Failure Leads Protest Movements to Support More Radical Tactics

Most social movements will encounter setbacks in their pursuit of sociopolitical change. However, little is known about how movements are affected after protestors fail to achieve their aims. What are the effects of failure on subsequent engagement in various conventional and radical actions? Does failure promote divergent reactions among protestors and/or dissatisfaction with democracy? A meta-analysis of nine experiments ( N = 1,663) assessed the effects of one-off failure on protestors’ reactions, subsequent tactical choices, and support for democracy; and iterative stochastic simulations modeled the effects of failure over multiple protests over time. Results indicated that initial failure gives rise to divergent, somewhat contradictory responses among protestors and that these responses are further influenced by the repeated failure (vs. success) over time. Further, the simulations identified “tipping points” in these responses that promote radicalization and undermine support for democracy.

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The Resistance

10.1093/oso/9780190886172.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Keyword(s):

Social Movements ◽

Presidential Election ◽

Political Influence ◽

Social Protest ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Donald Trump ◽

Protest Movements ◽

Broad Variety ◽

Resistance Movement ◽

Over Time

Even before the 2016 presidential election took place, groups and individuals angry at Donald Trump, and frightened about what a Trump presidency could mean, were taking to the streets. After the election, and particularly after the Inaugural, the protests continued. Over time, the Resistance was joined by a broad variety of groups and embraced an increasing diversity of tactics. The Resistance details the emergence of a volatile and diverse movement directed against the Trump presidency. Bringing together a diverse group of scholars of social movements and American politics, the collection examines the origins and concerns of different factions of this movement and evaluates their prospects for surviving and exercising political influence. The authors also reflect on how existing scholarship on social protest movements helps us understand the Resistance movement, and what the movement tells us about social movements more generally.

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P34 Characteristics, diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis

BJS Open ◽

10.1093/bjsopen/zrab032.033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Chan Hee Koh ◽

Danyal Z Khan ◽

Ronneil Digpal ◽

Hugo Layard Horsfall ◽

Hani J Marcus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Cushing’S Disease ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

A Priori ◽

Pituitary Surgery ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Cushing's Disease ◽

Diagnosis And Management ◽

Over Time

Abstract Introduction The clinical practice and research in the diagnosis and management of Cushing’s disease remains heterogeneous and challenging to this day. We sought to establish the characteristics of Cushing’s disease, and the trends in diagnosis, management and reporting in this field. Methods Searches of PubMed and Embase were conducted. Study protocol was registered a-priori. Random-effects analyses were conducted to establish numerical estimates. Results Our screening returned 159 papers. The average age of adult patients with Cushing’s disease was 39.3, and 13.6 for children. The male:female ratio was 1:3. 8% of patients had undergone previous transsphenoidal resection. The ratio of macroadenomas: microadenomas:imaging-undetectable adenomas was 18:53:29. The most commonly reported preoperative biochemical investigations were serum cortisol (average 26.4µg/dL) and ACTH (77.5pg/dL). Postoperative cortisol was most frequently used to define remission (74.8%), most commonly with threshold of 5µg/dL (44.8%). Average remission rates were 77.8% with recurrence rate of 13.9%. Median follow-up was 38 months. Majority of papers reported age (81.9%) and sex (79.4%). Only 56.6% reported whether their patients had previous pituitary surgery. 45.3% reported whether their adenomas were macroadenoma, microadenoma or undetectable. Only 24.1% reported preoperative cortisol, and this did not improve over time. 60.4% reported numerical thresholds for cortisol in defining remission, and this improved significantly over time (p = 0.004). Visual inspection of bubbleplots showed increasing preference for threshold of 5µg/dL. 70.4% reported the length of follow up. Conclusion We quantified the characteristics of Cushing’s disease, and analysed the trends in investigation and reporting. This review may help to inform future efforts in forming guidelines for research and clinical practice.

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A246 THE GLOBAL INCIDENCE OF ACUTE PANCREATITIS IS INCREASING OVER TIME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1093/jcag/gwab002.244 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 304-306

Author(s):

J Iannuzzi ◽

J H Leong ◽

J Quan ◽

J A King ◽

J W Windsor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Pancreatitis ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Western World ◽

