scholarly journals The Conceptual, Cunning, and Conclusive Experiment in Psychology

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162110269
Author(s):  
Stijn Debrouwere ◽  
Yves Rosseel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Theoretical Science ◽  
The Ideal

The ideal experiment in physics must be conceptual, cunning, and conclusive. Adoption of these same standards in psychology has led to experiments that are uninformative and frivolous. We explain why we believe that psychology is fundamentally incompatible with hypothesis-driven theoretical science and conclude that this erodes the logic behind recent proposals to improve psychological research, such as stricter statistical standards, preregistration, and replication. The failure of psychology is not that it is somehow insufficiently scientific but rather that it makes inordinate use of methods that are a mismatch for the aspirations of researchers in the field, at the expense of valuable empirical research.

scholarly journals The conceptual, cunning and conclusive experiment in psychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stijn Debrouwere ◽  
Yves Rosseel
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Theoretical Science ◽  
The Ideal

The ideal experiment in physics must be conceptual, cunning and conclusive. Adoption of these same standards in psychology has led to experiments that are uninformative and frivolous. We explain why we believe that psychology is fundamentally incompatible with hypothesis-driven theoretical science and conclude that this erodes the logic behind recent proposals to improve psychological research, such as stricter statistical standards, preregistration and replication. The failure of psychology is not that it is somehow insufficiently scientific, but rather that it is inordinately fond of methods that are a mismatch for the aspirations of researchers in the field, at the expense of valuable empirical research.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Webb ◽  
Thomas Poguntke ◽  
Susan E. Scarrow
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
Party Organization ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Organizational Patterns ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Analytical Frameworks ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter briefly recaps the findings of this volume, then addresses more general questions concerning the types of organizational patterns that researchers should expect to find, and the most fruitful approaches to understanding the origins and implications of those patterns. The authors review the PPDB data in order to assess the empirical applicability of various well-known ideal-types of parties. They find that only a minority of the cases in the dataset fit into one of these ideal-type categories—even when the bar is set low for such classification. It is argued that the ideal-type approach, while it has its merits, is less useful as a practical guide for empirical research than analytical frameworks based on the key dimensions of party organization—resources, structures, and representational strategies. The chapter closes by emphasizing the very real consequences that the organizational choices made by parties can have for representative democracy.

The Political Is Personal

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Else-Quest ◽  
Shelly Grabe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Gender Empowerment ◽  
Adequate Measurement ◽  
United Nation

Consistent with the dictum, “the personal is political,” feminist scholars have maintained that gender equity in security, access to education, economic opportunity, and property ownership are central to women’s well-being. Empirical research evaluating this thesis can include nation-level indicators of gender equity, such as the United Nation Development Program’s Gender Empowerment Measure. Yet, despite the growing popularity of such measures, there has been little discussion of the adequate measurement of gender equity or the appropriate application of such tools in theory-grounded empirical research within psychology. Moreover, the bulk of psychological research that has integrated such indicators has not employed a feminist or emancipatory framework. The authors summarize and evaluate nation-level gender equity indicators in order to familiarize researchers with the available tools, and the authors review the limited psychological literature that has used these indicators. The authors also discuss how psychological research can better use gender equity indicators in empirical models to examine political processes linked to women’s well-being.

The built environment and trip chaining behaviour revisited: The joint effects of the modifiable areal unit problem and tour purpose

Urban Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liya Yang ◽  
Lingqian Hu ◽  
Zhenbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
Trip Chaining ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
The Ideal

Empirical research that examines the built environment and travel behaviour has frequently found inconsistent results, which can be attributed to the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and to different treatments of travel purposes. This study considers these two important issues simultaneously in investigating the association between the built environment and travel behaviour in Beijing, China. Using tours as the analysis unit of travel, this study classifies three tour purposes: subsistence, maintenance and recreation, and identifies seven different spatial units to address the MAUP. Based on data from the 2010 Beijing Comprehensive Travel Survey, this study uses logistic regressions to estimate the primary tour mode and tour complexity. The results identify the ‘ideal’ unit at which the built environment has the greatest association with tours of specific purposes. Such results inform how urban planning and transportation policies can effectively influence travel.

USING R FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH: A TUTORIAL OF BASIC METHODS

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-63
Author(s):  
A. G. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Sample Size Calculation ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Statistical Hypothesis ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Measurement Scales

The article belongs to a special modern genre of scholar publications, so-called tutorials – articles devoted to the application of the latest methods of design, modeling or analysis in an accessible format in order to disseminate best practices. The article acquaints Ukrainian psychologists with the basics of using the R programming language to the analysis of empirical research data. The article discusses the current state of world psychology in connection with the Crisis of Confidence, which arose due to the low reproducibility of empirical research. This problem is caused by poor quality of psychological measurement tools, insufficient attention to adequate sample planning, typical statistical hypothesis testing practices, and so-called “questionable research practices.” The tutorial demonstrates methods for determining the sample size depending on the expected magnitude of the effect size and desired statistical power, performing basic variable transformations and statistical analysis of psychological research data using language and environment R. The tutorial presents minimal system of R functions required to carry out: modern analysis of reliability of measurement scales, sample size calculation, point and interval estimation of effect size for four the most widespread in psychology designs for the analysis of two variables’ interdependence. These typical problems include finding the differences between the means and variances in two or more samples, correlations between continuous and categorical variables. Practical information on data preparation, import, basic transformations, and application of basic statistical methods in the cloud version of RStudio is provided.

