Variations in the chemical composition of illite from five geothermal fields: a possible geothermometer

Clay Minerals ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
General Relation ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Correction Algorithm ◽  
Geothermal Fields

AbstractPrevious attempts to use illite as a geothermometer have failed: no general relation between the mineral's chemical composition and temperature of crystallization has been found. Here, chemical compositions of 27 illite samples from five different geothermal fields (the data on four of which were drawn from the literature) were compared with their crystallization temperatures. As previously reported by Cathelineau (1988), the K content was found to be the only variable yielding a suitable correlation, but only when applied to one geothermal field; when various geothermal systems were considered, the correlation weakened considerably. Introduction of a correction algorithm to the K content of the illite has made it possible to draw a single line to fit the data from all the studied samples, yielding a good correlation coefficient (r = 0.84).

scholarly journals Chemical and isotopic characterization of the thermal fluids emerging along the North–Northeastern Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Dotsika ◽  
P. Dalampakis ◽  
E. Spyridonos ◽  
G. Diamantopoulos ◽  
P. Karalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
High Enthalpy ◽  
Thermal Fluids ◽  
The North ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
West Part ◽  
Distinct Source ◽  
Isotopic Characterization

AbstractHydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of fluids from major geothermal fields of middle/low temperature in N/NE Greece are examined [basins: Strymon River (SR), Nestos River Delta (ND), Xanthi–Komotini (XK), Loutros–Feres–Soufli (LFS) and Rhodope Massif]. The geodynamic context is reflected to isotopic/chemical composition of fluids, heat flow values and elevated CO2 concentrations in emitted fluids. B and Li are derived from leaching of the geothermal systems hosting rocks. δ18OH2O, δ18OSO4, δ13CCO2 values and chemical compositions of Cl, B and Li of geothermal discharges suggest two distinct source fluids. Fluids in SR exhibit high B/Cl and Li/Cl ratios, suggesting these constituents are derived from associated magmas of intermediate composition (andesitic rocks). Geothermal discharges in LFS exhibit low B/Cl and Li/Cl ratios, implying acid (rhyolitic) magmatism. δ13CCO2 and CO2/(CO2 + 105He) ratios in the west part, suggest fluids affected by addition of volatiles released from subducted marine sediments. For the eastern systems, these ratios suggest gas encountered in systems issued from mixing of crustal and mantle-derived volatiles. Isotopic geothermometers reflect, for the same direction, equilibrium processes more (LFS, XK) or less (SR) pronounced and discriminate the geothermal field from low to middle [SR, ND (Erasmio)] and middle to high enthalpy [ND (Eratino), LFS, XK].

Expanding a Geothermal Field Downwards. The Challenge of Drilling a Deep Well in the Hengill Area, SW Iceland.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Gunnarsson ◽  
Vignir Demusson ◽  
Ingvi Gunnarsson ◽  
Bjarni Reyr Kristjánsson ◽  
Sigrún Tómasdóttir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Magma Body ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Well Design ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
Original Plan ◽  
Promising Target

<p><span>In 1986 a well, which was planned as a convetional production well in the Nesjavellir Field in the Hengill Area, SW Iceland, was unexpectedly drilled into a very hot formation at the depth of 2.1 km. The measured temperature in the lowest part of the well was 380°C, which was the upper range of the measuring tool used. Thus, the bottom-hole temperature was most probably higher. No one expected to hit such a hot body in this place and the well design was not appropriate to handle such high temperatures and resulting pressures. Thus, the lower parts of that well were closed off and it has since then been operated as a conventional geothermal well.</span></p><p><span>This incidence sparked the idea of drilling deeper into volcanic hydrothermal systems in Iceland in order to gain a better understanding of the roots of the geothermal systems and to be able to produce fluids with higher enthalpy. The Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) is supposed to realize that idea. The IDDP project is a consortium of domestic and international partners, both from industry and academia. The three power companies in Iceland, which operate power-production in volcanic geothermal fields (Landsvirkjun, HS-Orka, OR), committed themselves to drill one deep well each in a field of theirs. </span></p><p><span>To date two wells have been drilled in the IDDP project. The first one, IDDP-1, was drilled in the Krafla Field, N Iceland, which is operated by Landsvirkjun, and the second well, IDDP-2, was drilled in the Reykjanes Field, which is operated by HS-Orka. The original plan was to drill down to 4-5 km. However, the IDDP-1 in Krafla was drilled into magma of rhyolite composition at the depth of 2.1 km and could therefore not be drilled further. During flow tests, it was flowing superheated steam at high pressure at well head temperature of 450°C. The power capacity was estimated to be 36 MW<sub>e</sub>. However, due to hostile chemistry of the fluid and damaged casing, the well had to be abandoned and closed after the well tests. IDDP-2 was drilled down to 4,659 m. The highest temperature measured in the bottom of the well was 426°C at a pressure of 340 bar. It was also possible to obtain core samples from the bottom of the well. However, due to damaged casing it hasn't been possible to do further temperature and pressure measurements in the lower parts of IDDP-2. To date flow tests in IDDP-2 have not started.</span></p><p><span>The next well in the IDDP project is planned in the Hengill Area. The most promising target is the hot body that started it all in the Nesjavellir Field. According to experience from IDDP-1 and IDDP-2 the main techincal obstacle is the casing. Both wells have serious casing problems. The magma body unexpectedly hit by IDDP-1 illustrated that careful interdisciplinary preperations are needed when drilling into the unknown. Currently, few projects are ongoing to fill the knowledge gaps in order to minimize risk and maximize the probability of successful drilling. </span></p>

