Phyto-metabolites; An Impregnable Shield against Plant Viruses

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqar Islam ◽  
Muhammad Adnan ◽  
Muhammad Tayyab ◽  
Mubasher Hussain ◽  
Saif Ul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Worldwide, economically important crops are under continuous threat from plant viruses as they reproduce within the host and spread via various biological and non biological means. The problem can be minimized via application of integrated management approaches involving utilization of resistant genotypes and reducing the insect vector population. But such strategies are rarely applied in developing countries and farmers prefer to use chemicals against all type of diseases. But increasing use of pesticides is a leading cause of disaster to our ecosystem so alternative means such as phyto-metabolites should be explored for eco friendly management of plant viruses. So here we have reviewed about different phyto-metabolites that can be effectively and potentially used against various plant virus diseases. We further explained about the various primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, polysaccharides and proteins. The review highlights the recent advances in the field of phyto-metabolites utilization against plant viruses and sums up via hoping through prospects that future drugs will be safer for human beings and our ecosystem.

An Annotated List of Hemiptera Inhabiting Sour Cherry Orchards in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario

1951 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 194-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. H. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Entomological Laboratory

A study of the insect inhabitants of the sour cherry orchards of the Niagara district of Ontario was begun in the spring of 1947, ass part of an investigation of virus diseases of stone fruits carried on cooperatively between the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Vineland Station and the Dominion Laboratory of Plant Pathology at St. Catharines. The virus disease cherry yellows of sour cherry had by that time become prevalent and appeared to be spreading rapidly. The rate and pattern of spread revealed by a survey of orchards suggested that an insect vector may be involved in the dissemination of the virus. The Hemiptera were chosen as the first group for study because most of the known vectors of plant viruses belong to this order.

scholarly journals Western Medical Rehabilitation through Time: A Historical and Epistemological Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea A. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Western World ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Everyday Reality

Medical rehabilitation is the process targeted to promote and facilitate the recovery from physical damage, psychological and mental disorders, and clinical disease. The history of medical rehabilitation is closely linked to the history of disability. In the ancient western world disabled subjects were excluded from social life. In ancient Greece disability was surmounted only by means of its complete removal, and given that disease was considered a punishment attributed by divinities to human beings because of their faults and sins, only a full physical, mental, and moral recovery could reinsert disabled subjects back in the society of “normal” people. In the Renaissance period, instead, general ideas functional for the prevention of diseases and the maintaining of health became increasingly technical notions, specifically targeted to rehabilitate disabled individuals. The history of medical rehabilitation is a fascinating journey through time, providing insights into many different branches of medicine. When modern rehabilitation emerges, around the middle of the twentieth century, it derives from a combination of management approaches focusing on the orthopaedic and biomechanical understanding of patterns of movement, on the mastering of neuropsychological mechanisms, and on the awareness of the social-occupational dimension of everyday reality.

scholarly journals Factors Determining Transmission of Persistent Viruses by Bemisia tabaci and Emergence of New Virus–Vector Relationships

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1808
Author(s):  
Saptarshi Ghosh ◽  
Murad Ghanim
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Tomato Yellow Leaf ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Yellow Leaf ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Persistent Viruses ◽  
Leaf Curl Virus

Many plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their transmission and dissemination. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important virus vectors, transmitting more than four hundred virus species, the majority belonging to begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), with their ssDNA genomes. Begomoviruses are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner, during which the virus breaches barriers in the digestive, hemolymph, and salivary systems, and interacts with insect proteins along the transmission pathway. These interactions and the tissue tropism in the vector body determine the efficiency and specificity of the transmission. This review describes the mechanisms involved in circulative begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci, focusing on the most studied virus in this regard, namely the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its closely related isolates. Additionally, the review aims at drawing attention to the recent knowhow of unorthodox virus—B. tabaci interactions. The recent knowledge of whitefly-mediated transmission of two recombinant poleroviruses (Luteoviridae), a virus group with an ssRNA genome and known to be strictly transmitted with aphids, is discussed with its broader context in the emergence of new whitefly-driven virus diseases.

