scholarly journals Does Delayed Retirement Crowd Out Workforce Welfare? Evidence in China

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110544
Author(s):  
Zhen Hu ◽  
James Yang
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Optimization ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Optimization Framework ◽  
Retirement Plan ◽  
Crowd Out ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Does delayed retirement crowd out the welfare of the workforce? To answer this question, a dynamic optimization framework is established to simulate the impact of delayed retirement on the welfare of the working population over time. Simulations are conducted based on practical and feasible parameters. Delayed retirement was found to improve the welfare of the working population rather than crowding it out. Furthermore, the results are robust against changes in parameters and modes of supporting elderly individuals. In terms of policymaking, it is suggested that such facts be shared with the public and that a delayed retirement plan be introduced as soon as possible to manage the pension and retirement wave caused by post-1960s baby boomers. However, to ensure that the delayed retirement plan does not lead to a reduction in the welfare of the working population, increases in fertility costs and the pension replacement rate should be appropriately controlled.

An End to Incrementalism? The Impact of Expenditure Restraint on Social Services Budgets 1979–1986

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Social Service ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Total Budget ◽  
Service Departments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe theory of incrementalism is a long-standing and influential perspective on policy making and resource allocation in the public sector. Previous research on social services budgeting suggests that resources are allocated incrementally, although there has been some debate as to whether this would persist in an era of prolonged expenditure restraint. Incremental budgetary outcomes are operationalised as percentage changes in budgets pro-rata with percentage changes in the total budget, and as stable shares of total expenditure for each activity. Data for 99 English social service departments supports incrementalism in that budget shares change by only 1.8 per cent, but percentage allocations depart from pro-rata incrementalism by a mean of 74 per cent. The comparison of the two summary indices over time supports those who have argued that prolonged restraint would encourage non-incremental budgeting, but change in the agency's total budget does not consistently predict budgetary outcomes. The effect of restraint on incrementalism varies with the measure used and across the component activities of the measures, but there is enough evidence to suggest a significant decline in the level of incrementalism in social service departments. In particular, non-incremental budgeting is strongly associated with the growth of day centre expenditure on the mentally ill and the elderly before 1982–3, and after that with the pursuit of the ‘community care’ strategy within state provided services for the elderly and children. Incrementalism as a general theory of agency budgeting is limited in its ability to explain variations in the degree of incrementalism between agencies, between component budgets and over time. The conclusion suggests that further research should seek explanations for these variations in the varying balance of the competing forces which shape outcomes in welfare bureaucracies and in the relationship between these forces and the organisation's environment.

scholarly journals Near-Optimal A-B Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 4477-4495
Author(s):  
Nikhil Bhat ◽  
Vivek F. Farias ◽  
Ciamac C. Moallemi ◽  
Deeksha Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Dynamic Optimization ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Stopping Times ◽  
Elliptical Distribution ◽  
Statistical Efficiency ◽  
Optimization Framework ◽  
Online Setting ◽  
Operational Constraints ◽  
The Impact

We consider the problem of A-B testing when the impact of the treatment is marred by a large number of covariates. Randomization can be highly inefficient in such settings, and thus we consider the problem of optimally allocating test subjects to either treatment with a view to maximizing the precision of our estimate of the treatment effect. Our main contribution is a tractable algorithm for this problem in the online setting, where subjects arrive, and must be assigned, sequentially, with covariates drawn from an elliptical distribution with finite second moment. We further characterize the gain in precision afforded by optimized allocations relative to randomized allocations, and show that this gain grows large as the number of covariates grows. Our dynamic optimization framework admits several generalizations that incorporate important operational constraints such as the consideration of selection bias, budgets on allocations, and endogenous stopping times. In a set of numerical experiments, we demonstrate that our method simultaneously offers better statistical efficiency and less selection bias than state-of-the-art competing biased coin designs. This paper was accepted by Noah Gans, stochastic models and simulation.

scholarly journals PERILAKU SOSIAL WANITA RAWAN SOSIAL TERKAIT DENGAN NORMA, ETIKA DAN ESTETIKA LINGKUNGAN DI PRUMPUNG

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 54-67
Author(s):  
FITRIA PITRI FITRIA
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Environmental Aesthetics ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Economic Needs ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This study aims to describe the views of the public towards Social Vulnerable Women (SVW) related to norms, ethics, and environmental aesthetics, orientation and patterns of education dissemination in the SVW family, as well as the impact of implementing education on reproductive prostitution for SVW children. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach. The subjects used in this study were four SVW families consisting of children who went to school and did not attend school as well as mothers who worked as SVW, residents living in the Prumpung area. The results of this study show that as migrants who worked as SVW in Prumpung, they were maintaining their behavior with local residents. Although the work they do is contrary to norms, ethics, and environmental aesthetics. As SVW all their lives, they want to get out of that dark life. Second, people's views on SVW's social behavior in Prumpung are related to the norms, ethics and environmental aesthetics of Prumpung. The community around the beginning did not like the presence of the SVW, but over time the people or natives finally accepted their existence. This is evidenced by the establishment of rented houses, restaurants and taxibike services to service SVW. Third, the factors that support SVW's social behavior related to norms, ethics and environmental aesthetics include increasing economic needs and the lack of education they have.