Common Disease ◽

Biliary Disease ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background Acute pancreatitis is a common disease with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Historically, acute pancreatitis has been considered a disease with multiple etiologies and risk factors but is driven by alcohol and biliary disease. Multiple studies have shown that the incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing globally among both adults and children. Aims The purpose of this study was to assess temporal trends in incidence of acute pancreatitis globally. Methods We performed a systematic literature search to identify population-based studies reporting the annual incidence of acute pancreatitis. Abstracts were independently assessed in duplicate to identify applicable papers for full-text review and data extraction. Joinpoint temporal trend analyses were performed to calculate the average annual percent change (AAPC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The AAPCs were pooled in a meta-analysis to capture the overall and regional trends in acute pancreatitis incidence over time. Temporal data were summarized in a static map and an interactive, web-based map to illustrate global differences. Results Forty-five studies reported the temporal incidence of acute pancreatitis (static map provided, online interactive map: https://kaplan-acute-pancreatitis-ucalgary.hub.arcgis.com/). The incidence of acute pancreatitis has increased from 1961 to 2016 (AAPC = 2.89%; 95% CI: 2.26, 3.52; n=41). Increasing incidence was observed in North America (AAPC = 2.71%; 95% CI: 1.93, 3.50; n=10) and Europe (AAPC = 2.79%; 95% CI: 1.95, 3.63; n=24). The incidence of acute pancreatitis was stable in Asia (AAPC = −0.28%; 95% CI: −5.03, 4.47; n=2). Conclusions This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the global incidence of acute pancreatitis over the last five decades and demonstrates a steadily rising incidence over time in most countries of the Western world. More studies are needed to better define the changing incidence of acute pancreatitis in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Funding Agencies None

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Customary physical activity and odds of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 111 prospective cohort studies

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2020-103140 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. bjsports-2020-103140

Author(s):

Rodney K Dishman ◽

Cillian P McDowell ◽

Matthew Payton Herring

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Prospective Cohort Studies ◽

Over Time

ObjectiveTo explore whether physical activity is inversely associated with the onset of depression, we quantified the cumulative association of customary physical activity with incident depression and with an increase in subclinical depressive symptoms over time as reported from prospective observational studies.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and CINAHL Complete databases, supplemented by Google Scholar.Eligibility criteriaProspective cohort studies in adults, published prior to January 2020, reporting associations between physical activity and depression.Study appraisal and synthesisMultilevel random-effects meta-analysis was performed adjusting for study and cohort or region. Mixed-model meta-regression of putative modifiers.ResultsSearches yielded 111 reports including over 3 million adults sampled from 11 nations in five continents. Odds of incident cases of depression or an increase in subclinical depressive symptoms were reduced after exposure to physical activity (OR, 95% CI) in crude (0.69, 0.63 to 0.75; I2=93.7) and adjusted (0.79, 0.75 to 0.82; I2=87.6) analyses. Results were materially the same for incident depression and subclinical symptoms. Odds were lower after moderate or vigorous physical activity that met public health guidelines than after light physical activity. These odds were also lower when exposure to physical activity increased over time during a study period compared with the odds when physical activity was captured as a single baseline measure of exposure.ConclusionCustomary and increasing levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in observational studies are inversely associated with incident depression and the onset of subclinical depressive symptoms among adults regardless of global region, gender, age or follow-up period.

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In vivo praziquantel efficacy of Schistosoma japonicum over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Acta Tropica ◽

10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106048 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 106048

Author(s):

Qiu-Fu Yu ◽

Jie-Ying Zhang ◽

Meng-Tao Sun ◽

Man-Man Gu ◽

Hui-Ying Zou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Schistosoma Japonicum ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Over Time

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How Collective-Action Failure Shapes Group Heterogeneity and Engagement in Conventional and Radical Action Over Time

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797620970562 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095679762097056

Author(s):

Morgana Lizzio-Wilson ◽

Emma F. Thomas ◽

Winnifred R. Louis ◽

Brittany Wilcockson ◽

Catherine E. Amiot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Movements ◽

Collective Action ◽

Latent Profile Analysis ◽

Profile Analysis ◽

Social Identification ◽

Future Research ◽

Group Efficacy ◽

Before And After ◽

Using Data ◽

Over Time

Extensive research has identified factors influencing collective-action participation. However, less is known about how collective-action outcomes (i.e., success and failure) shape engagement in social movements over time. Using data collected before and after the 2017 marriage-equality debate in Australia, we conducted a latent profile analysis that indicated that success unified supporters of change ( n = 420), whereas failure created subgroups among opponents ( n = 419), reflecting four divergent responses: disengagement (resigned acceptors), moderate disengagement and continued investment (moderates), and renewed commitment to the cause using similar strategies (stay-the-course opponents) or new strategies (innovators). Resigned acceptors were least inclined to act following failure, whereas innovators were generally more likely to engage in conventional action and justify using radical action relative to the other profiles. These divergent reactions were predicted by differing baseline levels of social identification, group efficacy, and anger. Collective-action outcomes dynamically shape participation in social movements; this is an important direction for future research.

