Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication Induces Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 in Human Macrophages and U937 Promonocytic Cells

Blood ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1851-1857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Mengozzi ◽  
Camilla De Filippi ◽  
Pietro Transidico ◽  
Priscilla Biswas ◽  
Manuela Cota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
U937 Cells ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein ◽  
Chemotactic Protein ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hiv 1

We have recently described a significant correlation between human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) RNA replication and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with HIV encephalitis (E). Because local macrophages (microglia) are the cells predominantly infected in the brain, we investigated whether in vitro HIV infection affects MCP-1 production in mononuclear phagocytes (MP). MCP-1 secretion and expression were consinstently upregulated over constitutive levels in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) infected with the M-tropic R5 BaL strain of HIV-1. HIV replication was required for this effect, as demonstrated by the absence of chemokine upregulation after infection in the presence of 3’-azido-3’-deoxythimidine (AZT) or cell-exposure to heat-inactivated (▵°) virus. MCP-1 induction was not restricted to HIV-1 BaL, but was also observed during productive infection of MDM with two primary isolates differing for entry coreceptor usage and of U937 cells with the X4 HIV-1 MN strain. Based on the observation that exogenous HIV-1 Tat induced MCP-1 expression in astrocytes, we also investigated its role in MDM and U937 cells. Exogenous Tat induced MCP-1 production from MDM in a concentration-dependent manner, however, it was not effective on uninfected U937 cells or on the chronically infected U937-derived cell line U1. Transfection of Tat-expressing plasmids moderately activated HIV expression in U1 cells, but failed to induce MCP-1 expression in this cell line or in uninfected U937 cells. HIV replication-dependent expression of MCP-1 in MP may be of particular relevance for the pathogenesis of HIV infection in nonlymphoid organs such as the brain.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Resistant CD4+ UT-7 Megakaryocytic Human Cell Line Becomes Highly HIV-1 and HIV-2 Susceptible Upon CXCR4 Transfection: Induction of Cell Differentiation by HIV-1 Infection

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 2670-2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Baiocchi ◽  
Eleonora Olivetta ◽  
Cristiana Chelucci ◽  
Anna Claudia Santarcangelo ◽  
Roberta Bona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Human Cell Line ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Entry ◽  
Stromal Cell Derived Factor ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Recent findings have shown that the expression of the seven trans-membrane G-protein–coupled CXCR4 (the receptor for the stromal cell-derived factor [SDF]-1 chemokine) is necessary for the entry of T-lymphotropic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains, acting as a coreceptor of the CD4 molecule. In the human system, the role of CXCR4 in HIV infection has been determined through env-mediated cell fusion assays and confirmed by blocking viral entry in CD4+/CXCR4+ cells by SDF-1 pretreatment. We observed that the human megakaryoblastic CD4+ UT-7 cell line fails to express CXCR4 RNA and is fully resistant to HIV entry. Transfection of an expression vector containing the CXCR4 c-DNA rendered UT-7 cells readily infectable by different T-lymphotropic syncytium-inducing HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates. Interestingly, HIV-1 infection of CXCR4 expressing UT-7 cells (named UT-7/fus) induces the formation of polynucleated cells through a process highly reminiscent of megakaryocytic differentiation and maturation. On the contrary, no morphologic changes were observed in HIV-2–infected UT-7/fus cells. These findings further strengthen the role of CXCR4 as a molecule necessary for the replication of T-lymphotropic HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates and provide a useful model to study the functional role of CD4 coreceptors in HIV infection.

scholarly journals Interleukin 7 Increases Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 LAI-Mediated Fas-Induced T-Cell Death

