scholarly journals Performance of Broilers Supplemented With Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Powder

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nematollah Asadi ◽  
Seyed Davood Husseini ◽  
Mohammad-Taghi Tohidian ◽  
Nargess Abdali ◽  
Amir Mimandipoure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Production Period ◽  
And Control

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of peppermint ( Mentha piperita L.) on the performance of broiler chicks. 500 Ross broiler chicks were divided into 5 treatment groups of 4 replications in a completely randomized design format. The diets were ISO-caloric and ISO-nitrogenous ones and contained 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 g/kg of peppermint powder. At start, growing, and end periods, the effects of peppermint powder on average daily weight gain, feed conversation ratio, and mortality rate were studied. The results of the present study showed that over a production period of 42 days peppermint had a significant effect on average daily weight gain and feed conversation ratio when compared with the control group ( P < .05). The level of 4.5 g/kg had the highest average daily weight gain (52.78 g), and control treatment with 46.98 g had the least average daily weight gain among different levels of peppermint. The level of 4.5 g/kg and 6 g/kg of peppermint had the least mortality compared to control treatment during training period ( P < .05). From this experiment, we can conclude that treatment with 4.5 g/kg peppermint powder has better performance and carcass characteristics in broilers.

scholarly journals A simple and fast sampling method for chemical analyses and densitometry of bones through rib biopsies in cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Malafaia ◽  
Yury T.G. Salcedo ◽  
Ricardo A.R. Uscategui ◽  
Vinícius C. Souza ◽  
Diogo Fleury A. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Simple Method

ABSTRACT: We developed and evaluated a fast and simple method to obtain suitable bone samples for densitometry and chemical analysis through biopsies of the 12th rib of cattle. The postoperative recovery, dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily weight gain (ADG) was evaluated in 36 Nellore steers, nine of which were randomly selected for the control group and 27 others were rib biopsied. Every 30 days, rib biopsy was performed in nine steers, using a corded-electric pistol-grip drill coupled with a hole saw of a 3mm diameter pilot drill bit. This rib biopsy technique provided a suitable sample obtained in a fast way and allowed the surgeon to work alone with the animal slightly sedated and restrained in the crush. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected in biopsied animals. At the end of the experimental period (116 days) the average daily weight gain (ADG) was similar in the steers biopsied or not. The described method provided rib samples from cattle suitable for densitometry and chemical analysis of bone tissue without effects on health and performance. This information could greatly increase the accuracy for the diagnosis of phosphorus deficiency in cattle raised on pasture and allow the evaluation of bone metabolism in experimental animals.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF BISOLBI ON BIOCHEMICAL AND PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES OF THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CALVES

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Galina Molyanova ◽  
Maksim Nogotkov
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Experimental Group

The purpose of the research is increasing the average daily gain of animals due to the use of the Bisolbi drug. The effect of Bisolbi preparation based on Bacillus subtilis H-13 1.5×108 (LLC «Bisolbi-Inter») on the biochemical and productive life of calves was studied. The scientific and production experiment was carried out on the basis of a dairy farm of the State «Kupinskoe» Unitary Enterprise of the Samara region involving 30 Holstein-Friesian calves. The biological effect of the drug is provided due to its adsorption properties, the ability to enhance the activity of a number of enzyme systems and increase the digestive and systemic immunity of the body. The drug use increases the integration intensity of animals: the amount of total protein in the blood serum of calves of the experimental group at 120 days of age was higher by 8.9% (p<0.05), albumin – by 9.2% (p<0.01), compared with the animal data of con-trolled group. The Bisolbi indication contributed to an increase in the intensity of carbohydrate-lipoid metabolism: the cholesterol amount was higher by 23% (p<0.01), the glucose content – by 0.4 mmol/l (p<0.05) in the blood of 120 day old calves of the experimental group, compared with the data of controlled animals. It was found that the body weight of calves in the control group of 100 days age was 105.23±2.11 kg, in the experimental group – 108.6±2.19 kg, which is 3.37 kg higher. The average daily weight gain of animals in experimental group was signif-icantly higher by 0.075 kg (p<0.01). At 120 days of age, the body weight of the experimental calves was higher by 4.19 kg (p<0.05), the average daily weight gain by 0.080 kg (p<0.05), compared with the data of the controlled ani-mals. The indication of Bisolbi 5-10 ml (LLC «Bisolbi-Inter») to calves daily for 2 months resulted in an additional profit constructively of 137 rubles from each head.

