scholarly journals Freedom, so close but yet so far: The impact of the ongoing confrontation with freedom on the perceived severity of punishment

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene De Vos ◽  
Elli Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Severity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Severity Of Punishment

scholarly journals Social Distancing, Health Concerns, and Digitally Empowered Consumption Behavior Under COVID-19: A Study on Livestream Shopping Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiwei Pang ◽  
Haiyang Meng ◽  
Mingjie Fang ◽  
Jingjing Xing ◽  
Jinge Yao
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Consumer Trust ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Belief Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Health Belief Model

During the COVID-19 pandemic, livestream shopping has provided consumers with a way to maintain social distancing while offering an alternative to offline shopping. This study aims to understand the impact of COVID-19 and other public health crises on the behavioral intentions of consumers using livestream shopping technology. A theoretical model was designed that combines the health belief model, trust theory, and the theory of planned behavior. Empirical data were collected from 358 residents in China and then analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived obstacles had a significant impact on consumer trust. Consumer trust in turn had a direct impact on behavioral intention and an indirect impact on behavioral intention via attitude. These research results have practical implications for livestream shopping merchants, platform decision-makers, and service designers.

scholarly journals The influence of risk perceptions on close contact frequency during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Wambua ◽  
Lisa Hermans ◽  
Pietro Coletti ◽  
Frederik Verelst ◽  
Lander Willem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Communication ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Public Health Communication ◽  
Contact Behaviour ◽  
Contact Frequency ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Human behaviour is known to be crucial in the propagation of infectious diseases through respiratory or close-contact routes like the current SARS-CoV-2 virus. Intervention measures implemented to curb the spread of the virus mainly aim at limiting the number of close contacts, until vaccine roll-out is complete. Our main objective was to assess the relationships between SARS-CoV-2 perceptions and social contact behaviour in Belgium. Understanding these relationships is crucial to maximize interventions' effectiveness, e.g. by tailoring public health communication campaigns. In this study, we surveyed a representative sample of adults in Belgium in two longitudinal surveys (8 waves of survey 1 in April 2020 to August 2020, and 11 waves of survey 2 in November 2020 to April 2021). Generalized linear mixed effects models were used to analyse the two surveys. Participants with low and neutral perceptions on perceived severity made a significantly higher number of social contacts as compared to participants with high levels of perceived severity after controlling for other variables. Furthermore, participants with higher levels of perceived effectiveness of measures and perceived adherence to measures made fewer contacts. However, the differences were small. Our results highlight the key role of perceived severity on social contact behaviour during a pandemic. Nevertheless, additional research is required to investigate the impact of public health communication on severity of COVID-19 in terms of changes in social contact behaviour.

scholarly journals Differences in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour regarding COVID-19 by education level among women and men in Germany. Results from the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251694
Author(s):  
Petra Rattay ◽  
Niels Michalski ◽  
Olga Maria Domanska ◽  
Anna Kaltwasser ◽  
Freia De Bock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Protective Behaviour ◽  
Low Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The main strategy for combatting SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2020 consisted of behavioural regulations including contact reduction, maintaining distance, hand hygiene, and mask wearing. COVID-19-related risk perception and knowledge may influence protective behaviour, and education could be an important determinant. The current study investigated differences by education level in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour regarding COVID-19 in Germany, exploring the development of the pandemic over time. The COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring study is a repeated cross-sectional online survey conducted during the pandemic in Germany from 3 March 2020 (waves 1–28: 27,957 participants aged 18–74). Differences in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour according to education level (high versus low) were analysed using linear and logistic regression. Time trends were accounted for by interaction terms for education level and calendar week. Regarding protective behaviour, interaction terms were tested for all risk perception and knowledge variables with education level. The strongest associations with education level were evident for perceived and factual knowledge regarding COVID-19. Moreover, associations were found between low education level and higher perceived severity, and between low education level and lower perceived probability. Highly educated men were more worried about COVID-19 than those with low levels of education. No educational differences were observed for perceived susceptibility or fear. Higher compliance with hand washing was found in highly educated women, and higher compliance with maintaining distance was found in highly educated men. Regarding maintaining distance, the impact of perceived severity differed between education groups. In men, significant moderation effects of education level on the association between factual knowledge and all three protective behaviours were found. During the pandemic, risk perception and protective behaviour varied greatly over time. Overall, differences by education level were relatively small. For risk communication, reaching all population groups irrespective of education level is critical.

