scholarly journals Autohemolysis and Other Changes Resulting from the Incubation in Vitro of Red Cells from Patients with Congenital Hemolytic Anemia

Blood ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. SELWYN ◽  
J. V. DACIE
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Potassium Loss ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Congenital Hemolytic Anemia

Abstract Observations were made on the changes in volume, osmotic fragility, and cation contents of red cells incubated in serum at 37 C. for 24 and 48 hours. The results show that spontaneous autohemolysis is not due to progressive swelling of the cells, but is probably due to degenerative changes in the cell membranes. On incubation, normal red cells increase in volume during the first 24 hours due to a gain in sodium and water; the cells lose potassium but at a slower rate than they gain sodium. During the second 24 hours of incubation the loss in potassium exceeds the gain in sodium and the cells shrink to near their original volume. These cation changes and the autohemolysis are greatly reduced if glucose is present throughout the 48 hours of incubation. Red cells from several different types of congenital hemolytic anemia were also studied; important deviations from the normal pattern were observed. In hereditary spherocytosis the rates of autohemolysis, of increase in osmotic fragility, and of potassium loss are greater than normal. The continued presence of glucose during incubation markedly retarded these changes. In hereditary elliptocytosis trait the red cells behaved normally on incubation. In one case of elliptocytosis with hemolytic anemia, autohemolysis was normal but there was an increased potassium loss. In another patient with hemolytic anemia and increased osmotic fragility autohemolysis was greatly increased. In all these cases of elliptocytosis, glucose reduced the autohemolysis moderately but not to a normal degree. Four cases of congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia were studied. In two patients (type 1) autohemolysis, osmotic fragility and cation changes on incubation were normal; glucose had a normal effect on the fragility and cation changes, but only slightly reduced the autohemolysis. In the two other patients (type 2) autohemolysis, increase in osmotic fragility, and loss of potassium were markedly increased. Glucose did not retard any of these changes and it was found that the cells were unable to utilize glucose at the normal rate.

scholarly journals Red cell calcium leak in congenital hemolytic anemia with extreme microcytosis

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Wiley ◽  
FM Gill
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Fresh Blood ◽  
Ouabain Binding ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Congenital Hemolytic Anemia

Abstract A child with congenital hemolytic anemia, extreme microcytosis and bizarre red cell morphology has been studied. Splenectomy at the age of 21 mo greatly improved the hemolytic anemia, although red cell morphology was unchanged. Aniso- and poikilocytosis were marked on a stained smear, and there were many small hyperchromatic cells of irregular shape. The MCV of 25 cu mu was very low and the MCHC was normal. Osmotic fragility of fresh blood was increased, and postsplenectomy blood showed a fraction of extremely fragile cells. Concentration and fluxes of Na+ and K+ were normal, except K+ efflux, which was stimulated by external Ca2+. Inward Ca2+ movement into the patient's red cells was elevated three- to fourfold above red cells of the same mean age. Red cell Ca2+ concentration was raised 2.5 times normal and most of the Ca2+ was localized in the stroma. Red cell lipid, sialic acid, and ouabain-binding sites, all per milliliter of cells, were increased by 16%-23%, and, since these substances estimate the amount of membrane, it was likely that Ca2+ content per unit of membrane area was at least twice normal. Deformability of the cells, as judged by their filterability was markedly impaired. It was concluded that the red cell membrane was defective, and an increased membrane Ca2+ content was associated with reduced deformability, hemolysis, and distorted red cell morphology in this syndrome.