scholarly journals The evaluation of growth and selected carcass and meat quality parameters in fattening bulls fed a diet based on concentrates or maize silage

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Štercová ◽  
A. Krása ◽  
R. Lepková ◽  
J. Šterc
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
The Mean

The aim of the study was to evaluate the growth rate and selected carcass and meat quality parameters in bulls fed a high-grain diet and to compare the results with those obtained in bulls fed a diet based on preserved roughage. The trial included 18 Czech-Pied bulls fed a diet with a high proportion of concentrated feed and 18 Czech-Pied bulls fed a diet based on maize silage, used as a control group. The trial was launched after the weaning of calves. During the fattening period, live weight and average daily weight gain were monitored. The bulls were slaughtered at the live weight of 550–600 kg, the mean age at slaughter was 473 days for the high-grain diet group and 474 days for the control group. The carcasses were classified to SEUROP quality grades, and carcass gain and dressing percentage were calculated. Samples of <I>m. longissimus pars thoracis</I> were taken from five bulls in each group to examine selected meat quality parameters. In the period from weaning to slaughter the high-grain diet bulls and the control bulls achieved the average daily weight gain of 1.29 kg and 1.21 kg, respectively. Differences between the groups were not significant. The high-grain diet group showed higher average carcass weight and higher carcass weight gain, differences between the groups were not significant, either. As to meat quality parameters under study, a significant difference was found only in meat lightness (L*), with the mean value in the high-grain diet group being significantly (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.01) lower than in the control group. The other meat quality parameters did not show any significant differences between the groups. In this study, the high-grain diet gave similar performance as the maize silage-based diet in fattening bulls. The high-grain diet group and control group showed comparable average daily weight gain and selected carcass and meat quality parameters.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF FEED ADDITIVE BAFASAL IN POULTRY

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
I. M. Kushnir ◽  
I. S. Semen ◽  
S. D. Murska ◽  
G.. V. Kolodiy
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Todays is not possible to overcam the problem of the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics by the development of new antimicrobial agents. Because the new drugs development is quite long process, and the addiction of microorganisms to the antibiotics occurs very fast, in resulting microorganisms become resistant. Prospective direction in solving the problem of antibiotic resistance is the use of bacteriophages, which lytically acting on the pathogens, not causing any toxic effect on the macroorganism. In the article highlight the use of the feed additive Bafasal, which was made on the basis of a specific bacteriophage to serovars of Salmonella, in particular S. enteritidis, S. typhi, S. paratyphi, S. typhimurium, S. branderburg, S. hadar. Poultry of the experimental group were used Bafasal from 1 to 14 days of the experiment, from the calculation on 10 chickens - 50 cm3 of feed additive dissolved to 0,5 % concentration, and from 15 to 35 days - 100 cm3 of Bafasal dissolved to 0,25 % concentration. As a result in the conducted researches was found out that Bafasal causes an increase of weight gain of broilers, feed conversion. In particular, on the 35th day of the experiment, the average daily weight gain of the chickens of the experimental group was on 4,5 % higher than in broilers of the control group, and the conversion of feed in the experimental and control chicken was 1.74 and 1.93 units, respectively. Herewith, in broilers of the control group were not isolated pathogenic microorganisms, including salmonella. In determining the influence of the feed additive on some representatives of the intestinal flora of broilers was found that, the use of feed additive didnt cause changes in total amount lactic acid and bifidobacteria, in broiler of test and control groups, in the glandular, muscular stomach, duodenum, cecum and colon.

scholarly journals ADAPTIVE CAPACITY OF STUD RAMS OF ASKANIAN MEAT AND WOOL BREED AND PARAMETERS OF SELECTION OF ZAKARPATTJA-TYPE PRECOCE BREED EWES FOR INTER-BREEDING

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
I. V. Goncharenko ◽  
V. M. Agiy ◽  
R. G. Filep ◽  
T. M. Durdinets
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Meat Productivity

