scholarly journals In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-Lung Cancer and Anti-COVID-19 Effects using Fermented Black Color Ginseng Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2110343
Author(s):  
Yaxi Han ◽  
Dong-Uk Yang ◽  
Yue Huo ◽  
Jianyu Pu ◽  
Seung-Jin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Ginseng Extract ◽  
Human Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Human Lung Carcinoma Cell ◽  
Black Color

Ginseng is known as the “king” of herbal plants and has been used widely in Asia for centuries. Ginseng contains active saponins, including protopanaxadiols, protopanaxatriols, and other compounds. There are many methods for processing ginseng, such as steaming, fermentation, expansion, and conversion of active compounds, which can improve its biological activity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic and oxidative effects of fermented black color ginseng (FBCG), black ginseng (BG), and white ginseng (WG) on a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549). Moreover, we found that treatment with FBCG induced oxidative stress in the A549 cell line and increases the apoptosis percentage; these effects were linked to the stimulation of the caspase 3/mitogen-activated protein kinase (caspase 3/MAPK) pathway. We also evaluated the anti-coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) effect of FBCG on a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected Vero E6 cell line. Our results suggest that FBCG not only inhibits the replication of this strain of virus in the cell but also reduces the number of viral RNA (vRNA) copies in the extracellular environment. Taken together, these data show that FBCG has both potential anti-lung cancer and anti-COVID-19 effects.

scholarly journals Preclinical efficacy of a RAF inhibitor that evades paradoxical MAPK pathway activation in protein kinaseBRAF-mutant lung cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (47) ◽  
pp. 13456-13461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross A. Okimoto ◽  
Luping Lin ◽  
Victor Olivas ◽  
Elton Chan ◽  
Evan Markegard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Braf Inhibitors ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Treatment Naïve

Oncogenic activation of protein kinaseBRAFdrives tumor growth by promoting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway signaling. Because oncogenic mutations inBRAFoccur in ∼2–7% of lung adenocarcinoma (LA),BRAF-mutant LA is the most frequent cause ofBRAF-mutant cancer mortality worldwide. Whereas most tumor types harbor predominantly theBRAFV600E-mutant allele, the spectrum ofBRAFmutations in LA includesBRAFV600E(∼60% of cases) and non-V600E mutant alleles (∼40% of cases) such asBRAFG469AandBRAFG466V. The presence ofBRAFV600Ein LA has prompted clinical trials testing selective BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib inBRAFV600E-mutant patients. Despite promising clinical efficacy, both innate and acquired resistance often result from reactivation of MAPK pathway signaling, thus limiting durable responses to the current BRAF inhibitors. Further, the optimal therapeutic strategy to block non-V600EBRAF-mutant LA remains unclear. Here, we report the efficacy of the Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine protein kinase (RAF) inhibitor, PLX8394, that evades MAPK pathway reactivation inBRAF-mutant LA models. We show that PLX8394 treatment is effective in bothBRAFV600Eand certain non-V600 LA models, in vitro and in vivo. PLX8394 was effective against treatment-naiveBRAF-mutant LAs and those with acquired vemurafenib resistance caused by an alternatively spliced, truncatedBRAFV600Ethat promotes vemurafenib-insensitive MAPK pathway signaling. We further show that acquired PLX8394 resistance occurs via EGFR-mediated RAS-mTOR signaling and is prevented by upfront combination therapy with PLX8394 and either an EGFR or mTOR inhibitor. Our study provides a biological rationale and potential polytherapy strategy to aid the deployment of PLX8394 in lung cancer patients.

Progranulin Protects Chondrocytes Induced by Lipopolysaccharide via Regulating the Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK)/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-345
Author(s):  
Shuai Zhang ◽  
Zheng Huang ◽  
Yijie Liu ◽  
School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai U ◽  
Kang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tetrazolium Salt ◽  
Articular Chondrocyte

Osteoarthritis (OA) is frequently associated with loss of articular cartilage and is more common in elderly patients. Progranulin (PGRN) is a chondrogenic factor. However, the role of PGRN in inflammatory articular chondrocyte arthritis and related mechanisms has not been elucidated. In vitro cultured chondrocytes were divided into control group, LPS group that was treated with 1 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and PGRN group, in which LPS-stimulated chondrocytes were treated with PGRN (5 μM and 10 μM). The survival rate of chondrocytes was detected by tetrazolium salt colorimetry (MTT method). MMP-3, tissue metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), and MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio were assessed by Western blot. The expressions of FAK and MAPK were detected by Western blot. TNF-α and IL-β secretion was evaluated by ELISA. Chondrocyte survival rate was decreased, Caspase 3 activity increased, MMP-3 expression upregulated, TIMP-1 expression reduced, MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio elevated, FAK and MAPK expressions downregulated, and TNF-α and IL-1β secretions enhanced in LPS group (P < 0.05). PGRN significantly promoted the survival of LPS-treated chondrocytes, attenuated Caspase 3 activity, decreased MMP-3 level, enhanced TIMP-1 level, decreased MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio, upregulated FAK and MAPK, and inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β secretions dose dependently (P < 0.05). PGRN can reduce the apoptosis of osteoarthritic chondrocytes, promote cell proliferation, reduce secretion of inflammatory factors, and delay the progression of osteoarthritis possibly through regulating FAK/MAPK pathway.