Probing the application of OmpA-derived peptides to disrupt the acquisition of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ by Diaphorina citri

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Vinicius Merfa e Silva ◽  
Eduarda Regina Fischer ◽  
Mariana de Souza e Silva ◽  
Carolina Sardinha Francisco ◽  
Helvécio Coletta-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Bacterial Outer Membrane

Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide. Both bacteria ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) and ‘Ca. Liberibacter americanus’ (CLam) are associated with HLB in Brazil, but with a strong prevalence of CLas over CLam. Conventionally, HLB management focuses on controlling the insect vector population (Diaphorina citri; also known as Asian citrus psyllid – ACP) by spraying insecticides, an approach demonstrated to be mostly ineffective. Thus, development of novel more efficient HLB control strategies is required. The multifunctional bacterial outer membrane protein OmpA is involved in several molecular processes between bacteria and their hosts and has been suggested as a target for bacterial control. Curiously, OmpA is absent in CLam in comparison to CLas, suggesting a possible role on host-interaction. Therefore, in the current study, we have treated ACPs with different OmpA-derived peptides aiming to evaluate the acquisition of CLas by the insect vector. Treatment of psyllids with 5 µM of Pep1, Pep3, Pep5 and Pep6 in artificial diet significantly reduced the acquisition of CLas, while increasing the concentration of Pep5 and Pep6 to 50 µM abolished this process. In addition, in planta treatment with 50 µM of Pep6 also significantly decreased the acquisition of CLas and sweet orange plants stably absorbed and maintained this peptide for as long as three months post the final application. Together, our results demonstrate the promising use of OmpA-derived peptides as a novel biotechnological tool to control CLas.

scholarly journals Faba Bean Gall (Olpidium viciae K.) as a Priority Biosecurity Threat for Producing Faba Bean in Ethiopia: Current Status and Future Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Birhanu Kahsay Meresa ◽  
Hailay Mehari Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
The People ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

The diploid cool-season legume species, faba bean (Vicia faba L.), is one of the vital pulses for the people in the world as it maintains the sustainability of agriculture and provides nutrient-rich grains. Biotic and abiotic stresses are, however, challenging the faba bean production in many countries. The foliar diseases of faba bean are among the major constraints for the production and productivity of faba bean. Recently, a new foliar disease “Faba bean gall” caused by plant debris and soil-borne pathogen (Olpidium viciae K.) is rapidly spreading and causing high yield losses in Ethiopia. This review paper presents the distribution, impact, epidemiology, and biology of faba bean gall pathogen and principally illustrates how the application and investigation of the various diseases’ management approaches such as avoiding crop residues, crop rotation, intercropping, use of elicitors to induce host resistance, use of resistant genotypes, bioagents, compost teas, plant extracts, and lastly use of chemical fungicides could be important to control the faba bean gall disease underlying in faba bean.

Some notes on the relationship of plant viruses with vector and non-vector insects

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Extracts of caterpillars and other insects are shown to inhibit the infective power of tobacco mosaic and tobacco necrosis viruses. The inhibitor is not sedimented after spinning for 2½ hr. at 30,000 r.p.m. Experiments with non-vector insects such as caterpillars have shown that the virus of sugar-beet curly-top, of tobacco ringspot and other viruses, are destroyed within the body of the insect. On the other hand, tobacco mosaic virus passes through the body of the caterpillar unchanged though greatly reduced in concentration. By the use of the specific insect vector and artificial feeding methods it was possible to recover the virus of curly-top 24 hr. after it had been injected into the blood of the caterpillar but the viruses of tobacco mosaic and tobacco necrosis could not be so recovered. Experimental evidence is given to show that the virus of beet curly-top is present in the saliva of viruliferous insects.