scholarly journals Anatomy of the magmatic plumbing system of Los Humeros Caldera (Mexico): implications for geothermal systems

Solid Earth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Lucci ◽  
Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez ◽  
Federico Rossetti ◽  
Thomas Theye ◽  
John Charles White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Mineral Chemistry ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
Plumbing Systems ◽  
Magmatic Plumbing System ◽  
Deep Depth

Abstract. Understanding the anatomy of magma plumbing systems of active volcanoes is essential not only for unraveling magma dynamics and eruptive behaviors but also to define the geometry, depth, and temperature of the heat sources for geothermal exploration. The Pleistocene–Holocene Los Humeros volcanic complex is part of the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (central Mexico), and it constitutes one of the most important exploited geothermal fields in Mexico with ca. 90 MW of produced electricity. With the aim to decipher the anatomy (geometry and structure) of the magmatic plumbing system feeding the geothermal field at Los Humeros, we carried out a field-based petrological and thermobarometric study of the exposed Holocene lavas. Textural analysis, whole-rock major-element data, and mineral chemistry are integrated with a suite of mineral-liquid thermobarometric models. Our results support a scenario characterized by a heterogeneous multilayered system, comprising a deep (depth of ca. 30 km) basaltic reservoir feeding progressively shallower and smaller discrete magma stagnation layers and batches, up to shallow-crust conditions (depth of ca. 3 km). The evolution of melts in the feeding system is mainly controlled by differentiation processes through fractional crystallization (plagioclase + clinopyroxene + olivine + spinel). We demonstrate the inadequacy of the existing conceptual models, where a single voluminous melt-controlled magma chamber (or “Standard Model”) at shallow depths was proposed for the magmatic plumbing system at Los Humeros. We instead propose a magmatic plumbing system made of multiple, more or less interconnected, magma transport and storage layers within the crust, feeding small (ephemeral) magma chambers at shallow-crustal conditions. This revised scenario provides a new configuration of the heat source feeding the geothermal reservoir at Los Humeros, and it should be taken into account to drive future exploration and exploitation strategies.

Clay mineral associations in the clay cap from the Cerro Pabellón blind geothermal system, Andean Cordillera, Northern Chile

Clay Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Maza ◽  
G. Collo ◽  
D. Morata ◽  
C. Lizana ◽  
E. Camus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
High Enthalpy ◽  
Andean Cordillera ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
Mineral Associations ◽  
Hydrothermal Alteration Zones ◽  
Clay Cap