scholarly journals Lotus leaf flavonoids induce apoptosis of human lung cancer A549 cells through the ROS/p38 MAPK pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Bo Jia ◽  
Quan Zhang ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Wen-Jian Yao ◽  
Li Wei
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Human Lung Cancer ◽  
Caspase 9 ◽  
Lotus Leaf

Abstract Background Leaves of the natural plant lotus are used in traditional Chinese medicine and tea production. They are rich in flavonoids. Methods In this study, lotus leaf flavonoids (LLF) were applied to human lung cancer A549 cells and human small cell lung cancer cells H446 in vitro to verify the effect of LLF on apoptosis in these cells through the ROS/p38 MAPK pathway. Results LLF had no toxic effect on normal cells at concentrations up to 500 µg/mL, but could significantly inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells and H446 cells. Flow cytometry showed that LLF could induce growth in A549 cells. We also found that LLF could increase ROS and MDA levels, and decrease SOD activity in A549 cells. Furthermore, qRT-PCR and western blot analyses showed that LLF could upregulate the expression of p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK), caspase-3, caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9 and Bax and downregulate the expression of Cu/Zn SOD, CAT, Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, and Bcl-2 in A549 cells. Results of HPLC showed that LLF mainly contain five active substances: kaempferitrin, hyperoside, astragalin, phloridzin, and quercetin. The apoptosis-inducing effect of LLF on A549 cells came from these naturally active compounds. Conclusions We have shown in this study that LLF is a bioactive substance that can induce apoptosis in A549 cells in vitro, and merits further research and development.

Design, Synthesis and In Vitro Anti-Cancer Evaluation of Novel Derivatives of 2-(2-Methyl-1,5-diaryl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxo-N-(pyridin-3- yl)acetamide

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-349
Author(s):  
Ebrahim S. Moghadam ◽  
Farhad Saravani ◽  
Ernest Hamel ◽  
Zahra Shahsavari ◽  
Mohsen Alipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Normal Cell ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Normal Cell Line ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Mcf 7

Objective: Several anti-tubulin agents were introduced for the cancer treatment so far. Despite successes in the treatment of cancer, these agents cause toxic side effects, including peripheral neuropathy. Comparing anti-tubulin agents, indibulin seemed to cause minimal peripheral neuropathy, but its poor aqueous solubility and other potential clinical problems have led to its remaining in a preclinical stage. Methods: Herein, indibulin analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-cancer activity using MTT assay (on the MCF-7, T47-D, MDA-MB231 and NIH-3T3 cell lines), annexin V/PI staining assay, cell cycle analysis, anti-tubulin assay and caspase 3/7 activation assay. Results: One of the compounds, 4a, showed good anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50: 7.5 μM) and low toxicity on a normal cell line (IC50 > 100 μM). All of the tested compounds showed lower cytotoxicity on normal cell line in comparison to reference compound, indibulin. In the annexin V/PI staining assay, induction of apoptosis in the MCF-7 cell line was observed. Cell cycle analysis illustrated an increasing proportion of cells in the sub-G-1 phase, consistent with an increasing proportion of apoptotic cells. No increase in G2/M cells was observed, consistent with the absence of anti-tubulin activity. A caspase 3/7 assay protocol showed that apoptosis induction by more potent compounds was due to activation of caspase 3. Conclusion: Newly synthesized compounds exerted acceptable anticancer activity and further investigation of current scaffold would be beneficial.

scholarly journals Ghrelin exerts a proliferative effect on a rat pituitary somatotroph cell line via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

2004 ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Nanzer ◽  
S Khalaf ◽  
AM Mozid ◽  
RC Fowkes ◽  
MV Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Kinase Inhibitor ◽  
Thymidine Incorporation ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Gh3 Cells ◽  
Rat Pituitary ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein

OBJECTIVES: Ghrelin is a brain-gut peptide with GH-releasing and appetite-inducing activities and a widespread tissue distribution. Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHS-R1a), and both ghrelin and the GHS-R1a are expressed in the pituitary. There are conflicting data regarding the effects of ghrelin on cell proliferation. A positive effect on proliferation and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been found in hepatoma, adipose, cardiomyocyte and prostate cell lines. However, ghrelin has also been shown to have anti-proliferative effects on breast, lung and thyroid cell lines. We therefore examined the effect of ghrelin on the rat pituitary cell line GH3. METHODS: RT-PCR was used for the detection of GHS-R1a and pre-proghrelin mRNA expression in GH3 cells. The effect of ghrelin on cell proliferation was studied using [(3)H]thymidine incorporation; cell counting and the activation of the MAPK pathway were studied using immunoblotting and inhibitors of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2), protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine phosphatase pathways. RESULTS: GHS-R1a and ghrelin mRNA expression were detected in GH3 cells. Ghrelin, at 10(-10) to 10(-6) M concentrations, significantly increased [(3)H]thymidine incorporation (at 10(-9) M, 183+/-13% (means+/-s.e.m.) compared with untreated controls), while 12-phorbol 13-myristate acetate (PMA) at 10(-7) M (used as a positive control) caused a 212+/-14% increase. A reproducible stimulatory effect of desoctanoyl ghrelin was also observed on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation (135+/-5%; P<0.01 at 10(-9) M compared with control), as well as on the cell count (control 6.8 x 10(4)+/-8.7 x 10(3) cells/ml vs desoctanoyl ghrelin (10(-9) M) 1.04 x 10(5)+/-7.5 x 10(3) cells/ml; P<0.01). Ghrelin caused a significant increase in phosphorylated ERK 1/2 in immunoblotting, while desoctanoyl ghrelin showed a smaller but also significant stimulatory effect. The positive effect of ghrelin and desoctanoyl ghrelin on [(3)H]thymidine incorporation was abolished by the MAPK kinase inhibitor U0126, the PKC inhibitor GF109203X and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 23, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced cell proliferation of GH3 cells is mediated both via a PKC-MAPK-dependent pathway and via a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway. This could also be clearly demonstrated by Western blot analysis, where a transient increase in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation by ghrelin was attenuated by all three inhibitors. CONCLUSION: We have shown a novel role for ghrelin in stimulating the proliferation of a somatotroph pituitary tumour cell line, suggesting that ERK activation is involved in mediating the effects of ghrelin on cell proliferation. Desoctanoyl ghrelin showed a similar effect. As ghrelin has been shown to be expressed in both normal and adenomatous pituitary tissue, locally produced ghrelin may play a role in pituitary tumorigenesis via an autocrine/paracrine pathway.

scholarly journals Sinoporphyrin Sodium-Mediated Sonodynamic Therapy Inhibits RIP3 Expression and Induces Apoptosis in the H446 Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Line

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 2938-2954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Shen ◽  
Shoubo Cao ◽  
Xin Sun ◽  
Bo Pan ◽  
Jingyan Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Sonodynamic Therapy

Background/Aims: Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is expected to be a new method to solve the clinical problems caused by advanced metastasis in patients with lung cancer. The use of ultrasound has the advantage of being noninvasive, with deep-penetration properties. This study explored the anti-tumor effect of SDT with a new sonosensitizer, sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS), on the human small cell lung cancer H446 cell line in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Absorption of DVDMS was detected by a fluorescence spectrophotometer, and DVDMS toxicity was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was assessed using the JC-1 fluorescent probe. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry, and apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blotting. The expression of cytokines was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR. To verify the in vitro results, we detected tumor volumes and weight changes in a xenograft nude mouse model after DVDMS-SDT. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe changes to the tumor, heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney of the mice, and immunohistochemistry was used to examine changes in the expression of tumor CD34 and receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIP3), while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was used to observe apoptosis in tumor tissues. Results: DVDMS-SDT-treated H446 cells increased the rate of cellular apoptosis and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-8, cleaved caspase-9, and caspase-10, and decreased the levels of MMP, RIP3, B-cell lymphoma 2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The sonotoxic effect was mediated by ROS and was reduced by a ROS scavenger (N-acetyl-L-cysteine). In the in vivo mouse xenograft model, DVDMS-SDT showed efficient anti-cancer effects with no visible side effects. Conclusion: DVDMS-SDT induced apoptosis in H446 cells, in part by targeting mitochondria through the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway, and the extrinsic apoptosis pathway was also shown to be involved. Both apoptosis and changes in RIP3 expression were closely related to the generation of ROS. DVDMS-SDT will be advantageous for the management of small cell lung cancer due to its noninvasive characteristics.

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