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 3195-3199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Daniel Lelièvre ◽  
Frédéric Petit ◽  
Damien Arnoult ◽  
Jean-Claude Ameisen ◽  
Jérôme Estaquier
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cell Infection ◽  
Interleukin 7 ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Fas-mediated T-cell death is known to occur during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, we found that HIV type 1 LAI (HIV-1LAI) primes CD8+ T cells from healthy donors for apoptosis, which occurs after Fas ligation. This effect is counteracted by a broad caspase inhibitor (zVAD-fmk). Fas-mediated cell death does not depend on CD8+ T-cell infection, because it occurred in the presence of reverse transcriptase inhibitors. However, purified CD8+ T cells are sensitive to Fas only in the presence of soluble CD4. Finally, we found that interleukin 7 (IL-7) increases Fas-mediated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell death induced by HIV-1LAI. Since high levels of IL-7 are a marker of poor prognosis during HIV infection, our data suggest that enhancement of Fas-mediated T-cell death by HIV-1LAI and IL-7 is one of the mechanisms involved in progression to AIDS.

scholarly journals The Raft-Promoting Property of Virion-Associated Cholesterol, but Not the Presence of Virion-Associated Brij 98 Rafts, Is a Determinant of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infectivity

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (19) ◽  
pp. 10556-10565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Campbell ◽  
Katharina Gaus ◽  
Robert Bittman ◽  
Wendy Jessup ◽  
Suzanne Crowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Exogenous Cholesterol ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Retroviral Replication ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Lipid rafts are enriched in cholesterol and sphingomyelin and are isolated on the basis of insolubility in detergents, such as Brij 98 and Triton X-100. Recent work by Holm et al. has shown that rafts insoluble in Brig 98 can be found in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virus-like particles, although it is not known whether raft-like structures are present in authentic HIV-1 and it is unclear whether a virion-associated raft-like structure is required for HIV replication. Independently, it was previously reported that virion-associated cholesterol is critical for HIV-1 infectivity, although the specific requirement of virion cholesterol in HIV-1 was not examined. In the present study, we have demonstrated that infectious wild-type HIV-1 contains Brij 98 rafts but only minimal amounts of Triton X-100 rafts. To directly assess the functional requirement of virion-associated rafts and various features of cholesterol on HIV-1 replication, we replaced virion cholesterol with exogenous cholesterol analogues that have demonstrated either raft-promoting or -inhibiting capacity in model membranes. We observed that variable concentrations of exogenous analogues are required to replace a defined amount of virion-associated cholesterol, showing that structurally diverse cholesterol analogues have various affinities toward HIV-1. We found that replacement of 50% of virion cholesterol with these exogenous cholesterol analogues did not eliminate the presence of Brij 98 rafts in HIV-1. However, the infectivity levels of the lipid-modified HIV-1s directly correlate with the raft-promoting capacities of these cholesterol analogues. Our data provide the first direct assessment of virion-associated Brij 98 rafts in retroviral replication and illustrate the importance of the raft-promoting property of virion-associated cholesterol in HIV-1 replication.

Localization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Core Antigen in Term Human Placentas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-209
Author(s):  
Carl F. T. Mattern ◽  
Karen Murray ◽  
Allison Jensen ◽  
Homayoon Farzadegan ◽  
Jenny Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Maternal Hiv ◽  
Maternal Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

Evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication was sought in human placentas obtained at term from pregnancies complicated by maternal HIV infection. Placentas were obtained from the pregnancies of 19 HIV-seropositive women, 4 women who were seronegative, and 4 untested women with no risk factors for HIV infection. These placentas were each examined by immunoperoxidase immunocytochemistry using monoclonal anti-p24/55 antibodies. In addition, minced placental tissue from 11 of the seropositive pregnancies and the 3 seronegative pregnancies were co-cultivated with stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The clinical status of the infants born to the HIV-seropositive women was assessed when the infants were 8 to 28 months of age. P24/55 antigen was detected in 5 of the 19 placentas of the HIV-seropositive pregnancies and in none of the 8 placentas of seronegative or low-risk pregnancies. This HIV core viral antigen was located exclusively in the cytoplasm of villous cells with morphological characteristics of macrophages. The HIV antigen-containing cells were very sparsely distributed. Staining of the trophoblast was not observed in any placental specimen. Human immunodeficiency virus was isolated in culture from 3 of the 11 placentas from seropositive pregnancies. Clinical follow-up has not revealed a relationship between infection of the infant and either p24/55 antigen identification or isolation of virus from the placenta. Virological and histological evidence of HIV replication is found in approximately one fourth of placentas obtained at term from pregnancies complicated by maternal HIV infection. Replicating virus appears localized to sparse macrophages located within the chorionic villi, but specifically not within the trophoblastic layer. It is unlikely that identification of HIV in the placenta either by culture or by immunocytochemistry will predict infection of infants born to seropositive women.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

