scholarly journals Does compact development promote a seismic-resistant city? Application of seismic-damage statistical models to Taichung, Taiwan

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-101
Author(s):  
Chih-Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Compact Form ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
City Center ◽  
Downtown Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Compact Development ◽  
Seismic Resistant ◽  
The City ◽  
Seismic Impacts

This study examines whether compact development promotes a seismic-resistant city. A statistical model is used to simulate seismic damages under four spatial structure scenarios for Taichung, Taiwan. The existing floor areas of various land uses are allowed to be reallocated for reshaping the spatial structure of the city. This provides an opportunity to find an urban structure that would best resist seismic impacts similar to what have occurred during the past 100 years. The results suggest a polycentric compact form for seismic mitigation. This form, derived from the vision of Taichung, would have less seismic damages by shifting floor areas from the city center to three proposed subcenters, far away from most seismic impacts. One weakness is the seismic impacts from the north. The results also reveal that a monocentric compact form would incur more damages because the downtown area is essentially seismic-vulnerable. This paper advocates the application of a stricter building code in the downtown area. The local government should also not render additional building bulk as an incentive for urban renewal.

scholarly journals Influence Of Advertisments On Changes In The Urban Structure Of Cites On The Example Of Poznan

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Bonenberg
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
City Center ◽  
Advertising Message ◽  
The City ◽  
Potential Customers

Abstract The article presents the results of studies on the influence of outdoor advertisements on the activation of selected areas in the spatial structure of the city of Poznań. The contents of advertisements were analyzed in terms of the places which advertisements placed on signs, billboards and advertising displays located in public spaces direct us to. The results of studies indicated that the majority of advertisements located in the city center of Poznań promote suburban locations, encouraging its inhabitants to make use of trade and services outside of the strict city center. At the same time, it was indicated that outside advertisements due to the content of the advertising message are a factor degrading the city center, directing potential customers away into the suburbs. In practice, it was noted that the phenomenon significantly decreases the effectiveness of actions directed towards revitalizing the city center and the urban activation of this region.

scholarly journals Mental Health and the City in the Post-COVID-19 Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7533
Author(s):  
Jakub Bil ◽  
Bartłomiej Buława ◽  
Jakub Świerzawski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Mental Health Treatment ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The City

The article describes the risks for the mental health and wellbeing of urban-dwellers in relation to changes in the spatial structure of a city that could be caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A year of lockdown has changed the way of life in the city and negated its principal function as a place of various meetings and social interactions. The danger of long-term isolation and being cut-off from an urban lifestyle is not only a challenge facing individuals, but it also creates threats on various collective levels. Hindered interpersonal relations, stress, and the fear of another person lower the quality of life and may contribute to the development of mental diseases. Out of fear against coronavirus, part of the society has sought safety by moving out of the densely populated city centres. The dangerous results of these phenomena are shown by research based on the newest literature regarding the influence of COVID-19 and the lockdown on mental health, urban planning, and the long-term spatial effects of the pandemic such as the urban sprawl. The breakdown of the spatial structure, the loosening of the urban tissue, and urban sprawl are going to increase anthropopressure, inhibit access to mental health treatment, and will even further contribute to the isolation of part of the society. In addition, research has shown that urban structure loosening as a kind of distancing is not an effective method in the fight against the SARS-COV pandemic. Creating dense and effective cities through the appropriate management of development during and after the pandemic may be a key element that will facilitate the prevention of mental health deterioration and wellbeing. It is also the only possibility to achieve the selected Sustainable Development Goals, which as of today are under threat.

COMBINING FUNCTIONAL AND COMPOSITIONAL ASPECTS OF THE ANALYSIS OF URBAN STRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF LOCAL CENTRES IN VILNIUS / FUNKCINIŲ IR KOMPOZICINIŲ URBANISTINĖS STRUKTŪROS ANALIZĖS ASPEKTŲ SUJUNGIMAS: VILNIAUS MIESTO LOKALIŲ CENTRŲ TYRIMAS

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-159
Author(s):  
Justinas Bučys
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
The North ◽  
Critical Measure ◽  
Functional Patterns ◽  
Visual Potential ◽  
Compositional Structures ◽  
Linear Elements

