A Comparison of Two Neurobiological Models of Fear and Anxiety: A “Construct Validity” Application?

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1214-1227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth F. Schaffner
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
System Model ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Empirical Argument ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

The main focus of this article is on an application of “construct validity,” although it is better thought of as a construct-progressivity assessment (CPA) for reasons developed in the article and related to the concepts of “truth” and “validity” in science. The specific example presented involves the recent LeDoux and Pine two-system model (TSM) and the more traditional fear-center model (FCM), two important constructs in even broader debates in recent fear research. The focal point of the TSM–FCM dispute is arguably the contrasting interpretation of four empirical “findings” that are summarized in a section on findings of this article and then explored later in depth as “empirical arguments.” This notion of an empirical argument is closely related to Kane’s “argument-based” analysis of construct validity. In addition, it is essential to describe and then apply what are called “epistemic values” to the TSM–FCM example. The CPA in the present article ultimately tilts in favor of the TSM and against the FCM, on empirical as well as on more general epistemic-value grounds, with the caveat that any CPA is temporally contingent and may reach a different conclusion later, depending on future instruments and advances.

Anti-Realism, Value, Perspectivism

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-112
Author(s):  
Brian Leiter
Keyword(s):  
Affective Responses ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
The World ◽  
World Hypothesis

If all value judgments arise from affective responses, what are the implications for judgments about epistemic value and Nietzsche’s naturalism? The chapter offers a new reading of perspectivism: while all expressions of knowledge depend on “will” or “affect,” evolutionary pressures select in favor of some of these affects, such that most “creatures like us” converge on many epistemic values, albeit not all. Beyond that baseline, the “Busy World Hypothesis” reminds us that which objects of cognition command our attention is influenced by our other affects and interests, which determines what we come to know about the world. Nietzsche emerges as an anti-realist about epistemic value, as well as moral value, defending something like the old Stevensonian view that where people share attitudes, reasoning about what one ought to do and believe is possible; where people do not share attitudes, reasoning is not possible and only force prevails in a dispute.

The cone-paraboloid intercept

2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (524) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
John Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
School Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Energy Cone ◽  
The Cross

Readers might at times have wondered at some of the reflector shapes to be seen at airports and satellite communication centres around the world. Typically, such shapes occur when a cone of energy emanates from a focal point to illuminate an offset portion of a paraboloidal reflector (a parabola of revolution). The purpose of this note is to show how such shapes can be determined mathematically using the tools of trigonometry and geometry established at school level. The cross-section of the energy cone is usually circular but in some instances it is elliptic and it is this case that is the focus of the present article.

scholarly journals Purchase Intention of Korean Beauty Products among Undergradaute Students

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Chui Seong Lim ◽  
Jia Leng Loo ◽  
Siew Chin Wong ◽  
Kay Tze Hong
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Performance Matrix ◽  
Purchase Behaviors ◽  
Beauty Products

As one of the most growing sector, the market size of cosmetics in the Asia Pacific region and was forecasted to reach around USD 126.86 billion by 2020, accounting for 32% of sales worldwide (Statista 2019). The prestige cosmetics segment in Malaysia has reached USD 198 million in 2019 with expected yearly growth of 5% (Statista 2019). The influence of  K-Pop and K-Drama have stimulated interests  towards Korean products, especially Korean beauty products which is very popular amongst the young consumers. The purpose of present study is to investigate the influence of value factors on purchase intention among undergraduates. The study grounding on Theory of Consumption Value (TCV) of Functional Value, Social Value and Epistemic Value is to examine undergraduates purchase intention towards Korean beauty products. A sample of 351 undergraduates who aged between 18 to 26 responded to the study. Data analysis using SmartPLS reveals that Functional Value, Social Value and Epistemic Value are significant predictors of Korean beauty products purchase intention in Klang Valley Malaysia. Importance and Performance Matrix (IPMA) analysis reveals that social values having the importance performance and with more room for improvement as compared to the functional and epistemic values. This study contributes to both marketing literature and practical perspective in Korean beauty products purchase behaviors. 