The rams of the Askanian meat-wool breed, grown and kept in the conditions of the steppe zone of the south of Ukraine, were investigated for their adaptive capacity and adaptation to the conditions of the lowland regions of Zakarpattja. It was found that the physiological response of the rams to the maximum air temperature was characterized by a slight increase in body temperature and pulse, and a significant increase in respiratory rate per 1 minute. The good adaptive properties of the Askanian meat and wool breed rams are indicated by the high breeding capacity of ewes, at 97%, in both farms. The ewes of the breed prekos with a live weight of 55.9–58.9 kg were involved in the breeding process, and the Askanian rams with a live weight of 93.3–95.1 kg. It was studied the influence of crossbred crossing of crossbred Askanian sheep of meat and wool breed on the development of productive and reproductive features of Zakarpattja sheep ewes of the breed prekos with the purpose of obtaining mixed breeds with improved economic performance. It is proven by theory and practice that one of the main criteria for the rational management of sheep breeding in modern conditions is the study of individual features of growth and development of young sheep. In a market economy, increasing the meat productivity of sheep is an important factor that determines the level of economic efficiency of the industry. Obtained progeny at the age of 4–8 months had a higher intensity of growth. Thus, the average daily weight gain of lambs in the control group was 234 g, and experimental — 265 g, which is 11.3% more than in the control. The average daily weight gain of the bright control group was 205 g, and the experimental one — 244 g, which is 11.9% more than in the control group. At the age of 8 months, the fat mass of slaughtered animals ranged from 32–36 kg and the carcass weight was 15–18 kg with good fat irrigation. The classification of sheep carcasses by fat irrigation according to the EUROP system corresponded to the average level of coverage of carcasses with fat, that is, the whole carcass was covered with a thin layer of fat, at the base of the tail — small accumulations of fat, the kidneys partially or completely covered with a thin layer of fat, with a slight fatty water between visible intercostal muscles .The balanced feeding of experimental animals had a positive effect on the increase in live birth weight and their viability. The minimum selection parameters of breeding sheep ewes, which are involved in the breeding process, are also set for obtaining animals with high multi-farrowing and combined productivity.

scholarly journals Effect of Supplementation of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Leaf and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Powder as Feed Additive on Daily Weight Gain, Comparative Economics and Mortality Percent of Broiler Chicks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-006
Author(s):  
K. A. Shende ◽  
◽  
R. K. Dhuria ◽  
D. Goklaney ◽  
Y. K. Barolia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
Ginger Powder ◽  
Comparative Economics

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tulsi and ginger as feed additives on comparative economics of broiler chicks. Two hundred and ten day-old chicks divided into 7 groups and each group having 30 chicks. Control group was fed on basal diet and T1 and T2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of tulsi leaf powder in the ration, respectively. Likewise, G1 and G2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of ginger powder in the ration, respectively. T1G1 and T2G2 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of both herbs in combination, respectively. The statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect of tulsi leaf and ginger powder on average daily body weight gain. Highest average daily body weight gain during starter phase was recorded in T2G2 group fed with tulsi leaf and ginger powder @ 0.5% each, which was comparable with G2 group. During finisher phase of trial statistical analysis revealed highest (p<0.01) average daily body weight gain in T2G2 group. Lowest average daily body weight gain was observed in control group during starter and finisher period. Statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect on comparative economics of broilers due to supplementation of tulsi leaf and ginger powder. Highest net profit per kg of live weight was observed in T2G2 group supplemented with 0.5% tulsi leaf and ginger powder each and lowest net profit per kg of live weight was observed in T2 group which was comparable with control group. The overall mortality per cent of chicks under different treatment groups was observed to be 16.17% in control group and 6.66% in T1 and T2, and in G1, G2, T1G1, T2G2 groups observed no mortality. It may be concluded that supplementation tulsi leaf and ginger powder as feed additives improves daily weight gain, comparative economics and reduced mortality of broiler chicks.

scholarly journals Performance of starter broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with Smartchoice phytase enzyme

