scholarly journals Psychology’s Replication Crisis as Scientific Opportunity: A Précis for Policymakers

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Lee Rodgers ◽  
Patrick E. Shrout
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Innovative Methodology ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
Multiple Replication

Psychological science is in the midst of what has been referred to as a “replication crisis.” The realization that many individual findings do not replicate in new studies has led to questioning the scientific method and the integrity of psychological science. We review the history of the replication crisis, and its positive and negative effects. Most of the elements of the replication crisis are re-emergent issues that methodologists have studied in the past, but to which researchers have become increasingly sensitized. Ultimately, we argue the value of the replication crisis, in that it has led to positive self-examination within our science and to the development of new and innovative methodology. The field is emerging from the replication crisis with a realization of the importance of multiple replication efforts, and an improved ethic of openness and transparency in the conduct of research.

How (and Whether) to Teach Undergraduates About the Replication Crisis in Psychological Science

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Chopik ◽  
Ryan H. Bremner ◽  
Andrew M. Defever ◽  
Victor N. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Pedagogical Tool ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Psychological Studies

Over the past 10 years, crises surrounding replication, fraud, and best practices in research methods have dominated discussions in the field of psychology. However, no research exists examining how to communicate these issues to undergraduates and what effect this has on their attitudes toward the field. We developed and validated a 1-hr lecture communicating issues surrounding the replication crisis and current recommendations to increase reproducibility. Pre- and post-lecture surveys suggest that the lecture serves as an excellent pedagogical tool. Following the lecture, students trusted psychological studies slightly less but saw greater similarities between psychology and natural science fields. We discuss challenges for instructors taking the initiative to communicate these issues to undergraduates in an evenhanded way.

scholarly journals SITUS “KOTO RAYO” DAN KEARIFAN TRADISIONAL DI TEPI SUNGAI TABIR JAMBI

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pahrudin
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Assertive Behavior ◽  
Entire Island

Dalam penelitian ini, penulis  membahas  ‘Koto Rayo’, sebuah pemukiman kuno di sisi Sungai Tabir, Jambi sebagai sebuah budaya dan kearifan lokal. Penelitian difokuskan pada nilai kearifan lokal yang dimiliki masyarakat dalam kaitan dengan situs ini. Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan memunculkan fakta-fakta sebagai berikut. Pulau Sumatera memiliki peradaban tinggi di masa lalu, khususnya melalui Kerajaan Sriwijaya yang mengontrol dan mendominasi seluruh pulau ini dan sebagian besar wilayah Asia Tenggara. Salah satu wilayah Kerajaan Sriwijaya di Pulau Sumatera adalah Jambi, yang dahulu memiliki banyak Kerajaan Melayu. ‘Koto Rayo’ yang terletak di sisi Sungai Tabir ‘mungkin’ salah satu peradaban yang berhubungan dengan sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Jambi dan atau Kerajaan Sriwijaya di masa lalu. Situs ini mempengaruhi beberapa perilaku kearifan lokal pada masyarakat sekitar dalam wujud perilaku yang tegas dalam melestarikan lingkungan dan menjaga warisan budaya. Kearifan lokal ini penting untuk meminimalisir efek negatif globalisasi.The objective of this study is to discuss ’Koto Rayo’, an ancient settlement on the side of Tabir river, Jambi as a culture and local wisdom. The study focused on the value of local knowledge in the communities in connection with this site. Data was collected through observation, interviews and document analysis. The results and discussion led to the following facts. The island of Sumatra has a high civilization in the past, particularly through the kingdom of Srivijaya that controls and dominates the entire island and most of the Southeast Asia region. One of the kingdom of Srivijaya in Sumatra is Jambi, which once had many Malay kingdom. ’Rayo Koto’ located on the side of Tabir river is ’probably’ one of civilization associated with the history of the Malay kingdom of Srivijaya kingdom of Jambi in the past. This site affects some local knowledge on the behavior of the surrounding community in the form of assertive behavior in preserving the environment and maintain the cultural heritage. This local knowledge is essential to minimize the negative effects of globalization.