scholarly journals The Problem of the Meaning of Life: Philosophical and Psychological Content and Research Perspectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.S. Kubarev
Keyword(s):  
Personality Development ◽  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Basic Error ◽  
Ideal Object ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Ideal Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Psychological Knowledge ◽  
The Ideal

The paper analyzes the problem of the meaning of life in a single conceptual framework grounded in philosophical/religious and psychological knowledge. It reveals the philosophical/religious and psychological con¬tent of the problem: the former is defined in terms of the meaning of life as a sign/symbolic unit of initial experience, while the latter — in terms of the ideal form of an event in personality development, which is considered an existential structure of personality represented in the form of affective and meaning constructs and initial symbols. The paper criticizes existing psychological studies on meanings of life for their basic error of conceptual substitution of the ideal object of research: the meaning of life as the ideal form is replaced with eudemonic attitude and regarded as the real form. The paper concludes that perspectives of psychological research into the meaning of life which would take into account its philosophical/religious content lie at the junction of explorations of the meaning of life and explorations of reflective activity of the subject of consciousness solving the task of finding the meaning.

scholarly journals Understanding the Dimensions of IT Governance Culture

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Rowlands ◽  
Steven De Haes ◽  
Wim Van Grembergen
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
It Governance ◽  
Organisational Culture ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Normative Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
Values And Beliefs ◽  
Comprehensive Framework ◽  
The Ideal

The concept of IT governance culture is relatively new. In this paper, the authors develop an IT Governance culture model based on Detert et al's (2000) framework involving eight dimensions of culture. Each dimension is described in terms of how they relate to the implementation of IT governance initiatives. The authors' contribution is to illustrate the utility of the framework by linking the eight general cultural dimensions to propose a normative model of ITG values and beliefs, that they argue, represent the ‘ideal organisational culture' of successful ITG implementations. By doing so, they present a necessary step in developing the dimensions of the concept of ITG culture and moving products such as COBIT5 towards a more comprehensive framework based on systemic empirical research.

How to use Max Weber’s ideal type in sociological analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Swedberg
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Alfred Schutz ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Alfred Schütz ◽  
The Ideal

The main problem that is addressed in this article is how to use Max Weber’s concept of the ideal type in concrete sociological research. The ideal type was invented by Weber more than a century ago, but has rarely been used in empirical research. One reason for this is that Weber was not very clear on what is meant by an ideal type. Another is that students of Weber’s work have not been very interested in presenting the ideal type in such a way that it can be used. Instead, it has been surrounded by an air of difficulty and unresolved theoretical questions, something that has made the average social scientist confused and unable to use Weber’s concept in his or her own research. In this article, it is argued that despite existing difficulties, we know enough today about the ideal type to use it effectively. A practical guide for how to construct as well as use an ideal type is provided. As a background to this argument, the development of the ideal type in Weber’s work is presented, drawing on a suggestion by Alfred Schutz that Weber originally designed this concept with history in mind, but then switched to sociology.

scholarly journals Variability and its limits in bilingual language production

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 855-856
Author(s):  
JUBIN ABUTALEBI ◽  
HARALD CLAHSEN
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Language Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Ideal

Experimental and other empirical research on language is faced with the fact that language performance exhibits a high degree of variability at all linguistic levels. Variability is found across languages, across speech communities within one language, across individuals within one speech community and even within the same individual. Bilingual language use adds a further source of variability to this already complicated picture. On the other hand, there are aspects of language and language use that are constrained, stable, or robust and that are less (or not at all) subject to variability, for example, possible options that are not chosen in any language or kinds of error that are never produced. Several familiar ways of dealing with the variability of language use and its limits have turned out to be unsatisfactory. One approach has been to simply abstract away from variability with constructs such as the ‘ideal speaker–hearer’ (who – to our knowledge – nobody has met so far). Another strategy is to average across individuals, which sometimes results in arbitrary mean scores or mean activation patterns that are hard to replicate for individuals, even for those who took part in a given study. A third solution when confronted with variability in language use is to take it at face value, positing that every language, every speech community, and even every individual is different, an approach that essentially gives up on discovering any kind of generalizations. While none of these strategies appears to us to be particularly fruitful, the problem of how to deal with variability in language performance and its limits remains.

Features of the socio-psychological climate in service collectives of law enforcement bodies

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Алексей Лункин ◽  
Aleksey Lunkin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Psychological Study

The article analyzes and evaluates the results of a comprehensive socio - psychological study in order to identify psychological information that is relevant to the management of the service team. Results of socio - psychological research are considered solely for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of operational and official activities and optimizing moral and psychological support. Discussion of the conducted empirical research allowed to assess the state of the socio-psychological climate in the team, the moral and psychological state of personnel, identify factors that adversely affect the results of operational and service activities and socio-psychological processes, the specifics of interpersonal relations in the team, as well as the opinion of personnel on leaders.

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