A possibility from every location in an urban grid to easily access a range of shops and local services that meet the everyday needs, as well as workplaces, educational institutions and places for recreation is one of the biggest advantages of living in a city. This paper considers that combining tasks of encouraging the growth of local centres and developing street network in a way to promote walking and to provide conditions for using different modes of transport is one of the most appropriate ways to achieve urban sustainability. The problem addressed in this paper is the “separate” (i.e. “non-combined”) approach to functional and compositional aspects of the analysis of urban structure. The main proposal presented in this paper is to combine the two methods for analysing spatial and functional patterns. The first method deals with spatial configuration and how it is used by people, the second is aimed at investigating the role of urban composition at a macro and a micro scale in ensuring coherence of the elements of urban structure. The aim of the paper is to introduce the method for analysing the spatial structure of local centres in Vilnius and present the results which were obtained using the proposed model for investigating the interdependence of functional and compositional structures of the city. The scope of the study is to reveal some inconsistencies in the spatial patterns of three local centres in the north-western part of Vilnius where the distribution of the pre-determined functions and urban composition are in non-corresponding relation. Using the spatial accessibility model of Vilnius city, the study focuses on spatial structure at the level of urban blocks, which constitute local centres. The linear elements of the model are overlaid on a ground plan where convex spaces are highlighted considering their artistic and visual potential. Choice (betweenness, a measure of centrality) as a critical measure for analysing local centres is used to identify movement related structural patterns. Santrauka Galimybė iš bet kurios miesto vietos patogiai pasiekti kasdienius gyventojų poreikius tenkinančias prekybos ir paslaugų įmones, darbo ir mokymo įstaigas bei laisvalaikio leidimo vietas yra neabejotinas gyvenimo mieste privalumas. Lokalių centrų stiprinimo ir gatvių tinklo plėtros, sudarant sąlygas susisiekti pėsčiomis bei naudotis įvairių rūšių transportu, uždavinių derinimas sprendžiant veiksmingos, efektyvios urbanistinės struktūros formavimo klausimus yra viena iš pagrindinių darnios plėtros užtikrinimo priemonių. Straipsnyje keliama funkcinių ir kompozicinių urbanistinės struktūros analizės aspektų sujungimo problema. Siekiant išplėsti urbanistinės struktūros analizės galimybes, šiame straipsnyje siūloma kartu taikyti space syntax – viešųjų erdvių tyrimo – metodiką ir urbanistinės kompozicijos vaidmens lokaliu ir globaliu lygmeniu, užtikrinant urbanistinės struktūros elementų funkcinį ir erdvinį sąryšį, nustatymo būdą. Straipsnio tikslas yra pristatyti remiantis sudarytu miesto funkcinės ir kompozicinės struktūrų sąveikos tyrimo modeliu atliktą Vilniaus miesto lokalių centrų urbanistinės struktūros tyrimą, atskleisti taikytą metodiką ir gautus rezultatus. Tyrimo metu siekta nustatyti struktūrų prieštaringumus, kurie pasireiškia suplanuotų funkcijų išsidėstymo ir urbanistinės kompozicijos neatitikimu. Nagrinėti trys lokalūs centrai, esantys Vilniaus miesto šiaurės vakarų dalyje. Naudojant Vilniaus miesto viešųjų erdvių pasiekiamumo modelį, plane išryškinti lokalius centrus sudarantys kvartalai ir jų urbanistinės erdvės struktūra – linijiniai modelio elementai ir juos dengiančios vizualiai atskiros urbanistinės erdvės dalys, kurių meninio ir vizualinio potencialo įvertinimai išreikšti sutartiniais žymenimis. Apskaičiuotos prognozuojamą žmonių srautų pasiskirstymą gatvių tinkle atspindinčios pasirinkimo arba matematinio pereinamumo vertės.

SPATIAL STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ULAN-UDE CITY WESTERN AND SOUTHERN SUBURBS

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
А. Badmaev ◽  
◽  
В. Sharaldaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
City Center ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City

The article analyzes the processes of suburbanization and transformation of the spatial structure of the city of Ulan-Ude. Modern trends in the growth of Western and historical factors of development, due to socio-economic and historical factors of development. In the 1990s-2000s, because of the decline in agriculture and, as a result, the lack of jobs, the rural population began to migrate massively to the Buryat Republic’s capital. However, the prices for houses and apartments in the city center were unbearable for many migrants, so the purchase of land plots and the construction of houses were affordable for many. The estrangement of agricultural lands and their inclusion in residential areas allowed the city of Ulan-Ude and suburban areas to somewhat expand the territory of settlements and create a huge number of GNPP (gardeners non-profit partnership) and DNPP (dacha non-profit partnership). The city and suburban areas were not ready for such a flow and were not able to provide the newly arrived migrants with social, road transport and communal infrastructure. As a result, the city was surrounded by a suburbia almost devoid of any infrastructure. There are some elements of false urbanization or squatter area, which is a type of urbanization in which the urban population rapid growth is not accompanied by a commensurate increase in urban functions. In recent years, the growth rate of suburban settlements has decreased, mainly due to mortgages, which have become more affordable for the population and the growth of multi-storey construction. In addition, the village is slowly depleting the human resources that feed the city and the suburbs. In other words, those who wanted to move to the city have already moved

scholarly journals Toward converting some individual parks into smart parks in Kerbela city

