Gendered Language

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca S. Bigler ◽  
Campbell Leaper
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Gendered Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior

The language used to describe concepts influences individuals’ cognition, affect, and behavior. A striking example comes from research on gendered language, or words that denote individuals’ gender (e.g., she, woman, daughter). Gendered language contributes to gender biases by making gender salient, treating gender as a binary category, and causing stereotypic views of gender. In our review, we first summarize some of the major ways that language marks individuals’ gender, focusing on the English language but noting patterns in other languages as well. Second, we describe research on the relation between gendered language, on one hand, and gender-related cognition, affect, and behavior (e.g., gender salience, categorization, stereotyping, and prejudice), on the other hand. Third, we review past and contemporary efforts at changing gendered language, including calls for the use of gender-neutral nouns (e.g., “Good evening, folks” instead of “Good evening, ladies and gentlemen”) and pronouns (e.g., ze instead of he or she). Finally, we highlight the role of values in shaping views of language policies that may mitigate the pervasiveness and consequences of gendered language.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH HEADLINES AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO RUSSIAN

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Елена Николаевна Мозжегорова ◽  
Елена Николаевна Засецкова
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Настоящая статья посвящена исследованию проблемы перевода англоязычного заголовка на русский язык с целью выявления его особенностей и привлекаемых переводческих приемов. Авторами подчеркивается актуальность проведенного исследования ввиду растущей потребности быстрого и качественного перевода публицистических текстов и собственно заголовков как ключевого элемента публикации. В работе приводятся определения понятия «заголовок»; выделяются его функции; подчеркивается противоречивый характер заголовка: он может выступать как самостоятельная речевая единица и как равноправный элемент произведения; раскрываются особенности англоязычного заголовка, а также особенности газетно-информационного стиля современного английского языка. Авторы подробно рассматривают переводческие трансформации, привлекаемые для перевода англоязычных заголовков на русский язык, на примере заголовков периодических изданий Великобритании и США. На основе сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа текстов оригинала и перевода авторам удалось выявить лексические, грамматические и стилистические особенности, используемые в англоязычных газетных изданиях. В статье отмечается ключевая роль заголовка в произведении, а также факт особой ответственности в части перевода данного элемента произведения, поскольку именно корректно составленный и переведенный заголовок обеспечивает привлекательность и конкурентоспособность публикации в целом. The article is devoted to the problem of translation of English headlines into Russian to identify headline peculiarities and employed translation shifts. The authors stress the relevance of the conducted study due to the growing need for quick and high quality translation of social-political texts and headlines playing a key role in them. The paper provides a number of definitions for the term «headline»; points out the functions of the headline; stresses the controversial character of the headline: on the one hand, it is an independent speech unit, and on the other hand, it can be treated as an equal element of a text; identifies the peculiarities of English headlines as well as the peculiarities of the newspaper style of the modern English language. The authors look into the translation transformations employed when translating English headlines into Russian as exemplified by the British and American periodicals. Basing on the comparative analysis of the source texts and translations, the authors managed to identify some lexical, grammar, and stylistic peculiarities employed in the English newspapers. The article also notes the key role of the headline and the significance of its translation since it is a correctly composed and then translated headline which provides the attractiveness and competitiveness of a published work.

scholarly journals Dominant and Gender-Specific Tendencies in the Use of Discourse Markers: Insights from EFL Learners

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahboobeh Tavakoli ◽  
Amin Karimnia
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

This study followed two objectives: it primarily investigated the types of discourse markers (DMs) used in thespoken language of Iranian advanced EFL learners, and then explored the possible impact of gender on theparticipants’ use of DMs. To this end, 40 male and female EFL learners selected from an English language instituteparticipated in this study. The data were gathered through class observations. The researchers used Fraser’staxonomy of DMs and Fung’s category of interpersonal DMs as the theoretical framework of the study. To analyzethe data descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results of the frequency test revealed that “and” was themost commonly used elaborative DM, whereas “but” was the most frequent contrastive DM. “Because” and “by theway” were respectively the only reason and topic-related DMs used by the participants, while “sure” was the mostfrequent interpersonal DM. In addition, results of the chi-square test revealed that learners significantly employedinterpersonal DMs more than the other sub-classes of DMs. Concerning the role of gender in the use of DMs, resultsdemonstrated that females significantly used more DMs compared with the males.

scholarly journals The Conquest and Resistance, a Woman and a Man: Feminist and Imagological Reading of W. S. Maugham’s “The Unconquered”