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
O. A. Ekine ◽  
D. N. Onunkwo
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Phytase is essential for enhancing nutritional value of feed and improving animal growthperformance and health. A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of Smartchoicephytase enzyme supplementation in the diet of starter broiler chickens. A total of 150 Rossstrain broiler chicks were used for the study and allotted to five treatment groups of 30 birdseach. Each group was further divided into three replicates of 10 birds per replicate. Five isonitrogenous(21.40% CP) and iso-caloric (2975.40 kcal/kg ME) dietary treatments werecompounded to contain 0g/100kg (T ), 10g/100kg (T ), 15g/100kg (T ), 20g/100kg (T ) and 1 2 3 425g/100kg (T ) of a commercial Smartchoice phytase enzyme preparation for 28 days in a 5Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed and water were provided to the chicks adlibitum.Daily feed intake and weekly body weight were measured. The result showed that thedaily feed intake and daily protein intake were not affected (P>0.05) by Smartchoice phytaseenzyme supplementation. Final live weight, daily weight gain and total weight gain weresignificantly different among treatments. Protein efficiency ratio were significantly (P<0.05)higher in T (2.10) than T (1.80) but similar to T (2.05), T (2.05) and T (1.96). Feed 1 5 2 3 4conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) different in T5 (2.58) and T (2.02) but similar 1(P>0.05) in T (2.02), T (2.28), T (2.31) and T (2.38). Mortality was lowest in T5. Total feed 1 2 3 4cost per bird and daily feed cost per bird were not affected (P>0.05) by Smartchoice phytaseenzyme supplementation while cost per kg of feed and daily feed cost per bird were notsignificantly (P>0.05) affected. The findings from this study showed that Smartchoicephytase enzyme could be supplemented up to 20g per 100kg in the diet of starter broilerchickens.

scholarly journals Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed graded levels of dry distilled cassava with soluble

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 156-161
Author(s):  
O. J. Oyedele ◽  
A. O. Olosunde ◽  
T. A. Otunla ◽  
F. H. A. Ajibogun
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Consommation Alimentaire ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Significant Difference

This study was carried out to investigate the performance of broilers fed graded levels of Dry Distilled Cassava with Soluble (DDCS). In a 28-day trial, one hundred and forty-four (144), 5-week old, un-sexed Arbor acre strain broiler chicks (average weight of 1.09±0.02 kg) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments of wheat offal (WO) and DDCS (12% WO + 0% DDCS = 0% DDCS; 8% WO + 4% DDCS = 4% DDCS; 4% WO + 8% DDCS = 8% DDCS and 0% WO + 12% DDCS = 12% DDCS) in completely randomized design. Each treatment had 2 replicates of 18 birds each. Dry matter feed intake (FI g/day), daily weight gain (g/day) and total weight gain (kg) decreases with increase in the levels of DDCS, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) increases with increase in levels of DDCS, respectively. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) differences in the carcass evaluation measured. It was concluded that DDCS could replace wheat offal in the diets of broilers up to 8% without significant difference in growth and feed intake without detrimental effects on carcass quality of the birds.     Cette étude a été réalisée pour étudier la performance des poulets de chair nourris à des niveaux échelonnés de manioc distillé sec avec soluble (le 'DDCS'). Dans un essai de 28 jours, cent quarante-quatre (144) poussins de chair de la souche Arbor acre non sexés de 5 semaines (poids moyen de 1.09 ± 0.02 kg) ont été répartis au hasard dans quatre traitements diététiques d'abats de blé (WO) et DDCS (12% WO + 0% DDCS = 0% DDCS ; 8% WO + 4% DDCS = 4% DDCS ; 4% WO + 8% DDCS = 8% DDCS et 0% WO + 12% DDCS = 12 % DDCS) dans une conception complètement aléatoire. Chaque traitement comportait 2 répétitions de 18 oiseaux chacun. L'apport alimentaire en matière sèche (FI g / jour), le gain de poids quotidien (g / jour) et le gain de poids total (kg) diminuent avec l'augmentation des niveaux de DDCS, tandis que le taux de conversion alimentaire (FCR) augmente avec l'augmentation des niveaux de DDCS, respectivement. Cependant, il n'y avait aucune différence significative (P> 0.05) dans l'évaluation de la carcasse mesurée. Il a été conclu que le DDCS pouvait remplacer les abats de blé dans l'alimentation des poulets de chair jusqu'à 8% sans différence significative de croissance et de consommation alimentaire sans effets néfastes sur la qualité de la carcasse des oiseaux.