A NEW CONGENITAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA WITH DEFORMED ERYTHROCYTES (? "STOMATOCYTES") AND REMARKABLE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ERYTHROCYTES TO COLD HEMOLYSIS IN VITRO

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 906-915
Author(s):  
Gerald Miller ◽  
Philip L. Townes ◽  
James B. MacWhinney
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Hereditary Spherocytosis ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Congenital Ptosis ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Congenital Hemolytic Anemia

A new variant of congenital hemolytic anemia is described. The principal clinical findings are moderately severe hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly; congenital ptosis of an eyelid may possibly be an associated anomaly. Splenectomy resulted in clinical improvement but did not completely arrest abnormal hemolysis nor alter red cell abnormalities. Laboratory data are presented which characterize the condition; the principal abnormalities detected thus far are: (1) abnormal morphology of the erythrocytes ("stomatocytes"); ) increased osmotic fragility and autohemolysis; (3) storage instability greater at 5°C than at 37°C; (4) decreased concentration of reduced glutathione despite normal G-6-P-D and G-6-P-D coupled glutathione reductase activities. The disorder is compared with hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary stomatocytosis; similarities to and differences from these disorders are reviewed.

scholarly journals Red cell calcium leak in congenital hemolytic anemia with extreme microcytosis

Blood ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Wiley ◽  
FM Gill
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Fresh Blood ◽  
Ouabain Binding ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Membrane Area ◽  
Congenital Hemolytic Anemia

A child with congenital hemolytic anemia, extreme microcytosis and bizarre red cell morphology has been studied. Splenectomy at the age of 21 mo greatly improved the hemolytic anemia, although red cell morphology was unchanged. Aniso- and poikilocytosis were marked on a stained smear, and there were many small hyperchromatic cells of irregular shape. The MCV of 25 cu mu was very low and the MCHC was normal. Osmotic fragility of fresh blood was increased, and postsplenectomy blood showed a fraction of extremely fragile cells. Concentration and fluxes of Na+ and K+ were normal, except K+ efflux, which was stimulated by external Ca2+. Inward Ca2+ movement into the patient's red cells was elevated three- to fourfold above red cells of the same mean age. Red cell Ca2+ concentration was raised 2.5 times normal and most of the Ca2+ was localized in the stroma. Red cell lipid, sialic acid, and ouabain-binding sites, all per milliliter of cells, were increased by 16%-23%, and, since these substances estimate the amount of membrane, it was likely that Ca2+ content per unit of membrane area was at least twice normal. Deformability of the cells, as judged by their filterability was markedly impaired. It was concluded that the red cell membrane was defective, and an increased membrane Ca2+ content was associated with reduced deformability, hemolysis, and distorted red cell morphology in this syndrome.

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Fermentation Condition on Estimated Glycemic Index, In Vitro Starch Digestibility, and Textural and Sensory Properties of Sourdough Bread

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Hilal Demirkesen-Bicak ◽  
Muhammet Arici ◽  
Mustafa Yaman ◽  
Salih Karasu ◽  
Osman Sagdic
Keyword(s):  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Starch Digestibility ◽  
Whole Wheat ◽  
Sourdough Bread ◽  
Estimated Glycemic Index

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sourdough fermentation on the estimated glycemic index (eGI), in vitro starch digestibility, and textural and sensory properties of eight experimentally prepared sourdough breads. Wheat and whole wheat flour bread samples were produced under different fermentation conditions (25 °C and 30 °C) and fermentation methods (type-1 and type-2). In type-1 fermentation, sourdough was obtained via spontaneous fermentation. Indigenous strains (Lactobacillus brevis ELB99, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ELB75, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae TGM55) were used for type-2 fermentation. Fermentation type and temperature significantly affected eGI, the hydrolysis index (HI), the starch fraction, and the textural properties of the samples (p < 0.05). The resistant starch (RS) content increased after fermentation, while rapidly digestible starch (RDS), HI, and eGI decreased. RS values were significantly higher in type-2 than in type-1 at the same temperature for both flour types (p < 0.05). At 25 °C, RS values were higher in both fermentation types. In the white flour samples, eGI values were in the range of 60.8–78.94 and 62.10–78.94 for type-1 and type-2, respectively. The effect of fermentation type on eGI was insignificant (p < 0.05). In the whole flour samples, fermentation type and temperature significantly affected eGI (p < 0.05). The greatest eGI decreases were in whole wheat sourdough bread at 30 °C using type-2 (29.74%). The 30 °C and type-2 samples showed lower hardness and higher specific volume. This study suggests that fermentation type and temperature could affect the eGI and the textural and sensory properties of sourdough bread, and these factors should be considered during bread production. The findings also support the consumption of wheat and whole wheat breads produced by type-2 fermentation due to higher RS and slowly digestible starch (SDS) and lower RDS and eGI values.