Americans’ View of the Impact of COVID-19: Perspectives on Racial Impacts and Equity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Carman ◽  
Anita Chandra ◽  
Carolyn Miller ◽  
Christopher Nelson ◽  
Jhacova Williams
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
The Public ◽  
Equity And Access ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
The Face ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Context: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a disparate effect on African Americans and Latino groups. But it is unknown how aware the public is of these differences, and how the pandemic has changed perceptions of equity and access to health care. Methods: We use panel data from nationally representative surveys fielded to the same respondents in 2018 and 2020 to assess views and changes in views over time. Findings: We found that awareness of inequity is highest among Non-Hispanic Black respondents and higher income and higher educated groups, and that there have been only small changes in perceptions of inequity over time. However, there have been significant changes in views of the government’s obligation ensure access to health care. Conclusions: Even in the face of a deadly pandemic, one that has killed disproportionately more African Americans and Latinos, many in the U.S. continue not to recognize that there are inequities in access to health care and the impact of COVID-19 on certain groups. But policies to address inequity may be shifting. We will continue to follow these respondents to see whether changes in attitudes endure over time or dissipate.

scholarly journals Public Health Insurance and Maternal Health Care Utilization in India: Evidence from a 2005-2012 Mothers’ Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Gebremedhin ◽  
Itismita Mohanty ◽  
Theo Niyonsenga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Public Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Public Insurance ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background: Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a conditional cash transfer program in India, incentivized women to deliver at institutions and resulted in a significant increase in institutional births. Another major health policy reform, which could have influenced maternal and child health care (MCH) utilisation, was the public health insurance scheme called Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) launched in 2008. However, there is lack of evidence on how RSBY impacted MCH utilisation in India. This study investigated the impact of health insurance (in particular, the public insurance scheme versus private insurance) on a continuum of MCH utilisation. We also investigated whether maternal empowerment was a significant correlate that affects MCH utilisation. Methods: The study used a multilevel mixed effect ordered logistic regression modelling, using a cohort of mothers whose delivery was captured in both the 2005 and 2011/12 rounds of the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS). We derived indexes for women’s empowerment using Principal component analysis (PCA) technique applied to various indicators of women’s autonomy and socio-economic status. Results: Our results indicated, mothers’ MCH utilization levels vary by district, community and mother over time. The effect of the public insurance scheme (RSBY) on MCH utilisation was not as strong as privately available insurance. However, health insurance was only significant in models that did not control for household and mother level predictors. Our findings indicated that maternal empowerment indicators – in particular, maternal ability to go out of the house and complete chores and economic empowerment - were associated with higher utilization of MCH services. Among control variables, maternal age, education and household wealth were significant correlates that increase MCH service utilization over time. Conclusions: Change in women’s and societal attitude towards maternal care may have played a significant role in increasing MCH utilisation over the study period. There might be a need to increase the coverage of the public insurance scheme given the finding that it was less effective in increasing MCH utilisation. Importantly, policies that aim to improve health services for women need to take maternal autonomy and empowerment into consideration.

Hard to Believe It All Started on a Napkin!

2015 ◽  
pp. 98-116
Author(s):  
Lynn Ahlgrim-Delzell ◽  
Tracie-Lynn Zakas ◽  
Diane Browder ◽  
Jane Rhyne
Keyword(s):  
Public School ◽  
School System ◽  
University Partnerships ◽  
The Public ◽  
Severe Intellectual Disability ◽  
Rich Description ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

In an effort to investigate and identify effective instructional practices for students with moderate-to-severe intellectual disability, university researchers partnered with a local, public school system. This new knowledge generated by this partnership has impacted thousands of teachers and students locally, nationally, and internationally. This chapter provides a historical description of the partnership from both the public school and university perspectives over the past 13 years. Specifically, this chapter describes why the partnership was formed, what it took to get it started, how it was organized and reorganized over time, the actions needed to sustain it, and the impact upon the individuals who participated in the partnership. The authors present both the benefits and challenges of the partnership in hopes that such a rich description will encourage and inform others to replicate this partnership. The chapter ends with suggestions for future directions for the partnership and research on school-university partnerships.