scholarly journals Sexual offending hierarchies, personality attributions, and the clinical implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Elizabeth Challinor ◽  
Simon Duff
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Sexual Offence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine sexual offending hierarchies constructed by the general public and forensic staff based on personal attitudes and perceived severity of offence. In addition, six sexual offence perpetrators are differentiated using the Five Factor Model of personality. Design/methodology/approach Vignettes represented six sexual offence perpetrators. Participants built a hierarchy based on perceived severity of offence, before attributing personality characteristics to each offender using a Likert-type scale. Findings Contact offenders were perceived as more dangerous than non-contact offenders. Rapists were perceived as the most dangerous, and voyeurs the least dangerous. Offenders were attributed significantly different personality traits. Generally, men who sexually offend are perceived to be low in agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness and high in impulsivity, manipulativeness and neuroticism. Practical implications The research highlights the importance of individual risk assessment in determining best practice treatment for men who have sexually offended (MSO). The Five Factor Model has been proven to be a useful tool to explore the impact staff attitudes have on risk assessment and treatment. Low-risk and high-risk MSO would benefit from divergent treatment. Consideration should be given to personality characteristics in addition to level of risk. Originality/value The research determines a hierarchy of men who sexually offend, and goes beyond the “label” of sexual offenders to explore how personality impacts on formation of attitudes.

scholarly journals Impact of Perceived Severity of COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) on Mental Health of University Students of Pakistan: The Mediating Role of Muslim Religiosity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saleem ◽  
Abou Bakar ◽  
Areeha Khan Durrani ◽  
Zubair Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Muslim Religiosity ◽  
The Impact

Background: Perceived severity of COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) is known to be associated with mental health of people in general and health professionals in particular in Western societies. However, its association with the mental health of students in Pakistan, which is predominantly a Muslim society, remains unclear so far. Moreover, the role of Muslim religiosity for such an association has not yet been investigated. We aimed to examine the association and report findings on the impact of perceived severity on mental health with a sample of students from all five provinces of Pakistan.Methods: We did a cross-sectional online survey from 1,525 Pakistani students in March 2020 using standardized measurement tools. We then determined the prevalence of perceived severity among students and its impact on their mental health. The strength of associations between these variables was estimated using generalized linear models, with appropriate distribution and link functions. Structural equation modeling through SmartPLS (3.0) software was utilized to analyze the results.Findings: The perceived severity of COVID-19 is significantly associated with mental health of Pakistani students, whereas Muslim religiosity is a strong mediator between perceived severity and mental health of Pakistani students.Conclusions: Though the perceived severity of COVID-19 is associated with mental health, this relationship can be better explained by the role of Muslim religiosity. When tested individually, the perceived severity accounted for only 18% variance in mental health that increased up to 57% by the mediating role of Muslim religiosity. This difference clearly indicates the mediating role of Muslim religiosity in the association between perceived severity and mental health for Pakistani students.

The impact of mental health diagnoses on perceptions of risk of criminality

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-410
Author(s):  
Jessica L Garcia ◽  
Adanna J Johnson ◽  
Marianna E Carlucci ◽  
Rachel L Grover
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Alcohol Dependency ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Crime Severity ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
The Impact

Background: Previous research has examined the relation between mental illness (MI) and perceptions of dangerousness, but less research has focused on its relation to perceived risk of criminality. Individuals with MI are perceived to be more dangerous than those without, and individuals with schizophrenia or substance abuse diagnoses are viewed as being more dangerous. Research also supports that race of individuals with MI plays an important role in the conceptualization and experience of stigma. Aims: The current study investigated the relation between MI, perceived criminality and race of diagnosed individuals. Method: Two hundred ninety participants were randomly assigned to read one of the four vignettes and answer a series of questions. The first three vignettes depicted someone with MI (schizophrenia, depression or alcohol dependency), while the fourth vignette served as a control. Participants were asked to indicate likelihood of committing a future crime, severity of the future crime and the person’s potential for rehabilitation. Levels of sympathy and trust, as well as perceived race of the person, were also measured. Results: Presence of MI was a significant predictor where MI elicited higher levels of perceived risk of criminality. The remaining predictor variables (type of MI, familiarity with MI and criminality and perceived race) were not significant predictors. Exploratory analyses revealed the schizophrenia and alcohol dependency conditions elicited higher levels of perceived severity of future crimes. Perceived MI severity and likelihood of rehabilitation were all significantly correlated with perceived risk of criminality. Conclusion: Presence of MI appears to be the most important in influencing participant attitudes about perceived risk of criminality, though type of MI may influence beliefs about severity of future crimes. The impact of race could not be examined but should be examined in future studies.