Predicting Attainable Water Quality Using the Ecoregional Approach

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Schonter ◽  
Vladimir Novotny
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Surface Form ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Background Water Quality

To more adequately protect receiving water bodies, government policy is leading toward adaptation of integrated management approaches that protect the integrity of the ecosystem as a whole. Approaching natural water quality is a goal of integrated water resource management. Ecoregions represent geographical areas of relatively similar land surface form, mineral availability, natural vegetation and land uses, and therefore, represent areas of relatively similar background water quality. Water quality at relatively unimpacted reference locations is representative of regional natural water quality and may be reasonably extrapolated to other similar locations within the ecoregion. These concepts were applied to the Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains ecoregion and the Milwaukee River, Wisconsin.

Conventional and Organic Options for the Control of Woolly Distaff Thistle (Carthamus lanatus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. DiTomaso ◽  
Guy B. Kyser ◽  
David J. Lewis ◽  
John A. Roncoroni
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Herbicide Mixture ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Consistent Treatment

Woolly distaff thistle is a long-lived winter annual that threatens the ranching and dairy industries within the North Coast counties of California, particularly the organic producers. No peer-reviewed publications have documented effective control options or integrated management approaches for this species. We conducted two experiments, each replicated, in Marin County, California. The first compared several conventional herbicides at two timings and rates, while the second compared a conventional herbicide treatment with organic and integrated organic control methods, including an organic herbicide (mixture of capric and caprylic acids). Results of the conventional herbicide treatments showed most spring applications (March or April) of aminopyralid, aminocyclopyrachlor, clopyralid, and combinations of aminopyralid + triclopyr, or aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron had greater than 99% control of woolly distaff thistle with fewer than 1.5 seedlings per 27-m2 plot by the end of the growing season. Higher rates were generally necessary to achieve the same level of control with winter (January) applications. In the organic herbicide treatments, the most consistent treatment was a combination of mowing followed by 9% (v/v) or the organic herbicide. This treatment was slightly less effective compared with aminopyralid but did have better than 95% control of woolly distaff thistle. The results of this study provide control options for both conventional and organic ranching practices where woolly distaff thistle is a problem.

A study of the virus diseases "Big bud" of tomato and "Yellow Dwarf" of tobacco.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
AV Hill ◽  
M Mandryk
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Nicotiana Glauca ◽  
Virus Diseases

The two virus diseases "big bud" of tomato and "yellow dwarf" of tobacco are transmitted by the same insect vector. Both were transmitted by grafting but not by sap inoculation. Big bud but not yellow dwarf was transmitted by dodder. Nicotiana glauca Graham was a symptomless carrier of both viruses. Potato was infected by big bud but not by yellow dwarf. Evidence from experiments and field observations indicates that big-bud transmission occurs during summer whereas yellow-dwarf infection can occur throughout the year. From this and other evidence (anatomical, lack of cross protective power, symptoms) it is concluded that the two diseases are caused by different viruses.

scholarly journals A plant DNA virus replicates in the salivary glands of its insect vector via recruitment of host DNA synthesis machinery

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (29) ◽  
pp. 16928-16937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Zhou He ◽  
Yu-Meng Wang ◽  
Tian-Yan Yin ◽  
Elvira Fiallo-Olivé ◽  
Yin-Quan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Dna Virus ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Plant Dna ◽  
Leaf Curl

Whereas most of the arthropod-borne animal viruses replicate in their vectors, this is less common for plant viruses. So far, only some plant RNA viruses have been demonstrated to replicate in insect vectors and plant hosts. How plant viruses evolved to replicate in the animal kingdom remains largely unknown. Geminiviruses comprise a large family of plant-infecting, single-stranded DNA viruses that cause serious crop losses worldwide. Here, we report evidence and insight into the replication of the geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) vector and that replication is mainly in the salivary glands. We found that TYLCV induces DNA synthesis machinery, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and DNA polymerase δ (Polδ), to establish a replication-competent environment in whiteflies. TYLCV replication-associated protein (Rep) interacts with whitefly PCNA, which recruits DNA Polδ for virus replication. In contrast, another geminivirus, papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV), does not replicate in the whitefly vector. PaLCuCNV does not induce DNA-synthesis machinery, and the Rep does not interact with whitefly PCNA. Our findings reveal important mechanisms by which a plant DNA virus replicates across the kingdom barrier in an insect and may help to explain the global spread of this devastating pathogen.

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