Effects of tannin-containing diets on performance, gut disease control and health in broiler chicks

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1847
Author(s):  
Gessica Perin ◽  
Matheus D. Baldissera ◽  
Matheus Fernandes ◽  
Mauricio Barreta ◽  
Renata A. Casagrande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Positive Effects

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens, and the possibility of antibiotic residues in meat and meat products are seen as a threat to animal and human health. The search for alternatives to conventional drugs, including natural compounds, is an interesting approach to prevent the adverse effects of antibiotics. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the addition of tannin (as a quebracho extract) in the diet of broiler chickens could be used to replace in-feed antimicrobials and coccidiostatic drugs, to exert positive effects on animal health and performance. The use of tannin in the diet of broiler chicks as an additive (at 0.5% for 1–10-day-old birds; and 1.0% for 11–42-day-old broiler chickens) enhanced their bodyweight, weight gain and daily weight gain on Day 42 of life, compared with the untreated control group (P &lt; 0.05). However, these findings were not observed when tannin was added at 0.5%. Moreover, broiler chickens fed with an extract containing tannins showed higher erythrocyte counts, as well as haemoglobin and haematocrit concentrations than did those in the control group, whereas counts of total leukocytes and lymphocytes were lower (P &lt; 0.05). The use of a diet with tannins did not influence meat quality compared with a diet containing zinc bacitracin and salinomycin, which altered some parameters associated with meat colour. Moreover, the diet with tannins reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the number of oocysts of Eimeria sp. (36-day-old broilers) and the total faecal bacterial counts (42-day-old broilers) compared with the control group. Finally, intestinal histopathology showed that the addition of tannins minimised the degree of lesions (Degree 1) compared with the control group (Degree 3). On the basis of these results, we concluded that the use of quebracho extract containing tannins can be a suitable approach to improve the performance of broiler chickens, replacing in-feed antibiotics and coccidiostatic drugs. The use of tannins did not change meat quality; however, it caused positive effects on the immune system, and exerted potent bactericidal and coccidiostatic properties, reinforcing its use as a replacement for conventional drugs.

scholarly journals The Effects of Prolonged Chloramphnicol Administration on Heamatological Parameters and Histophatology of Liver, Kidney and Spleen in Broiler Chicken

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Musa Mabu Isa ◽  
Maisale Bukar ◽  
Yunusa Saheed ◽  
Bello Abubakar Anka
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Broad Spectrum Antibiotic ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Prolonged Effect ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Triple Dose

Chloramphenicol a broad spectrum antibiotic was tested on broiler birds to evaluate the effect of its prolonged administration on heamatological parameters, identification of histopathological changes on organs (Liver, Spleen and Kidneys) and to determine if prolonged effect has effects on weight gain and mortality rate. One hundred and twenty day old chicks from Kamadex Ibadan were used for the experiment. The birds were assign to two (2) treatments and control group each replicated in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD), birds in treatment one (T1) were administered normal dose of Chloramphenicol (250 mg/Kg), while treatment two (T2) were served with triple dose in medicated water served ad-lib for seven weeks, while the control (T3) were served with un-medicated water ad-lib. Samples (blood, liver, kidney and spleen) were collected and analyzed after 8 weeks of the experiment. Birds showed significant variations in heamatological values across treatments. Lymphocysts count: treatment two (T2) was higher than the treatment one (T1) whereas that of (T3) was found to be less, compared to those of T1 and T2. Heterophils: T3 was higher than the T1 while that of T2 was less as compared to T3 and T1. Basophil: T1 was higher than T3 while that of T2 was less. A lower value was observed in weight gain with birds on T2 as compared to T1 and T3. The liver of birds on T1 and T2 were significantly larger than those on T3. High mortality was recorded in birds on T2 compared to those in T3 and T2. The histopathological pictures of the liver, kidney and the Spleen depict a varying degree of necrosis and hemorrhagic foci on all the organs, the changes were much severe on T2 as compared to those of T1 and T3.

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