The Impact of Perceived Severity of an Outcome Upon Purchase Intention from the Perspective of Attribution

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Yaxiong Wu ◽  
Bing Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Responsibility Attribution ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Attribution Bias ◽  
Consumer Attribution ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the authors study the impact of perceived severity of an outcome in different types of product harm crisis from the angel of consumer attribution-blame. By experimenting the authors found that when the responsibility of product harm crisis is not clear, the higher degree of perceived injury, the more responsibility customer attribute to enterprise; and when the responsibility is clear, the customers won’t have the attribution bias; perceived severity of an outcome to customer blame was regulated by responsibility attribution and intention attribution.

Crises through the consumer lens: the role of trust, blame and risk

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 502-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Vassilikopoulou ◽  
Apostolos Lepetsos ◽  
George Siomkos
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Endogenous Variables ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to examine consumer reactions during product-harm crises by measuring the impact of perceived risk, blame and trust on consumer purchase intentions. Moreover, the role of perceived crisis severity is examined as affecting the three main endogenous variables of the conceptual framework. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the real-scenario approach for empirically testing the proposed conceptual framework. Participants were called to assess the story of a defective product (i.e. a soother that was recently recalled). Findings Results of the equation modeling demonstrate that perceived severity significantly influence trust and blame while it does not affect perceived risk. In addition, trust, blame and perceived risk notably affect purchase intentions. Practical implications Based on the study’s results, companies could implement appropriate strategies for reducing the negative consequences of a product-harm crisis. Originality/value The paper presents four key originality traits: Crisis management from the consumer perspective has received little attention. The relationship between trust, perceived risk and purchase intentions has not been explored in the crisis management field. Attribution of blame is a new variable added to the perceived risk-trust-purchase intention model. Perceived severity is examined as a moderator affecting the main endogenous variables of the conceptual framework.

scholarly journals Review of social media intervention in adult population during COVID-19 pandemic based on Protection Motivation Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Muhammad Prima Cakra Randana ◽  
Rizma Adlia Syakurah
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Media Intervention ◽  
The Impact

During COVID-19 pandemic, social media has become a basis for information deployment, it has the potential to change people opinion and solve many issues in this situation. Based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), threat and coping appraisal were predictors to behavioral responses in pandemics. This study aimed to analyze the impact of social media intervention in adult population during COVID-19 pandemic based on PMT. This review was created using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) and data collection from electronic databases such as Pubmed, Mendeley app, Europe PMC, Cochrane Databases, Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library. Inclusion criteria consists of English studies, studies related to the topic and match with required variables. There are five cross-sectional studies involving a total of 2.448 participants that were published in 2020. Among all categories based on included studied, it was shown that cyberchondria, perceived severity and perceived vulnerability are predictors in social media, related to behavioral responses during COVID-19 pandemic. Reducing information overload, related to cyberchondria, via the clear structuring and communication of reliable health information is needed. Hence, educating people on responsible and healthy social media use could help alleviate the observed negative consequences from perceived severity and vulnerability.

scholarly journals Severity and Reasons Behind Religious Intolerance in Pakistan: Perceptions of Sunnis, Shias, Ahmadis, and Christians

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taalia Khan ◽  
Karin Österman ◽  
Kaj Björkqvist
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Peer Pressure ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Media Impact ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Religious Intolerance ◽  
External Power ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the study was to investigate a perceived severity of religious intolerance, and reasons behind it, among different religious groups in Pakistan. A questionnaire measuring religious intolerance was completed by 199 university students (females M = 23.8 yrs, SD 5.3, and males M = 24.6 yrs, SD 5.6) from four religious groups: Sunni, Shia, Ahmadi, and Christian. Questions regarding the severity of intolerance were included as well as the following seven scales measuring possible causes for it: impact of the school curriculum, lack of knowledge about other groups, impact of hate literature, lack of social justice, family background and peer pressure, media impact, as well as external power influence and history. Respondents of all groups agreed upon the severe level of religious intolerance towards Ahmadis. Regarding the other religious groups, opinions differed. Sunni respondents rated the seven causes for religious intolerance as lower than the others. Sunni and Shia respondents rated the impact of the school curriculum as the significantly most important reason behind religious intolerance, whereas the Ahmadis and Christians rated hate literature as the most important reason. The results suggest that there is a need for further research into social factors that could reduce religious intolerance in Pakistan. Views of different religious groups need to be taken in consideration.

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