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Short Story ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Negative Phenomena

In the paper, the national and women’s contexts closely interrelated in W. S. Maugham’s “The Unconquered” short story (1943) are being examined. While analysing the ground of the conquest and resistance, it is concluded that war conquering and sexual violence are aimed to establish the men’s power over certain part of the world. In some ways, capturing a woman and occupying the land are considered equal things under the patriarchal rules. With this in mind, any male conqueror tries to reach both of them not only for the sake of victory, but also for approval his status of a worthy member of a men-ruling society (a nation). Next, the role of stereotypes as an engine of all negative phenomena of national and gender non-understanding, in particular, war and various kinds of inequality, is stressed. Tracing the complex relationship between, on the one hand, Frenchmen and Germans, and women and men, on the other hand, it should be token that the final infanticide is multivalued whereas it means the woman’s liberation and revenge for the men’s world, as well as is an apogee of national resistance.

scholarly journals The Slaughter of Kachru’s Five Sacred Cows in Brazil: Affordances of the Use of English as an International Language

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyria Finardi
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Language ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
International Language ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Social Divide

<em>This paper reflects about a change in paradigm regarding the role of English in Brazil relating it to Kachru’s notion of the slaughter of the five sacred cows of English. So as to foreground this reflection the study reviews the role of English materialized in language policies in Brazil suggesting that there is a gap between people’s views of and language policies regarding the role of English in that country. The analysis of language policies in Brazil also suggests that English is seen as a foreign language on the one hand, in public schools, and as an international language on the other hand, in private language institutes. Based on the analysis of language policies in Brazil the study suggests that these two divergent views of English create a social divide between those who can afford to learn English and those who cannot. The study concludes that one possible way to slaughter Kachru’s five sacred cows of English in Brazil so as to enable the change of paradigm regarding the role of English in that country is to adopt a view of English as an international language.</em>

Qui a peur de traduire Virginia Woolf?

Babel ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Shields
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
English Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Literary System ◽  
The Waves

Abstract A quarrel broke out in 1993 in the French literary press concerning the respective merits of two French translations of The Waves (1931). The first translation was by Yourcenar (1937) and the second by Wajsbrot (1993). Two contrasting conceptions of translating are apparent in the critics' positions, and also in the theory and practice (whether explicit or implicit) of the two translators. For Yourcenar, Woolf's text is part of an English literary system which is to be introduced to the French system. As a translator and author her role is to introduce Woolf to a French public. Wajsbrot, on the other hand, considers Woolf as an outstanding artist representative of the genius of the English language. The corollary is that the translator should make himself or herself invisible. These two positions can be related to two conceptions of the translator, the formalist and the romantic, respectively. From 1937 to 1993, the metaphors used indicate the decline of a formalist conception of translation in favour of an idea of the role of the translator which dates from romanticism. Which conception produces the better translation? Résumé En 1993 une querelle a agité la presse littéraire française concernant la valeur des deux traductions de The Waves (1931), celle de Yourcenar (1937) et celle de Wajsbrot (1993). Deux conceptions opposées de la traduction se manifestent dans les arguments dont se servent les critiques ainsi que dans la pratique et la théorie (que cette théorie soit explicite ou implicite) des deux traducteurs. Pour Yourcenar le texte de Woolf fait partie d'un système littéraire anglais qu'il faut introduire dans le système littéraire français. Comme traductrice et auteur, son rôle est donc d'introduire Woolf à un public français. Wajsbrot considère Woolf comme artiste extraordinaire qui représente le génie de la langue anglaise et devant qui la traductrice doit s'effacer. Ces deux conceptions de la traduction peuvent être rapprochées d'une part, d'une position formaliste, d'autre part d'une position romantique. De 1937 à 1993, les métaphores employées par les deux traductrices, et par les critiques, marquent le recul d'une conception formaliste de la traduction en faveur d'une conception du rôle du traducteur qui date du romantisme. Quelle conception produit la meilleure traduction?