EPISTEMIC VALUE AND EPISTEMIC COMPROMISE: A REPLY TO MOSS

Episteme ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Konigsberg
Keyword(s):  
Belief Revision ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Scoring Rule ◽  
Rule Model ◽  
Epistemic Peers ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
The Difference

AbstractSarah Moss has recently suggested that when they encounter conflict, epistemic peers should not split the difference between the credence that they each assign to some disputed proposition p, as has been suggested by conciliatory approaches to belief revision in the debate surrounding disagreement in the literature. Moss contends that an epistemic compromise between peers need not be the arithmetic mean of prior credences, in the sense that if my credence in some proposition p is x and yours is y, the credence that is the result of our compromise need not be (x + y)/2. More generally, Moss's proposal advocates an approach to how estimations of truth value, exhibited in credences, should in fact be considered in resolving conflict and disagreement. The general idea is that splitting the difference between credences may be inadequate, seeing as agents may assign different epistemic values to different credences. While novel and clearly argued, I think that Moss's proposal fails to provide entirely convincing reasons for abandoning the traditional symmetrical approach to epistemic compromise and for adopting the scoring rule model instead. I demonstrate two problems with the model that Moss advocates.

Collective reparation for victims of armed conflict

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (879) ◽  
pp. 731-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Recent Discussion

AbstractReparations are essential to establishing justice after armed conflicts. The question whether international law endorses an individual right to reparation has been a focal point of recent discussion in that regard. The victims of armed conflicts are, however, not only individuals but also collectives. The present article therefore examines the issue of collective reparation. While it is submitted that the question whether there is a right to such a remedy is not yet settled, it is argued that responsible parties should develop robust programmes of collective reparation.

Not Aggressive or Just Faking It? Examining Faking and Faking Detection on the Conditional Reasoning Test of Aggression

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan E. Wiita ◽  
Rustin D. Meyer ◽  
Elnora D. Kelly ◽  
Brian J. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Conditional Reasoning ◽  
Promising Method ◽  
Validity Evidence ◽  
Inside Information ◽  
Personality Assessments ◽  
Reasoning Test

Substantial research has been dedicated to examining and combating respondent misrepresentation (i.e., “faking”) on personality assessments. Two approaches to combat faking that have garnered particular attention include: (a) designing systems to identify likely fakers and (b) developing difficult-to-fake measures. Consistent with suggestions to combine these strategies, the present article examines a new faking detection system specifically designed for a difficult-to-fake measure (i.e., the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression; CRT-A). Four studies (a) help elucidate the conditions under which the CRT-A is fakeable, (b) provide initial construct validity evidence for the faking detection system developed here, (c) examine the effects of faking and faking detection on the CRT-A’s criterion-oriented validity, and (d) show that participants identify CRT-based faking detection items at worse-than-chance levels even when they are fully informed about how these items work. Taken together, these studies reinforce the importance of maintaining the indirect nature of CRTs but also show that the faking detection system developed here represents a promising method of identifying those who may have used inside information to manipulate their scores.

scholarly journals A Study of Motives in Choosing Natural Cosmetics Among Indonesian Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Sabila Anjani Syahrul ◽  
Lidia Mayangsari
Keyword(s):  
Social Value ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Consumption Values ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Marketing Planning ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Emotional Value ◽  
Value Functional

Due to its stable yet continuous growth, the beauty industry has intensely diversified both its marketing and managerial orientation toward consumer demands. The growth is in response to customer trends towards healthier lifestyles, where women aged within the range of 18 and 34 are concerned regarding the ingredients of the beauty products they purchase when it comes to selecting a specific cosmetic product. This study aims to measure the influence between consumption value (functional value, social value, conditional value, epistemic value, and emotional value) on motives in choosing natural cosmetics among 243 Indonesian Women specifically in Jabodetabek and Bandung. This research is conducted by questionnaire and analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis in SmartPLS Software. The result of this research indicates that functional value, conditional value, epistemic value, and emotional value have positively influenced motives in choosing natural cosmetic products, where social value negatively influences motives in choosing natural cosmetics products. In applying the results of this research into marketing planning, natural cosmetics SMEs in Indonesia are advised to consider incorporating consumption values such as functional values, emotional values, conditional values, and epistemic values associated with the marketing of the product itself.

