Tablet-Based Assessment of Fatigue, Depression, and Pain In Myeloma Patients: Cohort Study of Inflammatory Cytokines and QOL Measures In the Newly Diagnosed, Patients on Lenalidomide, and Survivors.

Abstract Abstract 3807 Intro: Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable clonal plasma cell cancer characterized by a microenvironment of inflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-6, VEGF, TNF-α, and marrow stromal cells that all support the growth of myeloma cells. Given the connection between depression with pro-inflammatory cytokines (Kiecolt-Glaser, et al. 2003) and a postulated connection with cancer relapse (Marx 2004), we hypothesized that these inflammatory cytokines not only promote disease progression, but also are associated with the patient's quality of life (Maes, et al. 1997) and that traditional definitions of high-risk disease will correlate with measures of depression and fatigue via circulating inflammatory cytokines. In fact, fatigue and depression might influence disease progression rather than being an obvious consequence. Methods: For this pilot cohort study, we developed web-based versions of the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), Brief Pain Inventory short form (BPI-SF), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – General (FACT-G), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-short form (CES-D) and administered the survey by tablet computer connected to our Wi-Fi in the myeloma clinic. This was a cohort study of five different patient groups – untreated patients, patients receiving lenalidomide-based therapy, patients 0–2 months post-treatment, patients 6–12 months after completion of treatment, and patients without treatment for more than 12 months. The first 10 patients were filled out feasibility questionnaires to provide data on patients' experience using a tablet computer. Plasma during the visit was cryopreserved and evaluated by RayBioTech's Quantibody Human Inflammation Array platform, a multiplexed sandwich ELISA-based technique of 40 different inflammatory cytokines. Results: We recruited 65 consecutive myeloma patients with complete quality of life data available in 42 patients. The majority of patients found the tablet-based method easy to use and understand, but more than a third did not find the experience enjoyable. On all scales, there was a non-significant worsening in fatigue, pain, and depression with decreased functional well-being in patients from diagnosis through initial treatment compared to patients >6 months from the most recent treatment. The FACT-G functional well-being yielded a mean summed score of 18.2+/−6 in this group compared to 21+/−6 in 652 lymphoma patients that were >2 years from diagnosis (Crespi CM et al, 2010). The brief fatigue inventory global fatigue score was 2.8+/−2.4. The brief pain inventory short-form mean severity score (the mean of the “worst,” “least,” “average,” and pain “now”) was 2.34. And the weighted sum from the CES-D was 7.19+/− 5.1, similar to breast cancer at least one year from diagnosis (van Wilgen et al, 2006). Quantitative data of the tested inflammatory cytokines will be presented. Conclusion: There have been few efforts to explore the neuropsychoimmunologic axis in myeloma patients. Information generated from this work will allow us to further explore the connection between quality of life measures, myeloma cytogenetics, and circulating inflammatory cytokines, and ultimately devise interventions to improve quality of life of myeloma patients. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Quality of life of patients with Sjogren’s disease with ongoing therapy with diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs

Medical alphabet ◽

10.33667/2078-5631-2020-15-33-38 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

E. Yu. Gan ◽

L. P. Evstigneeva

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Short Form ◽

Life Quality ◽

Well Being ◽

Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs ◽

Antirheumatic Drugs ◽

Sf 36 ◽

Disease Modifying ◽

Sjögren’S Disease

Purpose of the study. Assessing the association between the life quality of patients with Sjogren’s Disease and ongoing therapy with various disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.Material and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the regional rheumatology center of the consultative diagnostic clinic of the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1. This work is based on the results of a simultaneous study of 74 patients with primary Sjogren’s Disease (SD), distributed in three comparison groups receiving various disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs chlorambucil, methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine. The diagnosis of SD was carried out according to European-American criteria AECGC (2002) [18]. In order to analyze the quality of life of patients with SD, the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‑36) was used. Statistical data processing was carried out using Statistica 7.0 program.Results. Assessment of the quality of life of patients with SD, which is an integrative criterion of human health and well-being, revealed the absence of statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) on eight scales and two health components of the SF‑36 questionnaire in the analyzed groups that differ in the treatment of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs chlorambucil, methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine.Conclusions. The obtained data indicate an equivalent quality of life in SD patients treated with different disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs methotrexate, chlorambucil and hydroxychloroquine, and therefore hydroxychloroquine can be considered as an alternative basic therapy in patients with SD with certain limitations and contraindications methotrexate and chlorambucil.