2011 ◽  
pp. 663-669
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Hiv Replication ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Introduction, nutritional goals, and assessment 664 Unintentional weight and lean tissue loss 666 Cardiovascular risk and complications associated with HIV disease and treatment 667 Additional dietary issues 668 Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to progressive suppression of immune function, eventually rendering the body susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. While there is no cure, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is highly effective in suppressing HIV replication. HIV disease is now a chronic condition and causes of death in this population have shifted from traditional AIDS-related illnesses to non-AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) events, the most common being atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, liver disease, end-stage renal disease and non-AIDS–defining malignancies. There are a diverse range of nutritional conditions associated with HIV, reflecting the complexity of the disease and pharmacological management....

scholarly journals Upregulation of c-Fos in Activated T Lymphoid and Monocytic Cells by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Tat Protein

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 1654-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Gibellini ◽  
Antonella Caputo ◽  
Silvano Capitani ◽  
Michele La Placa ◽  
Giorgio Zauli
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Jurkat Cells ◽  
U937 Cells ◽  
Tat Protein ◽  
Fos Protein ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract The regulatory Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is essential for viral replication and also shows pleiotropic activities on various cell functions. To get further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of Tat, we investigated the effect of endogenous and exogenous Tat protein on c-fos gene expression in T lymphoblastoid (Jurkat) and monocytic (U937) cell lines, as well as in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Transient cotransfection of tat cDNA in sense orientation (tat/S), together with a plasmid containing the c-fos promoter (FC3, from −711 to +42) in front of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene significantly enhanced CAT activity in Jurkat cells activated by the addition of 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 5 μg/mL phytohemagglutinin plus 10−7 mol/L phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and U937 cells activated by 15% FCS or 10−7 mol/L PMA. This effect was specifically due to Tat, since Jurkat and U937 cells cotransfected either with tat cDNA in antisense orientation (tat/AS), tat carrying a mutation in the aminoacid cys22 - gly22 (tat 22/S) or with the backbone vector alone (pRPneo-SL3) did not show any significant difference in c-fos promoter activity as compared to cells transfected with FC3 plasmid alone. By using deletion mutants of the c-fos promoter, we found that the minimal DNA sequence required for Tat activity was located between nucleotides −404/−220 and that the serum responsive element (SRE, −317/−288), present within this region, was still responsive to Tat. A single point mutation in the SRE completely abrogated the responsiveness to tat/S. Exogenous recombinant Tat protein was also able to upregulate c-fos promoter activity in serum-activated Jurkat and U937 cells, as well as endogenous c-fos mRNA expression and c-Fos protein synthesis in both serum-activated cell lines and primary PBMC. c-Fos protein was shown essential for an optimal transactivation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) by Tat: incubation of Jurkat cells with antisense, but not sense, c-fos oligonucleotides significantly reduced either the Tat-enhanced expression of an LTR-CAT reporter construct or the levels of gag p24 in the culture supernatants of Jurkat cells and PBMC acutely infected with HIV-1. Our data suggest that the c-fos upregulation mediated by Tat might play a significant role in the control of viral gene transactivation.

Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 1400-1406
Author(s):  
Zahra Hasan ◽  
Sharaf Shah ◽  
Rumina Hasan ◽  
Shoaib Rao ◽  
Manzoor Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avindra Nath
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
System P ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain ◽  
First Descriptions

It has been nearly three decades since the first descriptions of the neurological comploications of HIV infection. During this period of time there has been tremendous progress in defining the clinical syndromes, modes of diagnosis, detailed pathophysiology and modes of treatment. Many of the dreaded complications are now manageable particularly if diagnosed early. However, neurocognitive impairment associated with HIV infection still remains a significant cause of morbidity and much is needed to control; the effects of the virus on the brain and for the eventual eradication of the virus from the brain reservoir.

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