When One Size Does Not Fit All: Modernizing the Supplemental Security Income Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 686 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-249
Author(s):  
Mary C. Daly ◽  
Mark Duggan
Keyword(s):  
Life Experiences ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supplemental Security Income ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Heterogenous Population ◽  
Medical Examiners ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The federal Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program is an important part of the safety net in the United States, paying means-tested benefits to children with disabilities, nonelderly adults with disabilities, and elderly individuals. In this article, we describe the eligibility criteria for the program, how these have changed over time, and the impact of these changes on SSI enrollment. We also show that over time, SSI has grown to serve a heterogenous population, with an array of life experiences and needs. In this context, we discuss potential reforms intended to modernize the program and increase its ability to achieve its goals. These include a proposal to raise the generosity of benefits for elderly SSI recipients, increase the incentive to work among nonelderly adult SSI recipients, and harmonize disability decision-making across medical examiners and administrative law judges.

Economic Development and the Growth of Public Expenditures in Scandinavia, 1875–1965

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-42
Author(s):  
David Klingman ◽  
B. Guy Peters
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines the sources of the growth of the public sector in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark from 1875 to 1965. The analysis focuses on variations over time and across the three Scandinavian countries in the elasticity of public expenditures to growth in GNP, and in the patterns of relationship between the rate of growth of expenditures as a proportion of GNP and the rate of change in various socioeconomic, political and institutional indicators, using correlation and regression analysis of annual change-rate data. The results cast doubt on the applicability to the Scandinavian context of Herber's adaptation of Wagner's Law of the growth of the public sector in industrial society. The results also cast further doubt upon the applicability to public policy formation of the Bull–Galenson hypothesis concerning differences among the Scandinavian countries in the impact of the timing and rate of their industrialization on the radicalness of their labor movements. The variations of public policy over time and space might be better explained by anti-depression and war-time spending and by certain aspects of organizational ‘learning’, such as the tendency for policy-making behaviour to adjust only slowly to changing conditions and the post-Keynesian effort to fine-tune the economy.

Abstract 472: Organizations Unite in “Call-Push-Shock” Movement to Impact Public Understanding That Drives Action

Circulation ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 140 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary M Newman ◽  
Martha E Lopez-Anderson ◽  
Jennifer F Chap ◽  
Carissa B Caramanis ◽  
Maureen Legg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Social Media Analytics ◽  
Media Campaign ◽  
Loved One ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bystander Cpr ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: The incidence of OHCA in the U.S. is high (>350,000); the survival rate is low, about 1 in 10. Less than half of victims receive bystander CPR (39%) or treatment with an AED (6%) before EMS arrival. Consumer research indicates the public’s motivation to learn CPR/AED skills and help in emergencies increases with understanding of CA and the impact of bystander action. Two tested messages resonate most with the public: CPR/AED use can double or triple the chance of survival, and CA can happen to a loved one. Hypothesis: An inclusive national movement of organizations using unified, co-branded and tested messaging in a coordinated, multi-channel social media campaign could improve targeted reach and, over time, public understanding of CA and the importance of bystander action. Creating a gold standard for educational content on CA could improve message retention and motivation to act over time. Methods: We created a movement through consistent messaging in a user-friendly toolkit. We built a landing page (CallPushShock.org) and co-sponsored a social media campaign on CA and the importance of bystander action. We launched the campaign during CPR-AED Awareness Week (June 2018). We invited other organizations to join for SCA Awareness Month (Oct 2018), providing co-branded social media assets (Facebook/Twitter posts, videos, infographic) and posting schedules to all partners. Social media analytics were used to measure the reach of the campaign. Results: The campaign launched in June, attracting 20 partners by October. Combined co-sponsor results for June were: News release: 548,464 headline impressions (PR Web); hashtag (#callpushshock) impressions: 243,345 (Keyhole); FB reach: 86,134; Twitter impressions: 25,107; YouTube views: 351; e-news opens: 4,226 (MailChimp, Constant Contact); landing page: 1,291 users (Google). [ Oct 2018 and June 2019 results in development, reflecting extended partner reach.] Conclusion: A social media campaign, leveraging consumer-tested messaging used by multiple organizations in a unified, consistent movement can be effective in improving targeted reach and educational outcomes. A sustained effort is needed to determine campaign impact in improving public understanding of CA and bystander action over time.

scholarly journals Theoretical Problems of Public Interest Sector Industrial Relations

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 566-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Philips
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Public ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This paper develops a simple industry bargaing model with explicit consideration of the determinants of the bargaining range and the narrowing of that range over time as a function of perceived bargaining power and costs of settlement. The model is then applied to the public-interest sector under altered assumptions of costs of settlement and the introduction of political influences in the determination of bargaining paths. The impact of third party intervention is considered in both the industry and public-interest sector cases.

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