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How different domains of quality of life are associated with latent dimensions of mental health measured by GHQ-12

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes ◽

10.1186/s12955-021-01892-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Nouri ◽

Awat Feizi ◽

Hamidreza Roohafza ◽

Masoumeh Sadeghi ◽

Nizal Sarrafzadegan

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Mental Health ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Physical Health ◽

Social Relationships ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Short Form ◽

Environmental Condition

Abstract Background and objectives A short form of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) is a useful screening instrument for assessing mental health. Furthermore, Quality of life (QoL) is a critical treatment outcome in many clinical and health care research settings. This study aimed to reassess the dimensionality of GHQ-12 using Multidimensional Graded Response Model (MGRM) and evaluate how its extracted dimensions are associated with the QoL's domains. Methods Isfahan Cohort Study 2 (ICS2) is a population-based, ongoing prospective cohort study among adults aged 35 years and older who were free of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) at the beginning of the study in 2013. A total of 1316 participants, all living in urban and rural areas of Isfahan and Najafabad, Iran was completed the GHQ-12 and WHO QoL-brief version at baseline. Five competing MGRMs with different latent structures were specified for GHQ-12. Factor scores derived from the best fitted model were used to associate with various domains of QoL. Results: The Three-Dimensional model for GHQ-12 was the best-fitted model explaining the Social Function (SF), Self Confidence (SC), and Anxiety/Depression (A/D) as three correlated yet different latent dimensions of mental health. Our findings in full adjusted multivariate regression models showed that a one-SD increase in dimensions of SC and SF was associated with a 38- to 48%-SD and 27- to 38%-SD increase in the domains scores of QoL, respectively. Moreover, for each one‐SD increase in score of A/D dimension, the domains scores of QoL decreased by 29- to 40%-SD. The highest to the lowest standardized coefficients for all latent dimensions of mental health were respectively related to the psychological, physical health, social relationships, and environmental condition domains of QoL. Furthermore, SC, A/D, and SF dimensions of GHQ-12 showed the highest to the lowest degree of association with all domains of QoL. Conclusions Our findings confirm that the GHQ-12 as a multidimensional rather than unitary instrument measures distinct dimensions of mental health. Furthermore, all aspects of QoL changed when the intensity of latent dimensions of mental health increased. Moreover, the psychological domain of QoL is the most affected by all latent dimensions of mental health, followed by physical health, social relationships, and environmental condition domains. It seems that in an attempt to full recovery as assessed by improved QoL outcomes, treatment of clinical symptoms may not be sufficient. Identifying and differentiating the structures of mental health in each community as well as implementing intervention programs aimed at focusing on specific dimensions may help in the prevention of further deterioration of mental health and improved QoL in the community.

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Community ageing research 75+ study (CARE75+): an experimental ageing and frailty research cohort

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026744 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. e026744 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Anne Heaven ◽

Lesley Brown ◽

John Young ◽

Elizabeth Teale ◽

Rebecca Hawkins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Older People ◽

Science Studies ◽

Nursing Home Residents ◽

Well Being ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Ageing Research ◽

Study Results

IntroductionThe Community Ageing Research 75+ Study (CARE75+) is a longitudinal cohort study collecting an extensive range of health, social and economic data, with a focus on frailty, independence and quality of life in older age. CARE75+ is the first international experimental frailty research cohort designed using Trial within Cohorts (TwiCs) methodology, to align applied epidemiological research with clinical trial evaluation of interventions to improve the health and well-being of older people living with frailty.Methods and analysisProspective cohort study using a TwiCs design. One thousand community-dwelling older people (≥75 years) will be recruited from UK general practices. Nursing home residents, those with an estimated life expectancy of 3 months or less and people receiving palliative care will be excluded. Data collection assessments will be face to face in the person’s home at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months and 48 months, including assessments of frailty, cognition, mood, health-related quality of life, comorbidity, medications, resilience, loneliness, pain and self-efficacy. A modified protocol for follow-up by telephone or web based will be offered at 6 months. Consent will be sought for data linkage and invitations to additional studies, including intervention studies using the TwiCs design. A blood sample biobank will be established for future basic science studies.Ethics and disseminationCARE75+ was approved by the NRES Committee Yorkshire and the Humber—Bradford Leeds 10 October 2014 (14/YH/1120). Formal written consent is sought if an individual is willing to participate and has capacity to provide informed consent. Consultee assent is sought if an individual lacks capacity.Study results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed scientific journals and scientific conferences. Key study results will be summarised and disseminated to all study participants via newsletters, local older people’s publications and local engagement events. Results will be reported on a bespoke CARE75+ website.Trial registration numberISRCTN16588124;Results stage

