scholarly journals The Value of Comparative Animal Research: Krogh’s Principle Facilitates Scientific Discoveries

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Stevenson ◽  
Beau A. Alward ◽  
Francis J. P. Ebling ◽  
Russell D. Fernald ◽  
Aubrey Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Prairie Voles ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Seasonally Breeding ◽  
Molecular Sequencing

Biomedical research is dominated by relatively few nonhuman animals to investigate healthy and disease conditions. Research has overrelied on these models due to their well-described genomes, the capability to control specific genes, and the high rate of reproduction. However, recent advances in large-scale molecular sequencing experiments have revealed, in some cases, the limited similarities in experimental outcomes observed in common rodents (i.e., mice) compared with humans. The value of more varied comparative animal models includes examples such as long-term body weight regulation in seasonally breeding hamsters as a means to help understand the obesity epidemic, vocal learning in songbirds to illuminate language acquisition and maintenance, and reproduction in cichlid fish to discover novel genes conserved in humans. Studying brain genes in prairie voles and cichlids advanced knowledge about social behavior. Taken together, experiments on diverse animal species highlight nontraditional systems for advancing our understanding of human health and well-being.

scholarly journals Medical and health surveillance in postaccident recovery: experience after Fukushima

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 229-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tanigawa
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Fukushima Accident ◽  
Difficult Situation

The accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant occurred following the huge tsunami and earthquake of 11 March 2011. After the accident, there was considerable uncertainty and concern about the health effects of radiation. In this difficult situation, emergency responses, including large-scale evacuation, were implemented. The Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS) was initiated 3 months after the accident. The primary purposes of FHMS were to monitor the long-term health of residents, promote their well-being, and monitor any health effects related to long-term, low-dose radiation exposure. Despite the severity of the Fukushima accident and the huge impact of the natural disaster, radiation exposure of the public was very low. However, there were other serious health problems, including deaths during evacuation, increased mortality among displaced elderly people, mental health and lifestyle-related health problems, and social issues after the accident. The Nuclear Emergency Situations – Improvement of Medical and Health Surveillance (SHAMISEN) project, funded by the Open Project For European Radiation Research Area, aimed to develop recommendations for medical and health surveillance of populations affected by previous and future radiation accidents. This paper briefly introduces the points that have been learned from the Fukushima accident from the perspective of SHAMISEN recommendations.

Trends in Childhood Obesity Research: A Brief Analysis of NIH-Supported Efforts

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry T-K Huang ◽  
Mary N. Horlick
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Obesity Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Economic Well Being

Childhood obesity continues to rise in the United States, with now over 17% of children and adolescents considered overweight. Childhood obesity predisposes an entire generation to increased risk of chronic diseases and disabilities and is a severe threat to the economic well-being of the nation. At first thought, the solution to the obesity epidemic may seem simple: encourage people to eat less and exercise more. However, the reality is that behavioral change is difficult to achieve without also considering the interplay of genetics, biological processes, and social and environmental mechanisms. As such, investment in obesity research has been considered an important tool to combat obesity and obesity-related diseases. Childhood obesity research, in particular, has drawn considerable attention, given the lower cost of prevention relative to treatment and the high potential for long-term benefits at a population level.

Changes in Mortality Rates and Humanitarian Conditions in Darfur, Sudan 2003–2007

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 496-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Garfield ◽  
Jonny Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
The Us

AbstractThe Darfur region of Sudan has been an intense focus of humanitarian concern since rebellions began there early in 2003. In 2004, the US Secretary of State declared that conflict in Darfur represented genocide. Since 2003, many sample surveys and various mortality estimates for Darfur have been made. Nonetheless, confusion and controversy surrounding mortality levels and trends have continued. For this project, results were reviewed from the highest quality field surveys on mortality in Darfur conducted between 2003 and 2008. Trend analysis demonstrated a dramatic decline in mortality over time in Darfur. By 2005, mortality levels had fallen below emergency levels and have continued to decline. Deaths directly due violence have declined as a proportion of all of the deaths in Darfur. Declining mortality in Darfur was not associated with other proximate improvements in well-being, such as improved nutrition. Without large-scale, humanitarian intervention, continuing high rates of mortality due to violence likely would have occurred. If mortality had continued at the high rate documented in 2004, by January 2009, there would have been 330,000 additional deaths. With the humanitarian assistance provided through the United Nations and non-governmental organizations, these people are alive today. A focus on excess deaths among non-combatants may draw attention away from other needs, such as establishing better security, improving service delivery to the displaced, and advocating for internally displaced persons to be reached today and to re-establish their lives and livelihoods tomorrow.

scholarly journals Optimal well-being in the aftermath of anxiety disorders: A 10-year longitudinal investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Disabato ◽  
Todd Barrett Kashdan ◽  
James Doorley ◽  
Kerry Kelso ◽  
Kristina Volgenau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Longitudinal Investigation ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Primary Hypothesis

