EXPRESS: Consonant and vowel transpositions effects during reading development: a study on Italian children and adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110663
Author(s):  
Lucia Colombo ◽  
Giacomo Spinelli ◽  
Stephen Lupker
Keyword(s):  
Reading Development ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Cluster Effect ◽  
Developmental Trend ◽  
Phonological Recoding ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Italian Children

Recently, Colombo, Spinelli, and Lupker (2020), using a masked transposed letter (TL) priming paradigm, investigated whether consonant/vowel (CV) status is important early in orthographic processing. In four experiments with Italian and English adults, they found equivalent TL priming effects for CC, CV, and VC transpositions. Here, we investigated that question with younger readers (age 7 to 10) and adults, as well as whether masked TL priming effects might have a phonological basis.  That is, because young children are likely to use phonological recoding in reading, the question was whether they would show TL priming that is affected by CV status. In Experiment 1, target words were preceded by primes in which two letters (either CV, VC, or CC) were transposed versus substituted (SL). We found significant TL priming effects, with an increasing developmental trend, but, again, no letter type by priming interaction. In Experiment 2 the transpositions/substitutions involved only pairs of vowels with those vowels having either diphthong or hiatus status. The difference between these vowel clusters is only phonological, thus the question was would TL priming interact with this factor. TL priming was again found with an increasing trend with age, but there was no vowel cluster by priming interaction.  There was, however, an overall vowel cluster effect (slower responding to words with hiatuses) which decreased with age. The results suggest that TL priming only taps the orthographic level, and that CV status only becomes important at a later phonological level.

Sensitivity to distributional properties of the orthography in the spelling of Italian children with dyslexia

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199892
Author(s):  
Chiara Valeria Marinelli ◽  
Marika Iaia ◽  
Cristina Burani ◽  
Paola Angelelli
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Typically Developing Children ◽  
Lexical Knowledge ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Lexical Priming ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Developing Readers ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Italian Children

The study examines statistical learning in the spelling of Italian children with dyslexia and typically developing readers by studying their sensitivity to probabilistic cues in phoneme-grapheme mappings. In the first experiment children spelled to dictation regular words and words with unpredictable spelling that contained either a high- or a low-frequency (i.e., typical or atypical) sound-spelling mappings. Children with dyslexia were found to rely on probabilistic cues in writing stimuli with unpredictable spelling to a greater extent than typically developing children. The difficulties of children with dyslexia on words with unpredictable spelling were limited to those containing atypical mappings. In the second experiment children spelled new stimuli, that is, pseudowords, containing phonological segments with unpredictable mappings. The interaction between lexical knowledge and reliance on probabilistic cues was examined through a lexical priming paradigm in which pseudowords were primed by words containing related typical or atypical sound-to-spelling mappings. In spelling pseudowords, children with dyslexia showed sensitivity to probabilistic cues in the phoneme-to-grapheme mapping but lexical priming effects were also found, although to a smaller extent than in typically developing readers. The results suggest that children with dyslexia have a limited orthographic lexicon but are able to extract regularities from the orthographic system and rely on probabilistic cues in spelling words and pseudowords.

Combining the Post-Cue Task and the Perceptual Identification Task to Assess Parallel Activation and Mutual Facilitation of Related Primes and Targets

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demian Scherer ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perceptual Identification ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Parallel Activation ◽  
Prime Target

Abstract. Recent theories assume a mutual facilitation in case of semantic overlap for concepts being activated simultaneously. We provide evidence for this claim using a semantic priming paradigm. To test for mutual facilitation of related concepts, a perceptual identification task was employed, presenting prime-target pairs briefly and masked, with an SOA of 0 ms (i.e., prime and target were presented concurrently, one above the other). Participants were instructed to identify the target. In Experiment 1, a cue defining the target was presented at stimulus onset, whereas in Experiment 2 the cue was not presented before the offset of stimuli. Accordingly, in Experiment 2, a post-cue task was merged with the perceptual identification task. We obtained significant semantic priming effects in both experiments. This result is compatible with the view that two concepts can both be activated in parallel and can mutually facilitate each other if they are related.