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Health-Related Quality of Life in Exclusively Breastfed Filipino Mother-Infant Dyads (P11-059-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz048.p11-059-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Elvira Estorninos ◽

Rachel Lawenko ◽

Katherine Buluran ◽

Yipu Chen ◽

Jowena Lebumfacil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Short Form ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Well Being ◽

The Philippines ◽

Life Questionnaire ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related

Abstract Objectives Health-related quality of life (QoL) is an important component of overall wellbeing. The study aimed to describe the parent-perceived infant quality of life of exclusively breastfed infants along with their mother's physical and mental health in a Filipino cohort. Methods Healthy term infants, who were exclusively breastfed since birth and whose mothers had decided to exclusively breastfeed until 6 months (m) of age, were enrolled at 21–26 days of age from a single center in the Philippines. Parents completed the Infant Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire (ITQoL) and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36v2) (assessing maternal QoL) at enrollment and when infants were 2.5 m, 4 m, and 6 m of age. Infants’ anthropometrics were measured and parents completed gastrointestinal (GI) diaries and Infant Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire (IGSQ) throughout the study. Results Among 75 enrolled infants, 70 completed the study at age 6 m. Infant QoL mean scores were high throughout the study (range 0–100 for each concept; Table 1). Nonetheless, noticeable improvements were observed between enrollment and 2.5 m, especially in the infant-focused concept of Temperament and Moods as well as in all three parent-focused concepts (Emotional, Time, and Family Cohesion) which measure impact of child's health on parents. Between 2.5 and 6 m, the scores remained relatively stable. For maternal QoL mean scores (scores standardized to Mean = 50, SD = 10 for each scale; Table 1), noticeable improvements were observed between enrollment and 2.5 m, with Physical Health showing more pronounced improvements. The Role-Emotional scale, which measures role limitations due to emotional problems, showed the lowest scores. From enrollment to age 6 m, mean z-scores for weight-for-age, length-for-age and head circumference-for-age stably tracked WHO Growth Standards. Additionally, infant stool consistency became more formed, and incidences of spitting up/vomiting and flatulence decreased. The overall GI burden also decreased (IGSQ index score: range 13–65; 15.8 ± 3.2 at enrollment and 14.0 ± 1.2 at 6 m). Conclusions In a cohort of exclusively breastfed Filipino mother-infant dyads, parent-perceived infant health-related quality of life was high and comparable to that reported in literature1. Maternal quality of life, particularly their perceived state of emotional well-being, warrants further investigation. Funding Sources Nestec Ltd. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus—Does Quality of Life Impairment Always Reflect Health Danger?

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9082505 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2505

Author(s):

Zenon Brzoza ◽

Katarzyna Nabrdalik ◽

Lukasz Moos ◽

Hanna Kwiendacz ◽

Karina Badura-Brzoza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Social Functioning ◽

Short Form ◽

Well Being ◽

Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria ◽

The Mean ◽

Being There

Background and aims: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) may compromise the quality of life (QoL). We decided to compare the QoL of T1DM patients to those suffering from CSU. Materials and methods: Sixty-six patients with well-controlled T1DM (male 52%) in the mean age of (SD) 36.3 (11.09) years and 51 patients with CSU (male 33%) in the mean age of (SD) 35.8 (8.53) years were enrolled in this observational study. All the participants completed a Short-Form 36 (SF-36) QoL. Results: The QoL related to social functioning was significantly worse among CSU patients. There were differences related to gender found in the group of patients with T1DM—where men tended to declare a better quality of life than women (p = 0.015)—especially in the area of energy/fatigue and pain. It appeared that due to physical and emotional problems occurring in married patients, the QoL is lower in T1DM group in comparison to the CSU one. Conclusions: The patients with CSU presented significantly worse social functioning compared to the ones with T1DM. This fact proves the QoL impairment level is not always related to the level of health danger. The differences in the QoL related to gender and marital status found among T1DM patients point to the necessity for further exploration in a larger group of patients. Due to the fact that optimal disease management should ensure patient’s good emotional well-being, there is a need for additional psychological and social care for patients from those two groups.

