Corporate Social Responsibility Measures: A Brief Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 227853372199220
Author(s):  
Akanksha Shukla ◽  
Geetika ◽  
Nimesh Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Financial Measures ◽  
Time Period ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Studies are being conducted to measure the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on different dimensions of performance of the firm. Therefore, it becomes imperative to measure CSR activities undertaken by the firms. The measures used to assess CSR range from quantitative to perceptual; hence, the study proposes to present an analytical profile of various methods used to measure CSR. The article reviews studies that span over the time period from the 1980s to 2016 to determine the relationship between CSR and performance of the firm. Various measures of CSR used in studies are broadly categorized as rating-based measures, financial measures, perceptual measures, and disclosure-based measures. The study revealed that perceptual and rating-based measures are the most commonly used measures. Also, it has been found that the operationalization of CSR using these two measures has been used in the studies that are conducted mainly in developed countries. However, disclosure of CSR and expenditure made on social responsibility can be more comprehensive measures as they are more objective in nature and are not influenced by the biases. Also, expenditure on CSR can be a useful measure while conducting a cost-benefit analysis of CSR activities performed by the organizations.

scholarly journals Do Employees Matter in the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Mee Yoo ◽  
Woojae Choi ◽  
Mi Lim Chon
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Internal Stakeholders ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the mechanism behind the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on firms’ financial performance while focusing on internal stakeholders. Although many studies have examined the effects of CSR few has empirically investigated the underlying process of the mechanism. In addition, previous research has rarely regarded employees as a link between CSR and firms’ outcomes, despite employees implementing CSR policies. This study explored the pathway of the CSR-employees-firm’s performance. Employee commitment was used to explain the relationship between CSR and performance, since it is an important employee-associated micro-level outcome of CSR. The results showed that CSR indirectly influenced a firm’s accounting profitability through enhanced employee commitment, as well as directly affected firm’s profitability. CSR increases employee commitment, which in turn leads to improvements in a firm’s accounting returns. The paper suggests that employees should be considered as an important agent for the effects of CSR initiatives.

scholarly journals Social Media for Corporate Reporting and Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 8636-8642
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
Corporate Reporting ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Social media are web-based communication tools that enable people to interact with each other by both sharing and consuming information. They refer to a group of Internet-based application which is used to create and exchange user-generated content. A recent definition of social media suggests that it is a channel that allows users to opportunistically interact and selectively self-present, either in real-time or asynchronously, with both broad and narrow audiences. Corporate reporting refers to the process of communicating both financial and non-financial information about the resources and performance of a company. Corporate reporting includes the integrated reporting, financial reporting, corporate governance, executive remuneration, corporate social responsibility and narrative reporting. This study is carried out to examine the adoption of social media among Malaysian companies by industry type; and the impact of social media adoption on company’s performance. This study used Top 100 companies in Malaysia as the sample selected based on their market capitalization. These companies are considered to be leading companies that drive the Malaysian economy. It is expected that companies may use multiple forms of social media since users utilize different types of social media platform for different purposes. Therefore, this study considered various types of social media that are commonly used by companies. By using content analysis, the uses of social media were classified into 11 categories including investor relations, corporate social responsibility and financial reporting. The companies are categorized into four quartiles in order to determine whether there are differences in social media adoption by company size or growth opportunity. Statistical model is developed in examining the impact of social media adoption on company’s performance. The data of this study were collected within a period of 3 months and the social media platforms selected were Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram, blogs, Google+ and LinkedIn since these platforms were regarded as common among users. The analyzed results suggest that companies from trading or services industry used social media more frequently as compared to the other industries. It is also reported that the highest group of companies that use social media platform comes from those companies that are having the total sales between RM589 million and RM1,245 million. However, there is no notable difference in the adoption of social media in terms of growth opportunities measured by market to book value among Malaysian companies. It is also discovered that the use of social media has positive and significant association with companies’ performance after controlling for size of the company and its leverage. The findings of this study contribute to the body of knowledge in relation to a new dimension of corporate reporting as well as to the management of the companies

scholarly journals Short-selling deregulation and corporate social responsibility of tourism industry in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 03032
Author(s):  
Wenzhen Mai ◽  
Dr Nik Intan Norhan Binti Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Short Selling ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
External Governance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to examine the impact of short selling constraints on corporate social responsibility (CSR) of listed tourism companies in China. Based on the external governance theory, it is hypothesized that short selling deregulation provides a monitoring function on CSR performance of tourism companies, which are highly exposed to social and environmental problems. A multiple linear regression is conducted with a panel data of Chinese 21 listed tourism firms between 2010 and 2018. The descriptive statistics show that average CSR score of Chinese tourism companies is 25.52/100, which represents low CSR performance of tourism industry. The regression results illustrate that short selling constraints relaxation can improve CSR performance of tourism companies. The findings of this study indicate that financial policymakers shall consider further relaxation of short selling constraints, which can be beneficial to industry, such as tourism, that are sensitive to CSR practices and performance.