Automatic Stereotype Activation Is Context Dependent

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Casper ◽  
Klaus Rothermund ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Mental Schemas

Processes involving an automatic activation of stereotypes in different contexts were investigated using a priming paradigm with the lexical decision task. The names of social categories were combined with background pictures of specific situations to yield a compound prime comprising category and context information. Significant category priming effects for stereotypic attributes (e.g., Bavarians – beer) emerged for fitting contexts (e.g., in combination with a picture of a marquee) but not for nonfitting contexts (e.g., in combination with a picture of a shop). Findings indicate that social stereotypes are organized as specific mental schemas that are triggered by a combination of category and context information.

scholarly journals Priming effects in the recognition of simple and complex words and pseudowords

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-222
Author(s):  
Miguel Lázaro ◽  
Víctor Illera ◽  
Javier Sainz
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Orthographic Processing ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Intense Debate

AbstractWhether morphological processing of complex words occurs beyond orthographic processing is a matter of intense debate. In this study, morphological processing is examined by presenting complex words (brujería -> brujo –witchcraft -> witch), as well as simple (brujaña->brujo) and complex pseudowords (brujanza ->brujo), as primes in three masked lexical decision tasks. In the first experiment, the three experimental conditions facilitated word recognition in comparison to the control condition, but no differences emerged between them. Given the importance of the surface frequency effect observed, a second experiment was conducted. The results fully replicate those observed in the first one, but this time with low frequency targets. In the third experiment, vowels were removed from the stems of primes to reduce the orthographic overlap between primes and targets and, therefore, the influence of the embedded stem effect. The results show facilitative effects only for complex words. However, paired comparisons show no differences between experimental conditions. The overall results show the central role played by the processing of stems in visual word recognition and are explained in terms of current models of morphological processing.

Inflectional and Derivational Morphology in the Mental Lexicon: Symmetries and Asymmetries in Repetition Priming

1992 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schriefers ◽  
A. Friederici ◽  
P. Graetz
Keyword(s):  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Lexical Organization ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Prime Target

Using a repetition priming paradigm, the interrelations between morphologically related words in the mental lexicon were examined in two experiments. In contrast to most previous studies, in which morphologically complex words occur as primes and stems as targets, derivationally and inflectionally complex forms were fully crossed in prime–target pairs. Experiment 1 showed asymmetries in the pattern of priming effects between different inflectional forms of German adjectives. Such asymmetries are problematic for any theory that assumes that all members of an inflectional paradigm share one entry in the mental lexicon. Experiment 2 contrasted derivational and inflectional variants of the same stems used in Experiment 1. Once again, there were same clear asymmetries in the pattern of priming effects. The implications of these results for models of lexical organization of inflectional and derivational morphology are discussed.

scholarly journals Can children's spelling of schwa vowels in stems be improved?

2010 ◽  
pp. 113-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Rosa ◽  
Terezinha Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Early Signs ◽  
Priming Condition ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Morphological Representation

Children in the early grades of primary school do not seem to have much awareness of morphemes. In this study, a priming paradigm was used to try to detect early signs of morphological representation of stems through a spelling task presented to Portuguese children (N= 396; age range 6 to 9 years). Primes shared the stem with the targets and contained well-articulated, stressed vowels; the stems of the target words contained non-stressed schwa vowels, which typically result in spelling difficulties. If priming proved effective, the well-articulated vowels in the prime should lead to improvement in the spelling of the schwa vowels in the targets. Primes were presented in two conditions: in only-oral or in oral-plus-written form. Effectiveness of priming was assessed by comparison with a no-priming condition. There was a significant interaction between priming effects and grade. No priming effects were detected in 6- and 7-year-old children; oral-plus-written priming produced higher rates of correct vowel spelling for 8- and 9-year-olds; only-oral priming was effective in improving the vowel spelling of 9-year-olds. Thus the older children used morphological information under priming conditions but there is no evidence to suggest that younger children did so.

THE PROCESSING OF ENGLISH PREFIXED WORDS BY CHINESE-ENGLISH BILINGUALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junmin Li ◽  
Marcus Taft
Keyword(s):  
Masked Priming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Morphological Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prefixed Words ◽  
Form Condition

AbstractThe present study examined whether Chinese-English bilinguals showed morphological sensitivity toward prefixed words. In the experiment, English monolinguals showed masked priming effects in a Transparent condition (disagree-AGREE) and an Opaque condition (mischief-CHIEF), but not in a Form condition (stranger-ANGER). In contrast, bilinguals showed equivalent priming effects across the three conditions. Indeed, the difference between the magnitude of priming in the Form condition relative to that in the other two conditions was statistically smaller for the bilinguals than for the monolinguals. These findings suggest Chinese-English bilinguals are less sensitive to the morphological status of prefixes, compared with monolinguals.