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Hamid Athab Al-Jameel
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Transportation System ◽  
City Center ◽  
Best Management ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Smart Parking ◽  
The City ◽  
Parking Facilities ◽  
Holy City

The city of Kerbela is from the famous holy cities in Iraq and in the world where the holy shrine of Imam Hussein there. This city suffers from lack of suitable parking area for the vehicles coming to this city. This study selects a surrounding section which is approximately the same as other sections surrounding the city center. Knowing the problems in this section give a comprehensive picture for parking problems in the whole city. The study area has serious parking problems; therefore five off-street parks have been surveyed for two days during ordinary day and the other one in religious day (Thursday at day and night). Other types of data have been collected such as vehicular flow and pedestrian flow in order to select the best management for this area. The location of these five parks is on the north side of the city facing the main arterial street surrounding the holy city and in the opposing direction to the main garage called Al-Garage Al-Muhad from which different trips end and start. The analysis results of field data show that parking behavior differs in the ordinary day from the day of religious issues. It is a specific location has been assigned for one park with multi-stories in the same area as alternative of these separated parks. In addition, it was found that there is a need for managing pedestrian movement related to the parking vehicles in this area. This study also suggests using smart parking system as first step towards building intelligent transportation system to manage the parking facilities.

URBANISTINIS GENOTIPAS: KAI KURIE ASPEKTAI IR JŲ KAITOS TYRIMAI

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kęstutis Zaleckis ◽  
Irina Matijošaitienė
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Experimental Site ◽  
Downtown Area ◽  
Code Changes

A city is an open complex system. It should change in order to survive. Besides the need to change there is another one – to preserve stability of a valuable spatial structure. Two contradictory needs can create a problem, which is hard to solve. Concepts of urban genotype and phenotype help integrating both of the two above-mentioned needs. The same genotype can be expressed in different forms thus creating preconditions for evolution of an urban structure. On the basis of historical analogues, a conclusion was made that it is possible to describe an urban genotype in a utilitarian form in the article. The described research focuses on some aspects of urban genotype and investigation of code changes. As an experimental site for research, Kaunas downtown area was selected. This area is of crucial importance for preservation of Kaunas identity, which – at least at first glance – was protected from significant architectural and urban changes during the Soviet era… Results of the investigation reveal revolutionary changes of the genotype of the investigated area despite the fact that the street network and urban morphotype did not change much. It confirms the complex nature of the urban spatial structure and potential presence of the “butterfly effect”. Santrauka Miestas – atvira, kompleksiška sistema, kuri turi keistis tam, kad išliktų. Poreikis keistis ir išsaugoti miesto savitumui svarbias erdvines jo charakteristikas dažnai verčia rinktis vieną iš dviejų: kaitą ar stagnaciją. Urbanistinio genotipo ir fenotipo koncepcija leidžia išspręsti minėtą dilemą: keičiantis formai urbanistinis kodas ar genotipas gali išlikti nepakitęs ir taip užtikrinti evoliucinę urbanistinės struktūros kaitą. Straipsnyje, remiantis istoriniais analogais, teigiamai įvertinus urbanistinio kodo utilitaraus užrašymo galimybes, pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas kai kuriems kodo aspektams tirti ir jų kaitai įvertinti. Kaip tyrimų poligonas naudojamas istorinis Kauno centras – miesto savasčiai svarbi ir architektūriniu požiūriu radikaliai nepakeista miesto dalis. Tyrimų rezultatai atskleidžia įvykusius didelius teritorijos urbanistinio genotipo pokyčius ir kartu patvirtina vieną iš tyrimo pradžioje padarytų prielaidų: miestui kaip kompleksiškai sistemai gali būti būdingas „drugelio efektas“ – ir nedideli pakeitimai fenotipe gali sukelti gana dideles mutacijas genotipe.

scholarly journals Development of Medan Labuhan Train Station

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-196
Author(s):  
Indah Sekarini ◽  
Nelson M Siahaan
Keyword(s):  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Public Infrastructure ◽  
City Center ◽  
Train Station ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
The North ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
The City