scholarly journals Financial Performance Gaps and Corporate Social Responsibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinming Deng ◽  
Xianyi Long
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Behavioral Theory ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Based on the behavioral theory of firm and prospect theory, we investigate how corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities will respond to underperformance in past and in future. Using samples of Chinese listed firms from 2011 to 2016, this paper found that CSR increases with the distance by which financial performance in the last year falls below goals and decreases with the distance by which expected financial performance will fall below targets. In addition, the future underperformance will weaken the effect of the past underperformance on CSR. Besides, the value of financial performance in the last year will weaken the impact of underperformance in the last year on CSR and strengthen the impact of underperformance in the next year on CSR. The findings suggest that future studies should take both value of financial performance and performance gaps into consideration to have a better understanding of organizational decisions and behaviors.

scholarly journals The Impact of perceived Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Job Attitude and Performance of Internal Stakeholders

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Iqbal ◽  
Naveed Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Sheeraz ◽  
Noman Ahmad Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Corporate Image ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Job Attitude ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown rapidly during last decade. Trend is showing that there is a significant increase of society’s overall concern about sustainable development with the aid of corporate social responsibility. The concept of sustainable development is gaining importance not only in scientific literature but also in board of governors room (BOG) of firms.   Past researches have  investigated the impact of CSR on employees but have been mostly focused on the analysis of the ‘external’ impact of CSR, considering the likely influence of CSR on prospective (rather than actual) employees, via mechanisms such as corporate image or corporate reputation (Blackhaus Stone and Heiner, 2002; Turban & Greening, 1997). The results of this study show that CSR has a significant effect on employees work attitudes and behaviors. CSR may possibly improve employees' attitudes and behaviors, contribute to corporations' achievement, and achieve a win-win state of affairs. Therefore, corporations should attach importance to CSR practice so as to benefit employees.   Keywords: Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility, Employees, Job Attitude, Job Performance 

scholarly journals The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Profitability: A Study of Bank, Finance and Insurance Companies in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Piriya Muraleetharan ◽  
T. Velnamby ◽  
B. Nimalathasan
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Underdeveloped Country ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Corporate Social

The corporate social responsibility is essential depute in all organization. So all organizations think about how to achieved that their organization goals in this way one of the aspects as CSR. In this studies the effect of CSR on Profitability. This study tested by relation and impact supported on correlation and regression analysis. The data used were draw from 20 Bank finance and insurance companies in Sri Lanka. Panel data analysed by Bank finance and insurance companies CSR reports were analysed for the period of 2012 - 2016. The effect show that Corporate social responsibility reporting of the bank finance and insurance companies accrued during that time period. The results of the study also explained that there is a significant impact on profitability of the companies. This study was conducted in a underdeveloped country with various environment, economic and social aspects as  compared to developed countries.

scholarly journals Corporate social responsibility and firm risk: Egypt’s case

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Dina Hassouna ◽  
Rania Salem
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Firm Risk ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Beta Coefficient ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
The Impact

Studies amongst developed countries have extensively investigated the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance. However, due to lack of research in the Middle East, especially in Egypt, the association between CSR and firm risk remains much less understood (Nguyen & Nguyen, 2015). Therefore, this paper is one of the very few studies that investigate the impact of CSR on firm risk amongst developing countries. A sample of 31 Egyptian listed companies was examined over four years, from 2011 to 2015. We test the impact of CSR on firm risk using fixed and random effects estimation models. We use operating leverage, financial leverage and the beta coefficient of the sample companies’ stocks as a proxy for the companies’ risk. Identified control variables are firm size, market-to-book value, return on equity, return on assets, and firm age. Other variables are used to control for corporate governance, board characteristics and audit committee characteristics. The results show that CSR affects operating risk, yet it does not have a significant impact on financial or market risks in Egypt, which in turn emphasizes that CSR in developing countries differs in characteristics from that in developed countries (Vo & Arato, 2020).

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