scholarly journals PAR-4/Ca2+-calpain pathway activation stimulates platelet-derived microparticles in hyperglycemic type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Giannella ◽  
Giulio Ceolotto ◽  
Claudia Maria Radu ◽  
Arianna Cattelan ◽  
Elisabetta Iori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Calpain Inhibitor ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

Abstract Background Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have a prothrombotic state that needs to be fully clarified; microparticles (MPs) have emerged as mediators and markers of this condition. Thus, we investigate, in vivo, in T2DM either with good (HbA1c ≤ 7.0%; GGC) or poor (HbA1c > 7.0%; PGC) glycemic control, the circulating levels of MPs, and in vitro, the molecular pathways involved in the release of MPs from platelets (PMP) and tested their pro-inflammatory effects on THP-1 transformed macrophages. Methods In 59 T2DM, and 23 control subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), circulating levels of CD62E+, CD62P+, CD142+, CD45+ MPs were determined by flow cytometry, while plasma levels of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-6 by ELISA. In vitro, PMP release and activation of isolated platelets from GGC and PGC were investigated, along with their effect on IL-6 secretion in THP-1 transformed macrophages. Results We found that MPs CD62P+ (PMP) and CD142+ (tissue factor-bearing MP) were significantly higher in PGC T2DM than GGC T2DM and NGT. Among MPs, PMP were also correlated with HbA1c and IL-6. In vitro, we showed that acute thrombin exposure stimulated a significantly higher PMP release in PGC T2DM than GGC T2DM through a more robust activation of PAR-4 receptor than PAR-1 receptor. Treatment with PAR-4 agonist induced an increased release of PMP in PGC with a Ca2+-calpain dependent mechanism since this effect was blunted by calpain inhibitor. Finally, the uptake of PMP derived from PAR-4 treated PGC platelets into THP-1 transformed macrophages promoted a marked increase of IL-6 release compared to PMP derived from GGC through the activation of the NF-kB pathway. Conclusions These results identify PAR-4 as a mediator of platelet activation, microparticle release, and inflammation, in poorly controlled T2DM.

scholarly journals First Report ofEurycoma longifoliaJack Root Extract Causing Relaxation of Aortic Rings in Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bae Huey Tee ◽  
See Ziau Hoe ◽  
Swee Hung Cheah ◽  
Sau Kuen Lam
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Function ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Angiotensin I ◽  
Eurycoma Longifolia ◽  
Vasodilatory Effect

AlthoughEurycoma longifoliahas been studied for erectile function, the blood pressure- (BP-) lowering effect has yet to be verified. Hence, this study aims at investigating the BP-lowering properties of the plant with a view to develop an antihypertensive agent that could also preserve erectile function. Ethanolic root extract was partitioned by hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The DCM fraction, found to be potent in relaxing phenylephrine- (PE-) precontracted rat aortic rings, was further purified by column chromatography. Subfraction DCM-II, being the most active in relaxing aortae, was studied for effects on the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems in aortic rings. The effect of DCM-II on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was also evaluatedin vitro. Results showed that DCM-II reduced (p<0.05) the contractions evoked by angiotensin I and angiotensin II (Ang II). In PE-precontracted rings treated with DCM-II, the Ang II-induced contraction was attenuated (p<0.05) while bradykinin- (BK-) induced relaxation enhanced (p<0.001).In vitro, DCM-II inhibited (p<0.001) the activity of ACE. These data demonstrate that the vasodilatory effect of DCM-II appears to be mediatedviainhibition of Ang II type 1 receptor and ACE as well as enhancement of Ang II type 2 receptor activation and BK activity.