Development of the city center of Medan Labuhan area requires public infrastructure to support community needs activities. One of the most needs is a train station. A train station is an important part in a contemporary urban area for living, entertaining and working. Trains assessed can cope with transportation problems that occur between regions. With the above considerations, it is necessary to make efforts that can improve the condition of Medan Labuhan Train Station. The approach of a design of Medan Labuhan Station Development is the theme of Neo Vernacular Architecture so that it can be aligned with the old station and surrounding buildings and support conservation activities in Chinatown Medan Labuhan. Improvement can be done by the development of Labuhan Station is a passenger station that can accommodate all the required activities and provide services as much as possible, so that service users feel well served and support various activities center and sub-center services Medan City in the North located in Medan Labuhan The method of study there are two approaches to this approach, the observation method, and the literature method. Observation method is done with several times to survey to the location of design. While the literature method is done by collecting data, both secondary data and primary data

scholarly journals Central Business District of St. Petersburg 1869–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Константин Аркадьевич Холодилин ◽  
Леонид Эдуардович Лимонов
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
City Center ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Business District ◽  
The City

The city center is at the core of urban and housing economics. Many models crucially depend on it. In a market economy, the location of urban amenities, especially eating establishments, closely correlates with that of the city center and, more generally, with the Central Business District (CBD). In a centrally planned economy, the spatial distribution of those amenities is determined by the central planner and can differ significantly from a market-based distribution. Using the case of St. Petersburg (Russia), we investigate changes in the spatial distribution of eating establishments resulting from the transition from a market economy to a centrally planned one and then again to a market economy. In addition, we explore the shifts of the city center between 1895 and 2017 using eating establishments as a proxy. The spatial distribution is analyzed using a 2-D kernel density estimation. We find evidence for a substantial reduction and dispersion of eating establishments during the Soviet period. We also establish that after the October 1917 Revolution the city center of St. Petersburg moved several kilometers to the north-east.

scholarly journals Car ownership and commuting mode of the “original” residents in a high-density city center: A case study in Shanghai

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-124
Author(s):  
Tao Chen ◽  
Haixiao Pan ◽  
Yanbo Ge
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Central Area ◽  
High Density ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
City Center ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

As a result of rapid urbanization and motorization in China, numerous mega-cities have emerged, and large numbers of people live and work in the city centers. Consequently, developing a public transport-oriented urban structure and promoting sustainable development are major planning strategies for the country. To understand the impact of rail transit on motorization in a high-density city center, we conduct a household travel survey in three neighborhoods around metro stations in the central area of Shanghai. We examine the car buying and commuting behavior of those Shanghai “original” residents who lived there when the city began growing, engulfing them in the center. Studies have shown that 40 percent of commuters in the city center commute outward, following a virtually reversed commute pattern, and the factors significantly affecting their car purchasing choice include their attitude toward cars and transit, household incomes, ownership of the apartments they live in, and the distance between family members’ workplaces and nearest metro stations. Despite easy access to the metro from their home in the city center, those who purchase their apartment units also likely own a car, while those who rent their apartment units are less likely to own a car; however, these odds are still higher than for those who live in an apartment unit inherited from their relatives or provided by their company. In the city center, if a family owns a car, then that car would almost certainly be used for daily commuting. A multinomial logistic model is applied to examine the factors influencing the tendency for using cars. The results show that people’s choices of commuting by alternative modes rather than cars are also shaped by their attitude toward public transportation, but other factors can also subtly change people’s commuting behavior under certain conditions. The commuting distance discourages people from walking and taking buses (but not metro). As the egress distance to the workplace increases, the metro becomes less appealing than cars. Mixed land use encourages people to walk or take buses instead of driving. Older people prefer riding buses and walking to driving, and female respondents tend to prefer walking, cycling, and riding the metro to driving compared to male respondents. These findings contribute to understanding the behavior of people who are familiar with public transportation and how to encourage them to switch from driving cars to alternative transport modes.

scholarly journals Identifying Urban Structure Based on Transit-Oriented Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7241
Author(s):  
Yingqun Zhang ◽  
Rui Song ◽  
Rob van Nes ◽  
Shiwei He ◽  
Weichuan Yin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
City Center ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Transportation Development ◽  
The City

The fast development of urbanization has led to imbalances in cities, causing congestion, pollution, and urban sprawl. In response to the growing concern over the distribution of demand and supply, a more coordinated urban structure is addressed in comprehensive planning processes. In this study, we attempt to identify urban structure using a Network–Activity–Human model under the Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) concept, since TOD is usually regarded as an urban spatial planning tool. In order to explore the strengths and weaknesses of the urban structure, we define the TOD index and unbalance degree and then classify the urban areas accordingly. We take the city of Beijing as a case study and identify nine urban types. The results show a hierarchical urban structure: the city center covers most of the hotspots which display higher imbalances, the surroundings of the city center are less developed, and the city edges show higher potentials in both exploitation and transportation development. Moreover, we discuss the extent to which the spatial scale influences the unbalance degree and apply a sensitivity analysis based on the goals of different stakeholders. This methodology could be utilized at any study scale and in any situation, and the results could offer suggestions for more accurate urban planning, strengthening the relationship between TOD and spatial organization.

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