scholarly journals Berbagai Pembacaan al-Qur’an Kontemporer

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Andy Hadiyanto
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The different interpretations of the holy texts of the Qur'an further broaden the horizon of Muslim understanding of the content of God's messages on the one hand. But on the other hand, the greater the interpretation if not accompanied by an attitude of openness will lead to idiologization (talwiin) to certain understandings arising from that interpretation. Such an idiologisation will elicit a blind and faithless fanatic attitude in religion. Violence in the name of religion and the various conflicts among fellow Muslims recorded in the history of Islam from the past until now is concrete evidence of the negative effects of an interpretation. Therefore this paper is present to provide a comprehensive picture of the recitation of the Qur'an.  Keywords: Al-Qur'an, Contemporary Tafsir, Interpretation  Abstrak Perbedaan penafsiran terhadap teks suci al-Qur’an semakin memperluas horizon pemahaman umat Islam tentang kandungan pesan-pesan Tuhan di satu sisi. Namun di sisi lain, semakin banyaknya penafsiran tersebut apabila tidak dibarengi dengan sikap keterbukaan akan menimbulkan idiologisasi (talwiin) terhadap pemahaman-pemahaman tertentu yang muncul akibat penafsiran itu. Idiologisasi tersebut akan memunculkan sikap fanatik buta dan ketertutupan dalam beragama. Kekerasan atas nama agama dan berbagai konflik antar sesama pemeluk Islam yang tercatat dalam sejarah Islam dari dulu hingga sekarang adalah bukti kongkrit efek negatif sebuah penafsiran. Oleh karena itu tulisan ini hadir untuk memeberikan gambaran yang komprehensif terhadap pembacaan al-Qur’an.  Kata Kunci: Al-Qur’an, Tafsir Kontemporer, Penafsiran

scholarly journals Psychology’s Replication Crisis and the Grant Culture: Righting the Ship

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott O. Lilienfeld
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
External Funding ◽  
Research Practices ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Questionable Research Practices ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Replication Crisis

The past several years have been a time for soul searching in psychology, as we have gradually come to grips with the reality that some of our cherished findings are less robust than we had assumed. Nevertheless, the replication crisis highlights the operation of psychological science at its best, as it reflects our growing humility. At the same time, institutional variables, especially the growing emphasis on external funding as an expectation or de facto requirement for faculty tenure and promotion, pose largely unappreciated hazards for psychological science, including (a) incentives for engaging in questionable research practices, (b) a single-minded focus on programmatic research, (c) intellectual hyperspecialization, (d) disincentives for conducting direct replications, (e) stifling of creativity and intellectual risk taking, (f) researchers promising more than they can deliver, and (g) diminished time for thinking deeply. Preregistration should assist with (a), but will do little about (b) through (g). Psychology is beginning to right the ship, but it will need to confront the increasingly deleterious impact of the grant culture on scientific inquiry.

scholarly journals The Peer and Non-peer: the potential of risk management for HIV prevention in contexts of prostitution

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 7-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Silva Leite ◽  
Laura Murray ◽  
Flavio Lenz
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Female Sex Workers ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTSex workers have been the protagonists and focus of HIV prevention campaigns and research since the late 1980s in Brazil. Through a review of national and international literature, combined with a history of sex workers' involvement in the construction of the Brazilian response, this article explores the overlaps and disconnects between research and practice in contexts of prostitution over the past three decades. We review the scientific literature on the epidemiology of HIV among sex workers and prevention methodologies. We conclude that although research focus and designs often reinforce the idea that sex workers' vulnerability is due to their sexual relationships with clients, their greatest vulnerability has been found to be with their nonpaying intimate partners. Few studies explore their work contexts and structural factors that influence safe sex practices with both types of partners. The negative effects of criminalization, stigma, and exclusively biomedical and peer education-based approaches are well documented in the scientific literature and experiences of sex worker activists, as is the importance of prevention programs that combine empowerment and human rightsbased approach to reduce HIV infection rates. We conclude that there is a need for actions, policies, and research that encompass the environment and context of sex workers' lives and reincorporate the human rights and citizenship frame that dominated the Brazilian response until the end of the 2000s. As part of HIV prevention efforts, female sex workers need to be considered above all as women, equal to all others.

scholarly journals Psychological Science at the United Nations: Historical Trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Takooshian
Keyword(s):  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
History Of Psychology ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
The Past ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The United Nations

Since the United Nations was formed by 51 nations on June 26, 1945, psychology organizations were slow to register with the UN as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the past 75 years. This essay briefly describes the four-stage history of psychology NGOs at the United Nations, which have grown far more active and coordinated since 2004.