scholarly journals Differential Activation of CD8+Tumor-Specific Tc1 and Tc2 Cells by an IL-10-Producing Murine Plasmacytoma

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Specht ◽  
Hans-Gerd Pauels ◽  
Christian Becker ◽  
Eckehart Kölsch
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Specific Tolerance

The involvement of counteractiveCD8+T-cell subsets during tumor-specific immune responses was analyzed in a syngeneic murine plasmacytoma model.CD8+Tc cells against the immunogenic IL-10-producing BALB/c plasmacytoma ADJ-PC-5 can be easily induced by immunization of BALB/c mice with X-irradiated ADJ-PC-5 tumor cellsin vivoandin vitro. However, the failure of recipient mice to mount a protective Tc response against the tumor during early stages of a real or simulated tumor growth is not due to immunological ignorance, but depends on the induction of tumor-specific tolerance, involving a population of tumorinducedCD8+T cells that are able to inhibit the generation of tumor-specific Tc cells in a primary ADJ-PC-5-specific MLTC, using IFN-γas a suppressive factor. Whereas most longterm cultivated CD8+ADJ-PC-5-specific Tc lines produce type-1 cytokines on stimulation, at least two of them, which were derived from a primary MLTC, display a type-2 cytokine spectrum. Furthermore, the primaryin vitroTc response against ADJ-PC-5 cells shows characteristics of a Tc2 response. The Tc response is strictly depending on tumor-derived IL-10.CD8+Tc cells that are induced in a primary MLTC do not produce IFN-γ, and the tumor-specific Tc response is enhanced by IL-4 but suppressed by IFN-γor IL-12. In contrast, ADJ-PC- 5-specificCD8+Tc cells from immunized mice are IFN-γproducing Tc1 cells. Since the primaryin vitroTc response against the tumor is suppressed even by the smallest numbers of irradiated ADJ-PC-5-specific Tc1 cells via IFN-γthese Tc1 cells behave similar to the suppressiveCD8+T cells that are induced during early stages of ADJ-PC-5 tumorigenesis.

COEVALNESS OF INSECT TRACE FOSSILS AND TRACE-BEARING ROCKS, A CASE STUDY FROM THE PLIO?-PLEISTOCENE OF SW SPAIN

Palaios ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
EDUARDO MAYORAL ◽  
JORGE F. GENISE ◽  
FRANCISCO J. RODRÍGUEZ-TOVAR ◽  
ANA SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sw Spain ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Time Gap

ABSTRACT Plio?-Pleistocene outcrops located at the southwestern edge of the Guadalquivir Basin in the area of Lepe (Huelva, Spain) provide an interesting example for studying the contemporaneity of traces with the rocks that contain them. Two different types of cells compatible with the ichnogenera Celliforma (Type 1) and Palmiraichnus (Type 2) were found in these outcrops. Their walls were constructed with the same material as the matrix and our first research in the area showed no extant bees producing them suggesting that they were coeval with the trace-bearing rocks. The case of the “Palmiraichnus-like” Type 2 cells was misleading because of its similarity with Palmiraichnus described from the region in the Canary Islands and Balearic Archipelago (Spain). Two determining features were vital in clarifying this first appearance. In the Palmiraichnus-like cells we found remains of a larval cocoon in one cell that could be dated by C14, giving a modern age. In the Celliforma-like cells more field research in the area allow us to observe extant bees nesting in these rocks in autumn. Ichnological literature show a few cases of asynchronies involving extant traces found mostly in Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. In contrast, the case presented herein indicates the time gap between the bearing rocks and the Lepe traces was shorter (ca. 12 ky–2.6 My), enhancing the similarity of traces and rocks and thus their potential coevalness. This case may serve as a warning about other potential examples in the fossil record in which relatively short asynchronies between traces and paleosols exist.

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