scholarly journals Data-driven news work culture: Reconciling tensions in epistemic values and practices of news journalism

Journalism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146488492110524
Author(s):  
Mats Ekström ◽  
Amanda Ramsälv ◽  
Oscar Westlund
Keyword(s):  
Data Driven ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Truth Telling ◽  
News Production ◽  
Epistemic Practices ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Truth Claims ◽  
Multi Method Approach

This study investigates the epistemological implications of the appropriation of audience analytics in a data-driven news culture. Focussing on two central aspects of epistemology, epistemic value and epistemic practices, we ask two overall questions (1) How are audience metrics balanced and reconciled in relation to other standards in the justification of news as valuable knowledge? How are different practices of research and presentation, truth-seeking and truth-telling, prioritized in a news organization marked as a data-driven news work culture? The study presents a case study of a Scandinavian legacy news publisher that has pursued the embracing of a data-driven news work culture. It is based on a qualitative multi-method approach. The findings show how metrics are used as a superior standard in deciding on the epistemic value of news. This is expressed in strategies, guidelines and discussions in the newsroom, and put into practice in coaching, evaluations and rewarding of the performance of individual journalists. In the everyday news production, metrics are reconciled in relation to independent standards in journalism, related to the claims of news journalism to provide relevant and verified public knowledge about current events. Moreover, the study shows how the embracement of metrics radicalizes the focus on presentation, packaging and timing in the optimization of news material and in the valuing of professional practices. Efforts in research and truth seeking are more seldom explicitly valued. The work of fulfilling reasonable truth claims is mainly taken for granted.

Through Virtues to Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-21
Author(s):  
Artur R. Karimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Epistemic Value ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Value Of Knowledge ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fundamental Value

By all accounts, virtue epistemology is making a value turn in contemporary analytic epistemology. In this article, this twist is explicated through the transformation of the understanding of epistemic values and the value of the epistemic. In the first sense, we are talking about how the view has changed on what determines the epistemic value of such categories as truth, knowledge, understanding, etc. In the second sense, we are talking about the value of our epistemic concepts (the value of the epistemic): what is true belief, knowledge, etc. for? It is shown how the causal link between our beliefs and intellectual virtues allows us to explain the nature and value of knowledge as a central category of epistemology. The author reveals the difference between the main types of virtue epistemology through the prism of two different approaches to the justification of values: value internalism and value externalism. Value externalism assumes that a state/motive/action gains value from something outside of a person's consciousness. In contrast, value internalism holds that the conditions that determine value are internal to consciousness. For reliabilism, the value of cognitive success lies in its causal connection with the reliable competences of the subject, for responsibilism – with virtuous motives of cognitive activity. Common to reliabilism and responsibilism is that they shift the focus from the value of an effect (truth) to its relationship with the value of a cause – an ability or excellent trait of intellectual character. The main approaches to substantiating the fundamental value of knowledge in virtue epistemology are analyzed. If for reliabilism the highest epistemic value is truth as cognitive achievement, then for responsibilism the value of epistemic categories is primarily in their moral significance – the achievement of a good life and happiness (eudaimonia). In conclusion, the problematic aspects of virtue epistemology are formulated and promising directions for its further development are shown.

Development and Validation of the German Work-Related Curiosity Scale

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Mussel ◽  
Maik Spengler ◽  
Jordan A. Litman ◽  
Heinz Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Work Related ◽  
The World ◽  
Behavioral Tendencies ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Acceptable Internal Consistency

Curiosity, a personality trait underlying behavioral tendencies related to knowledge acquisition, learning, and thinking, can be expected to be of high relevance in the world of work. There is, however, to date no work-related curiosity measure. The present article reports results regarding the development and validation of the new 10-item Work-Related Curiosity Scale. Based on two studies, the measure had a one-factor solution, acceptable internal consistency, and expected construct validity. In Study 2, incremental criterion-related validities were found over and above five general curiosity scales (ΔR2 between .12 and .15), which is in line with the frame-of-reference approach underlying the development of the scale. Interestingly, the lack of evidence for criterion-related validity in Study 1 indicates that these results do not generalize across positions.

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