BLOCKADE OF THE SURGE OF PROLACTIN AT PRO-OESTRUS BY ADMINISTRATION OF ANTI-OESTROGENIC SUBSTANCE, MER-25

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yokoyama ◽  
Hiroshi Tomogane ◽  
Katuaki Ôta
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACT A non-steroidal oestrogen antagonist, MER-25, was administered to cycling rats for elucidating the role of oestrogen in the surge of prolactin observed on the afternoon of pro-oestrus (POe). In animals injected with 20 mg of MER-25 intramuscularly on the afternoon (16.30 h) of the first day of dioestrus (D-1), the surge of prolactin was blocked while the level of prolactin on the afternoon of POe of these animals was significantly higher than that of the corresponding controls injected with oil. Ovulation was also blocked in these animals treated with the drug on the afternoon of D-l. On the other hand, treatment on the morning (10.30 h) of the 2nd day of dioestrus failed to prevent not only the surge of prolactin but also ovulation. These observations provide strong evidence for the view that oestrogen is responsible for the surge of prolactin on the afternoon of POe, and that the surge is accompanied by that of LH.

Covid-19 – rumours and facts in media

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 171-174
Author(s):  
Tarare Toshida ◽  
Chaple Jagruti
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

The covid-19 resulted in broad range of spread throughout the world in which India has also became a prey of it and in this situation the means of media is extensively inϑluencing the mentality of the people. Media always played a role of loop between society and sources of information. In this epidemic also media is playing a vital role in shaping the reaction in ϑirst place for both good and ill by providing important facts regarding symptoms of Corona virus, preventive measures against the virus and also how to deal with any suspect of disease to overcome covid-19. On the other hand, there are endless people who spread endless rumours overs social media and are adversely affecting life of people but we always count on media because they provide us with valuable answers to our questions, facts and everything in need. Media always remains on top of the line when it comes to stop the out spread of rumours which are surely dangerous kind of information for society. So on our side we should react fairly and maturely to handle the situation to keep it in the favour of humanity and help government not only to ϑight this pandemic but also the info emic.

Women-Friendly Policies being adopted by Organizations: An Innovative aspect

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlesha Singh ◽  
Mrinalini Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Workplace Barriers ◽  
Women In The Workforce ◽  
And Gender

Organizations are these days realizing the importance of women in the workforce and to tap that talent, organizations are now-a-days putting extra efforts. Workplaces were designed keeping men in mind and which has been intercepting women from continuing the competitive jobs and career along with the family responsibilities. On the other hand, there are various workplace barriers which are adding to the other problems. Women face several barriers at the workplace like sexual harassment, glass ceiling and gender stereotype.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Colm Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Social Constructionism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sexual Identities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sexuality And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sexual Part ◽  
The One ◽  
And Behavior

The introduction first sets out some preliminary definitions of sex, sexuality, and gender. It then turns from the sexual part of Sexual Identities to the identity part. A great deal of confusion results from failing to distinguish between identity in the sense of a category with which one identifies (categorial identity) and identity in the sense of a set of patterns that characterize one’s cognition, emotion, and behavior (practical identity). The second section gives a brief summary of this difference. The third and fourth sections sketch the relation of the book to social constructionism and queer theory, on the one hand, and evolutionary-cognitive approaches to sex, sexuality, and gender, on the other. The fifth section outlines the value of literature in not only illustrating, but advancing a research program in sex, sexuality, and gender identity. Finally, the introduction provides an overview of the chapters in this volume.

The Policy of the EEC on Concentrative Joint Ventures

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67
Author(s):  
D.S. Nava
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Joint Ventures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Philip Morris ◽  
Competition Rules

The EEC Treaty contains no specific provisions for the control of concentrations. Only the competition rules. Articles 85 and 86 EEC, could be considered as possible legal instruments for regulating concentrations. The Commission has had to examine whether and to what extent these provisions could be used to this end.The Commission's view has been that Article 85 does not apply to operations resulting in structural change, as is the case of concentrations and concentrative joint ventures. Cooperative operations, such as cooperative joint ventures, on the other hand fall to be assessed under Article 85. The Philip Morris case has made this position uncertain. According to the extensive interpretation of this judgement Article 85 is now applicable to certain concentrations and thus to concentrative joint ventures.There is no such uncertainty regarding the role of Article 86 in controlling concentrative joint ventures, for the Court has established in the Continental Can case that concentrations can be caught by Article 86.With the adoption in 1989 of the Regulation on concentration control the Commission finally has a legal instrument specifically designed to regulate concentrations. However, only concentrations and concentrative joint ventures which comply with certain turnover thresholds (the so-called concentrations or concentrative joint ventures with a Community dimension) can be assessed by the Commission under the Regulation. This means that the provisions of the Regulation can not be applied to concentrative joint ventures beneath the threshold.Because of the difficulty in distinguishing concentrative operations from cooperative ones, the Commission published the Notice regarding the concentrative and cooperative operations under the Regulation on the control of concentrations.

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