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of smectite-illite and smectite-chlorite minerals series was studied along a thick clay cap (~300 m) drilled in the Cerro Pabellón geothermal field (northern Andes, Chile). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the alteration mineralogy and clay mineral assemblages and their changes with depth. Cerro Pabellón is a high-enthalpy blind geothermal system, with a reservoir zone from ~500 m to 2000 m depth, with temperatures of 200–250°C. Three main hydrothermal alteration zones were identified: (1) argillic; (2) sub-propylitic, and (3) propylitic, with variable amounts of smectite, illite-smectite, chlorite-smectite, mixed-layer chlorite-corrensite, illite and chlorite appearing in the groundmass and filling amygdales and veinlets. Chemical and XRD data of smectites, I-S and illites show, with some exceptions, a progressive illitization with depth. The evolution of I-S with depth, shows a sigmoidal variation in the percentage of illite layers, with the conversion of smectite to R1 I-S at ~180–185°C. These temperatures are greater than those reported for other similar geothermal fields and might indicate, at least in part, the efficiency of the clay cap in terms of restricting the circulation of hydrothermal fluids in low-permeability rocks. Our results highlight the importance of a better understanding of clay-mineral evolution in active geothermal systems, not only as a direct (or indirect) way to control temperature evolution, but also as a control on permeability/porosity efficiency of the clay cap.

High-throughput screening of the chemical composition distribution of random styrene-butyl acrylate copolymers

e-Polymers ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván García Romero ◽  
Harald Pasch
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Butyl Acrylate ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Composition Distribution ◽  
Chemical Composition Distribution ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

AbstractThe development of high-throughput liquid chromatographic techniques for the analysis of styrene-butyl acrylate (SBA) copolymers is discussed. The analysis time in size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) can be reduced to about 3 min per sample when high-throughput SEC columns and high flow rates are used. In gradient HPLC, small columns with improved separation efficiencies can be applied. The time requirements can be decreased to less than 2 min per sample. Using the high-throughput HPLC technique, the chemical composition distribution of high-conversion SBA copolymers can be analyzed in a fast and efficient way. The calibration of HPLC separation is conducted by coupling the HPLC system with FTIR through the LC-transform interface. A comparison of the chemical compositions of the copolymers obtained by 1H NMR, off-line FTIR and coupled HPLCFTIR verifies the accuracy of the high-throughput copolymer analysis approach.

Relationship between Chemical Composition and the Amount of Phosphorus Adsorbed

2011 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Eiji Watanabe ◽  
Kaori Nishizawa ◽  
Masaki Maeda
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Adsorption Behaviors ◽  
Relationship Of

Relationship of the adsorption behaviors of phosphorus with several natural materials and artificial HAS-clay with various chemical compositions was investigated. The amounts of phosphorus adsorbed by them were closely related with the contents of aluminum in the material. It was found that the higher the aluminum contents of material, larger the amount of phosphorus were adsorbed.

scholarly journals Soil and Leaf Nutrients Drivers on the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Siparuna muricata (Ruiz & Pav.) A. DC. from Ecuador

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2949
Author(s):  
Juan I. Burneo ◽  
Ángel Benítez ◽  
James Calva ◽  
Pablo Velastegui ◽  
Vladimir Morocho
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Leaf Nutrients ◽  
First Time

Chemical compositions of plants are affected by the initial nutrient contents in the soil and climatic conditions; thus, we analyzed for the first time the effects of soil and leaf nutrients on the compositions of the essential oils (EOs) of Siparuna muricata in four different localities in Ecuador. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Enantiomeric distribution by GC/MS was determined, modifying the enantiomeric separation of β-pinene, limonene, δ-elemene, β-bourbonene, cis-cadina-1 (6), 4-diene and atractylone. A total of 44 compounds were identified. The most representative for L1 were guaiol, atractylone and 4-diene; for L2, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene and myrcene; for L3, atractylone, myrcene and germacrene B; and finally, L4 germacrene B, myrcene and cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene. Correlations between soil- leaf chemical elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, N and Si in the different localities were significant with chemical composition of the essential oil of Siparuna muricata; however, correlations between soil and leaf K, P, and Na were not significant. Cluster and NMDS analysis showed high dissimilarity values of secondary metabolites between four localities related with changes in soil- leaf nutrients. Thus, the SIMPER routine revealed that not all secondary metabolites contribute equally to establishing the differences in the four localities, and the largest contributions are due to differences in guaiol, cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene, atractylone and germacrene. Our investigation showed for the first time the influences of altitude and soil- leaf chemical elements in the chemical composition of the EOs of S. muricata.

scholarly journals Fluid activity detection in geothermal areas using a single seismic station by monitoring horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyosuke Okamoto ◽  
Hiroshi Asanuma ◽  
Hiro Nimiya
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Seismic Station ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Spectral Ratios ◽  
Subsurface Structures ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
Single Station