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Psychosocial factors, disability and quality of life in chronic shoulder pain patients with central sensitization

Health Psychology Research ◽

10.4081/hpr.2020.8874 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Prachita P. Walankar ◽

Vrushali P. Panhale ◽

Manali M. Patil

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Shoulder Pain ◽

Central Sensitization ◽

Pain Catastrophizing ◽

Short Form ◽

Well Being ◽

Sf 36 ◽

Pain Patients ◽

Chronic Shoulder Pain

Chronic shoulder pain is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon with multiple causative factors involved in its perpetuation. Alteration of central nervous system processing along with the central sensitization is a predominant feature in chronic pain. Reduction in physical function has an impact on the psychological well-being of an individual. The aim of the study was to compare pain, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, disability and quality of life in chronic shoulder pain patients with and without central sensitization. Eighty chronic unilateral shoulder pain patients in the age group of 40 to 60 years were recruited. Of them, 38 were chronic shoulder pain with central sensitization and 42 without central sensitization, classified on the basis of central sensitization inventory. Pain catastrophizing was measured using the pain catastrophizing scale, kinesiophobia using Tampa scale of kinesiophobia, disability using Shoulder pain and disability index and quality of life using 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire was evaluated in both the groups. Increased pain catastrophizing (p=0.000), kinesiophobia (p=0.000) and disability (p=0.000) was observed in centrally sensitized chronic shoulder pain patients. Also, physical component summary (p=0.000) and mental component summary (p=0.000) of SF-36 quality of life were reduced in chronic shoulder pain with central sensitization as compared to without central sensitization. Hence, these components should be included during assessment which will provide a holistic and multimodal approach towards the understanding, planning and management of chronic shoulder pain patients.

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The impact of comorbid chronic kidney disease and diabetes on health-related quality-of-life: a 12-year community cohort study

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfaa031 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Melanie L R Wyld ◽

Rachael L Morton ◽

Leyla Aouad ◽

Dianna Magliano ◽

Kevan R Polkinghorne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Short Form ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Linear Mixed Effect ◽

Prospective Longitudinal ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Quality-of-life is an essential outcome for clinical care. Both chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes have been associated with poorer quality-of-life. The combined impact of having both diseases is less well understood. As diabetes is the most common cause of CKD, it is imperative that we deepen our understanding of their joint impact. Methods This was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of community-based Australians aged ≥25 years who participated in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study. Quality-of-life was measured by physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary sub-scores of the Short Form (36) Health Survey. Univariate and multivariate linear mixed effect regressions were performed. Results Of the 11 081 participants with quality-of-life measurements at baseline, 1112 had CKD, 1001 had diabetes and of these 271 had both. Of the 1112 with CKD 421 had Stage 1, 314 had Stage 2, 346 had Stage 3 and 31 had Stages 4/5. Adjusted linear mixed effect models showed baseline PCS was lower for those with both CKD and diabetes compared with either disease alone (P < 0.001). Longitudinal analysis demonstrated a more rapid decline in PCS in those with both diseases. Conclusions The combination of CKD and diabetes has a powerful adverse impact on quality-of-life, and participants with both diseases had significantly poorer quality-of-life than those with one condition.

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Quality of Life After Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Assessing Change Using Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/80.10.986 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 80 (10) ◽

pp. 986-995 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Pat G Camp ◽

Jessica Appleton ◽

W Darlene Reid

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Qualitative Research ◽

Qualitative Methods ◽

Physical Function ◽

Pulmonary Rehabilitation ◽

Short Form ◽

Well Being ◽

Sf 36 ◽

Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

Abstract Background and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to use quantitative and qualitative research methods to evaluate quality-of-life (QOL) changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) after pulmonary rehabilitation. Subjects. Twenty-nine individuals with COPD (18 women and 11 men), with a mean age of 69 years (SD=8.6, range=53–92), participated. Methods. Subjects were assessed before and after a 5-week control phase and after a 5-week rehabilitation phase using the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ), the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and spirometry. Our qualitative research was based on a subsample of 7 subjects who were interviewed after pulmonary rehabilitation. Results. Pulmonary rehabilitation improved QOL, as demonstrated by increases of 22% and 14% in the physical function categories of the CRQ and the SF-36, respectively, and by an increase of 10% in the CRQ's emotional function category. The qualitative data indicated how pulmonary rehabilitation influenced QOL. Conclusion and Discussion. The use of both quantitative and qualitative methods illustrated the nature of improvement in QOL after pulmonary rehabilitation. Improved physical function, less dyspnea, and a heightened sense of control over the subjects' COPD resulted in increased confidence and improved emotional well-being.

