density for plasters with cellulosic fibres adding were observed.

scholarly journals Physical and Mechanical Properties of a Bulk Lightweight Concrete with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Beads and Soft Marine Clay

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianguo Wang ◽  
Bowen Hu ◽  
Jia Hwei Soon
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Triaxial Tests ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Confining Pressures

The variation of physical and mechanical properties of the lightweight bulk filling material with cement and expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads contents under different confining pressures is important to construction and geotechnical applications. In this study, a lightweight bulk filling material was firstly fabricated with Singapore marine clay, ordinary Portland cement and EPS. Then, the influences of EPS beads content, cement content, curing time and confining pressure on the mass density, stress–strain behavior and compressive strength of this lightweight bulk filling material were investigated by unconsolidated and undrained (UU) triaxial tests. In these tests, the mass ratios of EPS beads to dry clay (E/S) were 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 4% and the mass ratios of cement to dry clay (C/S) were 10% and 15%. Thirdly, a series of UU triaxial tests were performed at a confining pressure of 0 kPa, 50 kPa, 100 kPa, and 150 kPa after three curing days, seven curing days, and 28 curing days. The results show that the mass density of this lightweight bulk filling material was mainly controlled by the E/S ratio. Its mass density decreased by 55.6% for the C/S ratio 10% and 54.9% for the C/S ratio 15% when the E/S ratio increased from 0% to 4% after three curing days. Shear failure more easily occurred in the specimens with higher cement content and lower confining pressure. The relationships between compressive strength and mass density or failure strain could be quantified by the power function. Increasing cement content and reducing EPS beads content will increase mass density and compressive strength of this lightweight bulk filling material. The compressive strength with curing time can be expressed by a logarithmic function with fitting correlation coefficient ranging from 0.83 to 0.97 for five confining pressures. These empirical formulae will be useful for the estimation of physical and mechanical properties of lightweight concretes in engineering application.

scholarly journals Expansion volume of alkali activated foamed cork composites from tungsten mining mud waste with aluminium

2019 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Imed Beghoura ◽  
Joao Castro-Gomes ◽  
Haroon Ihsan ◽  
John Pickstone ◽  
Nuno Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Expansion Process ◽  
Foaming Agent ◽  
Al Powder ◽  
Highly Porous ◽  
Alkali Activated

Several mixes of alkali activated foams from tungsten mud waste (MW), grounded glass (GG) and metakaolin (MK) were developed incorporating expanded granulated cork (EGC). This study presents preliminary results of the expansion process obtained with the addition of aluminium (AL) powder as a foaming agent. 0.3 wt.%, 0.4 wt.% to 0.5wt.% of AL powder were added to the alkali activated matrix. The physical and mechanical properties of the obtained foams, the effects of the type and amount of the foaming agent added are presented and discussed. Highly porous structures were obtained, with overall expansion up to 68.2% when the AL powder was added. The size and distribution of pores are shown. The compressive strength of foams in the case of highly porous structures achieved of 1.2 MPa for the samples containing 0.5 wt.% of AL powder. Mechanical and thermal properties of the cured structure are good and can therefore be used for applications in acoustic panels and lightweight prefabricated components for thermal insulation purposes.

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