AbstractSubsurface structure survey based on horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratios is widely conducted. The major merit of this survey is its convenience to obtain a stable result using a single station. Spatial variations of H/V spectral ratios are well-known phenomena, and it has been used to estimate the spatial fluctuation in subsurface structures. It is reasonable to anticipate temporal variations in H/V spectral ratios, especially in areas like geothermal fields, carbon capture and storage fields, etc., where rich fluid flows are expected, although there are few reports about the temporal changes. In Okuaizu Geothermal Field (OGF), Japan, dense seismic monitoring was deployed in 2015, and continuous monitoring has been consistent. We observed the H/V spectral ratios in OGF and found their repeated temporary drops. These drops seemed to be derived from local fluid activities according to a numerical calculation. Based on this finding, we examined a coherency between the H/V spectral ratios and fluid activities in OGF and found a significance. In conclusion, monitoring H/V spectral ratios can enable us to grasp fluid activities that sometimes could lead to a relatively large seismic event.

scholarly journals Relationship between the Optical Properties and Chemical Composition of Urban Aerosol Particles in Lithuania

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julija Pauraite ◽  
Kristina Plauškaitė ◽  
Vadimas Dudoitis ◽  
Vidmantas Ulevicius
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Spectra Analysis ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
In Situ Investigation

In situ investigation results of aerosol optical properties (absorption and scattering) and chemical composition at an urban background site in Lithuania (Vilnius) are presented. Investigation was performed in May-June 2017 using an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), a 7-wavelength Aethalometer and a 3-wavelength integrating Nephelometer. A positive matrix factorisation (PMF) was used for the organic aerosol mass spectra analysis to characterise the sources of ambient organic aerosol (OA). Five OA factors were identified: hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass-burning OA (BBOA), more and less oxygenated OA (LVOOA and SVOOA, respectively), and local hydrocarbon-like OA (LOA). The average absorption (at 470 nm) and scattering (at 450 nm) coefficients during the entire measurement campaign were 16.59 Mm−1 (standard deviation (SD) = 17.23 Mm−1) and 29.83 Mm−1 (SD = 20.45 Mm−1), respectively. Furthermore, the absorption and scattering Angström exponents (AAE and SAE, respectively) and single-scattering albedo (SSA) were calculated. The average AAE value at 470/660 nm was 0.97 (SD = 0.16) indicating traffic-related black carbon (BCtr) dominance. The average value of SAE (at 450/700 nm) was 1.93 (SD = 0.32) and could be determined by the submicron particle (PM1) dominance versus the supermicron ones (PM > 1 µm). The average value of SSA was 0.62 (SD = 0.13). Several aerosol types showed specific segregation in the SAE versus SSA plot, which underlines different optical properties due to various chemical compositions.

scholarly journals Methodology Applied for Thickness Selection and Stored Heat Evaluation in Non-producer Geothermal Wells in Order to Its Investment Rescue

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-111
Author(s):  
Alfonso Aragon- Aguilar ◽  
Georgina Izquierdo- Montalvo ◽  
Dominic A. Becerra- Serrato ◽  
Victor M. Monrroy- Mar
Keyword(s):  
Electric Energy ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Drainage Radius ◽  
Heterogeneous Behavior ◽  
Water Recharge ◽  
Geothermal Wells ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Heat Calculation ◽  
Heat Store

An assessment methodology of stored heat in rock formation surrounding to wellbore in geothermal systems is shown. Due to geothermal systems generally are nested in volcanic rock, it is characteristic its heterogeneous behavior. Proposed methodology starts since zone selection with possibilities of heat store. This methodology is focused to be applied in geothermal reservoirs with tendency to production decline, due to low permeability and unbalance between exploitation and water recharge. Because the high costs of drilling geothermal wells, methodology shown in this work is proposed to be applied in those with production decline or non-producers, in order to rescue its investment. The objective is to select the thickness with heat, evaluate its storage, design the appropriate instrumentation for its recovery, its energy conversion and rescue its investment done. The different designs for energy recovery using non-conventional methods to those, used habitually are reviewed. Each one of the variables for stored heat calculation was determined using technical tools of reservoir engineering. A parametric analysis about variables sensitivity (porosity and drainage radius) for determining thermal energy and corresponding electric energy of analyzed rock volume is done. Practical application of this methodology was carried out using data of one of wells of Los Humeros Mexican geothermal field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document