The impact of consonant–vowel transpositions on masked priming effects in Italian and English

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Lucia Colombo ◽  
Giacomo Spinelli ◽  
Stephen J Lupker
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Orthographic Code

There are now a number of reports in the literature that transposed letter (TL) priming effects emerge when two consonants are transposed (e.g., caniso-CASINO) but not when two vowels are transposed (e.g., cinaso-CASINO). In the present article, four masked priming lexical decision experiments, two in Italian and two in English, are reported in which TL priming effects involving the transposition of two adjacent consonants (e.g., atnenna-ANTENNA) were contrasted with those involving the transposition of a vowel and an adjacent consonant (e.g., anetnna-ANTENNA), a contrast not directly examined in the previous literature. In none of the experiments was there any indication that the priming effects were different sizes for the two types of transpositions, including Experiment 4 in which a sandwich priming paradigm was used. These results support the assumption of most orthographic coding models that the consonant–vowel status of the letters is not relevant to the nature of the orthographic code. The question of how to reconcile these results with other TL manipulations investigating vowel versus consonant transpositions is discussed.

scholarly journals Tetralogy of Fallot in infants less than one year old in the Valencia Region (Spain)

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Cavero Carbonell ◽  
L Barrachina Bonet ◽  
T Fernández Rojas ◽  
S Moreno Marro ◽  
L Páramo Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tetralogy Of Fallot ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Termination Of Pregnancy ◽  
Fetal Anomaly ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Epidemiologic Surveillance ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Tetralogy of Fallot (TF) is a rare disease characterized by the presence of 4 congenital heart defects (CHD). Objective: to describe the temporal trend and distribution of the TF in the Valencia Region (VR), in less than one year old, during the period 2007-2016. Methods Live births, stillbirths and termination of pregnancy due to fetal anomaly (TOPFA) between 2007-2016 with TF (code Q21.3 of the ICD10-BPA) were selected from the Congenital Anomalies (CA) population-based Registry of VR. The cases were confirmed through the review of clinical documentation. The prevalence of 10000 births with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) was calculated for the period and for each year, and a descriptive analysis of sociodemographic and clinical variables was made. Results 146 cases were identified (45.2% male, 31.5% female and 23.3% unknown), 89.0% were simple pregnancies and 54.8% were diagnosed prenatally. The overall prevalence of TF was 3.0/10000 births (95%CI: 2.5-3.5), being 2015 the year with the highest prevalence (4.3/10000 births) and 2011 with the lowest (1.8/10000 births). These changes were mainly due to the increase and decrease in the number of TOPFA respectively. 74.7% were live births, 22.6% TOPFA and 2.7% stillbirths. The prevalence in live births was 2.2/10000 births (95%CI: 1.8-2.6) and in TOPFA it was 0.7/10000 births (95%CI: 0.4-0.9), identifying an increasing trend during the period in the last one. 11.0% of live births died during the first year of life. 45.9% of the cases had another CA associated with the TF, being CHD in 52.7% of cases. 66.4% of the mothers were over 30 years of age, being the most frequent those between 30-34 years (30.1%). Conclusions The prevalence obtained in the VR was lower than that of EUROCAT 3.5/10000 births (95%CI: 3.3-3.6) during the same period. EUROCAT has also identified the difference between the prevalence in live births (2.9 (95%CI: 2.8-3.0)) and TOPFA (0.5 (95%CI: 0.5-0.6)), and the increasing trend in the last one. Key messages The prevalence of Tetralogy of Fallot obtained in the VR was lower than that of EUROCAT (European network of population-based registries for the epidemiologic surveillance of congenital anomalies). EUROCAT has also identified the difference between the prevalence of Tetralogy of Fallot in live births and termination of pregnancy due to fetal anomaly, and the increasing trend in the last one.

Crosslinguistic influence in bilingual language acquisition: Italian and French as recipient languages

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha Müller ◽  
Aafke Hulk
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
Grammatical Analysis ◽  
Target Form ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Italian Children ◽  
Crosslinguistic Influence

In this paper we want to compare the results from monolingual children with object omissions in bilingual children who have acquired two languages simultaneously. Our longitudinal studies of bilingual Dutch–French, German–French, and German–Italian children show that the bilingual children behave like monolingual children regarding the type of object omissions in the Romance languages. They differ from monolingual children with respect to the extent to which object drop is used. At the same time, the children differentiate the two systems they are using. We want to claim that the difference between monolingual and bilingual children concerning object omissions in the Romance languages is due to crosslinguistic influence in bilingual children: the Germanic language influences the Romance language. Crosslinguistic influence occurs once a syntactic construction in language A allows for more than one grammatical analysis from the perspective of child grammar and language B contains positive evidence for one of these possible analyses. The bilingual child is not able to map the universal strategies onto language-specific rules as quickly as the monolinguals, since s/he is confronted with a much wider range of language-specific syntactic possibilities. One of the possibilities seems to be compatible with a universal strategy. We would like to argue for the existence of crosslinguistic influence, induced by the mapping of universal principles onto language-specific principles – in particular, pragmatic onto syntactic principles. This influence will be defined as mapping induced influence. We will account for the object omissions by postulating an empty discourse-connected PRO in pre-S position (Müller, Crysmann, and Kaiser, 1996; Hulk, 1997). Like monolingual children, bilingual children use this possibility until they show evidence of the C-system (the full clause) in its target form.

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