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Health-Related Quality of Life Among Long-Term Rectal Cancer Survivors With an Ostomy: Manifestations by Sex

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2008.20.9502 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (28) ◽

pp. 4664-4670 ◽

Cited By ~ 124

Author(s):

Robert S. Krouse ◽

Lisa J. Herrinton ◽

Marcia Grant ◽

Christopher S. Wendel ◽

Sylvan B. Green ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Rectal Cancer ◽

Short Form ◽

Well Being ◽

Health Related Quality ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Related Quality ◽

Health Related

Purpose Intestinal stomas can pose significant challenges for long-term (≥ 5 years) rectal cancer (RC) survivors. Specifying common challenges and sociodemographic or clinical differences will further the development of tailored interventions to improve health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Patients and Methods This was a matched cross-sectional study of long-term RC survivors conducted in three Kaiser Permanente regions. The mailed questionnaire included the modified City of Hope Quality of Life-Ostomy (mCOH-QOL-Ostomy) and Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, version 2 (SF-36v2). Groups surveyed were permanent ostomates (cases) and those who did not require an ostomy (controls). RC survivors were matched on sex, age, and time since diagnosis. Comparisons between groups used regression analysis with adjustment for age, comorbidity score, history of radiation therapy, income, and work status. Results Response rate was 54% (491 of 909). Cases and controls had similar demographic characteristics. On the basis of the mCOH-QOL-Ostomy, both male and female cases had significantly worse social well-being compared with controls, while only female cases reported significantly worse overall HRQOL and psychological well-being. For younger females (< age 75 years), ostomy had a greater impact on physical well-being compared with older females. Based on the SF-36v2, statistically significant and meaningful differences between female cases and controls were observed for seven of the eight scales and on the physical and mental component summary scores. Conclusion Men and women report a different profile of challenges, suggesting the need for targeted or sex-specific interventions to improve HRQOL in this population. This may include focus on physical HRQOL for female ostomy survivors younger than age 75.

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Age of First Exposure to Collision Sports Does Not Affect Quality of Life Outcomes in Community Rugby Players

Neurology ◽

10.1212/01.wnl.0000719972.69167.a2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 95 (20 Supplement 1) ◽

pp. S11.2-S11

Author(s):

Katie Hunzinger ◽

Katelyn Costantini ◽

Charles Buz Swanik ◽

Thomas A. Buckley

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Satisfaction With Life ◽

Short Form ◽

Later Life ◽

Well Being ◽

Psychological Status ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Assess Quality ◽

Rugby Players

ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHI) through collision sports prior to the age of 12 and quality of life measures in community rugby players.BackgroundIt is suggested that RHI incurred before age 12 may be associated with later life neurologic impairments. However, research on age of first exposure (AFE) to collision sports and psychological outcomes has not be explored in rugby, a sport which participants often continue in community settings beyond college.Design/MethodsIndividuals over 18 years old who currently or previously played contact rugby completed an online questionnaire. To assess quality of life and psychological status, participants completed the Brief-Symptoms Inventory 18 (BSI-18), Short Form 12 (SF-12), and Satisfaction with Life Survey (SWLS). Participants were dichotomized into AFE to collision sports (12); AFE to rugby was not used since most participated in other collision sports prior to rugby. Data were not normally distributed; therefore, a Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare outcomes between AFE groups.Results1,037 rugby players (31.6 + 11.3 years, 59.1% male) participated in this study. There were no significant differences between AFE 12 groups on all outcomes: BSI-18 Somatization (U = 97,286, p = 0.307), BSI-18 Depression (U = 100,267, p = 0.778), BSI-18 Anxiety (U = 98,851, p = 0.531), SF-12 Physical (U = 94,413, p = 0.241), SF-12 Mental (U = 96,517, p = 0.512), SWLS (U = 98,866, p = 0.537). Mean scores for all outcomes were: BSI-18 Somatization (2.33 + 2.99), BSI-18 Depression (4.20 + 4.91), BSI-18 Anxiety (3.32 + 3.75), SF-12 Physical (52.40 + 7.25), SF-12 Mental (46.20 + 11.45), SWLS (24.86 + 6.31).ConclusionsConsistent with recent cohort studies, there was no observed difference on three common measures of psychological well-being and quality of life in rugby players based upon AFE to collision sports. However, later life potential consequences of RHI in rugby players remains to be elucidated.

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