scholarly journals The language of journalism - The language of agenda setting effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Maxwell McCombs
Keyword(s):  
Agenda Setting ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intermedia Agenda Setting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Need For Orientation ◽  
Key Aspects

The evolution of agenda setting over the past 50 years is an in-depth, large-scale case study of the scientific method. This oscillating history of theoretical explication and extensive empirical investigation has identified major aspects of the language of journalism that have significant impact on the formation of public opinion. The theory of agenda setting now includes three levels of agenda setting effects, intermedia agenda setting and the concept of compelling arguments that identify key aspects of the language of journalism. Other theoretical concepts, need for orientation, and most recently civic osmosis and agendamelding explicate the process of agenda setting. All of these are intellectual tools for dealing with the contemporary problem of fake news.

scholarly journals BIOGRAPHICAL METHOD IN HISTORICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL RESEARCH: ESSENCE, PRINCIPLE, SPE

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
O. ILCHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Psychology History ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pedagogical Research ◽  
Scientific Phenomena

The article examines the role and importance of the biographical method as a key tool for studying the creative biography of a person in the history of pedagogy. It is recognised that, as a scientific method of perceiving identity, the biographical method has been gaining more and more popularity, by extending the investigative potential to the whole system of humanitarian knowledge – philosophy, history, sociology, psychology, history of pedagogy and other sciences.The article summarises the features of the biographical method in historical and pedagogical research, analyses the scientific principles of knowledge that ensure the effective implementation of the investigative potential of the biographical method (the principle of historicism, systematism, scientific objectivity, absence of dogmatism, reliance on historical sources).The author noted that despite the growing number of historical and pedagogical biographies, their quality and progressiveness for science is still important, which is possible under the conditions of: a) priority of studying the genesis and transformation of scientific phenomena, adequately searching for the sources of contemporary problems in the past; b) methodologically sound application of the biographical method with the totality of its ideas and principles, rules and techniques; c) clear maintenance of the organic integrity of the three projections – “retrospective assessment of the past, an objective appraisal of the present, and a clear and informed foresight of the future”; d) revealing the true essence of the historical and pedagogical process with all its strengths and weaknesses, with an analysis of individual accomplishments and failures; e) the researcher having a high scientific qualification, pedagogical outlook, broad observation and ethics, experience in critical analysis of the literature, knowledge of the historical and pedagogical process, etc.

Maori and Pakeha in New Zealand Historiography: Preoccupations and Progressions

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-341
Author(s):  
Barry M. Gough
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Rudyard Kipling ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
External Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Periodical Publishing ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
National Experience

Rudyard Kipling thought New Zealand “last, loneliest, least.” No so its historiography. New Zealand can claim an inspired corps of scholars who are probing various aspects of the past. Austin Mitchell, scholar and parliamentarian, whimsically wrote, “New Zealand is one of the few countries having more books than history.” Amusing as this perception is, the fact remains that historians of the New Zealand experience have been pouring out an incredible stream of work—in theses, articles, and books; and this flow is not likely to be dammed in the future, as more adventuresome scholars investigate aspects of class, race, ethnicity, community, health, and related matters. A glance at the available bibliographies provides proof of the swelling stream of writing. The New Zealand Journal of History, which began publication in 1967, ranks as the principal, but by no means only, periodical publishing New Zealand history. The maturity of this journal as a vehicle for New Zealand-related scholarship is a testament to how national history has come into its professional phase, and added sophisticated perspectives and techniques to previous studies which in times past, as in other nation-states, sometimes bordered on the antiquarian.The recent, 1981, publication of the Oxford History of New Zealand, edited by W.H. Oliver with B.R. Williams and comprising contributions from sixteen scholars, has been widely praised as a new look at the national experience, though reviewers note an internal preoccupation and an inadequate attention to external relations. Neither Japan nor Pearl Harbor is mentioned. The preoccupations and progressions are with New Zealand's society, its anxieties, conflicts, and apprehensions. Gone is the day of lauding the British connection; independence and nationhood mean self-examination even at the possible expense of introspection.

On The Possibility of an Autonomous History of Modern Southeast Asia

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. W. Small
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Contemporary History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

It is generally accepted that history is an element of culture and the historian a member of society, thus, in Croce's aphorism, that the only true history is contemporary history. It follows from this that when there occur great changes in the contemporary scene, there must also be great changes in historiography, that the vision not merely of the present but also of the past must change.

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