Background: Although preliminary research has explored the possibility of optimal well-being after depression, it is unclear how rates compare to anxiety. Using Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and Panic Disorder (PD) as exemplars of anxiety, we tested the rates of optimal well-being one decade after being diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Based on reward deficits in depression, we pre-registered our primary hypothesis that optimal well-being would be more prevalent after anxiety than depression as well as tested two exploratory hypotheses.Method: We used data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, which contains a nationally representative sample across two waves, 10 years apart. To reach optimal well-being, participants needed to have no symptoms of GAD, PD, or major depressive disorder (MDD) at the 10 year follow-up and exceed cut-offs across nine dimensions of well-being.Results: The results failed to support our primary hypothesis. Follow-up optimal well-being rates were highest for adults previously diagnosed with MDD (8.7%), then PD (6.1%), and finally GAD (0%). Exploratory analyses revealed optimal well-being was approximately twice as prevalent in people without anxiety or depression at baseline and provided partial support for baseline well-being predicting optimal well-being after anxiety. Results were largely replicated across different classifications of optimal well-being.Limitations: Findings are limited by the somewhat unique measurement of anxiety in the MIDUS sample as well as the relatively high rate of missing data.Conclusions: We discuss possible explanations for less prevalent optimal well-being after anxiety vs. depression and the long-term positivity deficits from GAD.

scholarly journals YOUTH EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Oxana Martirosyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Quality Education ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Youth Labor Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Mental Well Being

The economic crisis caused by the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to serious long-term consequences for young people around the world, primarily because States have suspended funding for education and a large number of youth projects, and many children and adolescents have not been able to implement their plans for quality education and decent work. The international labour organization conducted a large-scale study on “Youth and COVID-19: impact on jobs, education, rights and mental well-being”, covering 112 countries and 120 thousand respondents. The article presents some results of this study, reflecting the situation in the youth labor market.

Large-scale Co9S8@C hybrids with tunable carbon thickness for high-rate and long-term performances of an aqueous battery

Nanoscale ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3741-3747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuihua An ◽  
Mengying Wang ◽  
Weiqin Li ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Yijing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Rechargeable Battery ◽  
Aqueous Battery ◽  
Stable Structures

To realize high-rate and long-term performances of an aqueous rechargeable battery, the most effective approach is to build electrode materials with more reaction active sites and stable structures.

scholarly journals Protein nutrition of the neonate

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Reeds ◽  
Douglas G. Burrin ◽  
Teresa A. Davis ◽  
Marta L. Fiorotto ◽  
Barbara Stoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Well Being ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Anabolic Response ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Tissue Protein Synthesis ◽  
General Aspects

The period of growth and development between birth and weaning is crucial for the long-term well-being of the organism. Protein deposition is very rapid, is achieved with a high nutritional efficiency, and is accompanied by marked differences in the growth rates of individual tissues and a series of maturational processes. These important aspects of development occur while the neonate is consuming a single and highly-specific food source, milk. Surprisingly, although there is a clear relationship between the nutrient density of milk and the growth rate of its recipient, this relationship does not apply to the overall amino acid composition of mixed milk proteins. Some amino acids, notably glycine and arginine, are supplied in milk in quantities that are much less than the needs of the neonate. The milk-fed neonate is therefore capable of carrying out a tightly-regulated transfer of N from amino acids in excess to those that are deficient. The rapid growth of the neonate is supported by a high rate of tissue protein synthesis. This process appears to be activated by the consumption of the first meals of colostrum. Recent research has identified that skeletal muscle and the brain are specifically responsive to an unidentified factor in colostrum. Following the initial anabolic response the rate of protein synthesis in some tissues, notably muscle, falls from birth to weaning. This decrease reflects a progressively smaller anabolic response to nutrient intake, which not only involves an overall fall in the capacity for protein synthesis, but also in responses to insulin and amino acids. The study of growth and protein metabolism, and their regulation in the neonate is not only important for pediatrics, but may provide important pointers to more general aspects of regulation that could be applied to the nutrition of the mature animal.

scholarly journals The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Impact

This review provides an overview of the literature regarding digital technology use and adolescent well-being. Overall, findings imply that the general effects are on the negative end of the spectrum but very small. Effects differ depending on the type of use: whereas procrastination and passive use are related to more negative effects, social and active use are related to more positive effects. Digital technology use has stronger effects on short-term markers of hedonic well-being (eg, negative affect) than long-term measures of eudaimonic well-being (eg, life satisfaction). Although adolescents are more vulnerable, effects are comparable for both adolescents and adults. It appears that both low and excessive use are related to decreased well-being, whereas moderate use is related to increased well-being. The current research still has many limitations: High-quality studies with large-scale samples, objective measures of digital technology use, and experience sampling of well-being are missing.

scholarly journals Formation of the “Green Economy” in the Innovative Model of Sustainable Ukraine’s Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Natalia Zakharchenko ◽  
Dariusz Pawliszczy ◽  
Nataliia Orlova ◽  
Nataliya Navolska ◽  
Oksana Apostolyuk
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Harmful Emissions ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Short And Long Term

The purpose of the study- is to substantiate the problems and prospects of forming a "green" economy and a way to implement sustainable development at the national level. Regional and global levels in the long run. The active growth of "green" enterprises, the introduction of innovative technologies and the reduction of waste and harmful emissions in various sectors of Ukraine's economy, the transition to energy-saving technologies and biofuels and "greening" of agriculture promise to ensure the country's energy security. This allows for increased incomes and formal employment in these sectors of the economy in the short and long term, while providing more environmental, economic and social benefits, which in general leads to a higher level of well-being of the population and the country. At the same time, although the transition to a "green" economy will require large-scale investments, these investments can be mobilized through sound government policies and innovative financing mechanisms.

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