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Meta-Analysis of the Procedural Risks of Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Artery Stenting Over Time

Journal of Vascular Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.jvs.2018.04.008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

pp. 1934-1935

Author(s):

K. Lokuge ◽

D.D. de Waard ◽

A. Halliday ◽

A. Gray ◽

R. Bulbulia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carotid Artery ◽

Carotid Endarterectomy ◽

Carotid Artery Stenting ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Over Time

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Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status: A Meta-Analytic Review

Personality and Social Psychology Review ◽

10.1207/s15327957pspr0601_3 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 59-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 219

Author(s):

Jean M. Twenge ◽

W. Keith Campbell

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Asian Americans ◽

Effect Size ◽

Social Indicator ◽

Middle Age ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Analytic Review ◽

Over Time

Socioeconomic status (SES) has a small but significantrelationship with self-esteem (d = .15, r = .08) in a meta-analysis of 446 samples (total participant N = 312,940). Higher SES individuals report higher self-esteem. The effect size is very small in young children, increases substantially during young adulthood, continues higher until middle age, and is then smaller for adults over the age of 60. Gender interacts with birth cohort: The effect size increased over time for women but decreased over time for men. Asians and Asian Americans show a higher effect size, and occupation and education produce higher correlations with self-esteem than income does. The results are most consistent with a social indicator or salience model.

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Global epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based seroprevalence studies, Jan 2020-Oct 2021

10.1101/2021.12.14.21267791 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Isabel Bergeri ◽

Mairead Whelan ◽

Harriet Ware ◽

Lorenzo Subissi ◽

Anthony Nardone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Population Based ◽

Control Measures ◽

Middle Income ◽

Global Epidemiology ◽

Using Data ◽

Demographic Subgroups ◽

Over Time

Background COVID-19 case data underestimates infection and immunity, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We meta-analyzed standardized SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies to estimate global seroprevalence. Objectives/Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, preprints, and grey literature for SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies aligned with the WHO UNITY protocol published between 2020-01-01 and 2021-10-29. Eligible studies were extracted and critically appraised in duplicate. We meta-analyzed seroprevalence by country and month, pooling to estimate regional and global seroprevalence over time; compared seroprevalence from infection to confirmed cases to estimate under-ascertainment; meta-analyzed differences in seroprevalence between demographic subgroups; and identified national factors associated with seroprevalence using meta-regression. PROSPERO: CRD42020183634. Results We identified 396 full texts reporting 736 distinct seroprevalence studies (41% LMIC), including 355 low/moderate risk of bias studies with national/sub-national scope in further analysis. By April 2021, global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 26.1%, 95% CI [24.6-27.6%]. Seroprevalence rose steeply in the first half of 2021 due to infection in some regions (e.g., 18.2% to 45.9% in Africa) and vaccination and infection in others (e.g., 11.3% to 57.4% in the Americas high-income countries), but remained low in others (e.g., 0.3% to 1.6% in the Western Pacific). In 2021 Q1, median seroprevalence to case ratios were 1.9:1 in HICs and 61.9:1 in LMICs. Children 0-9 years and adults 60+ were at lower risk of seropositivity than adults 20-29. In a multivariate model using data pre-vaccination, more stringent public health and social measures were associated with lower seroprevalence. Conclusions Global seroprevalence has risen considerably over time and with regional variation, however much of the global population remains susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. True infections far exceed reported COVID-19 cases. Standardized seroprevalence studies are essential to inform COVID-19 control measures, particularly in resource-limited regions.

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The Withered ‘Greening’ of British Politics: A Study of the Ecology Party

Political Studies ◽

10.1111/j.1467-9248.1986.tb01595.x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 262-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Wolfgang Rüdig ◽

Philip D. Lowe

Keyword(s):

Social Movements ◽

Middle Class ◽

Party Politics ◽

European Countries ◽

British Politics ◽

Green Party ◽

Protest Movements ◽

Green Parties ◽

Group Integration ◽

History Of

Britain appears to be largely removed from the new political tide of ‘green’ parties that is currently sweeping other West European countries. This article will put forward some explanations for this ‘stillborn’ character of ‘green’ party politics in Britain. A detailed scrutiny of the history of the Ecology Party will be provided. It will be argued that the relative weakness of the Party is mainly due to its'failure to attract the support of ‘new social movements’. Particular attention will be paid to the British political system's ability to deal with middle-class protest movements by a mixture of issue suppression and group integration.

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