scholarly journals Immunology 101: fundamental immunology for the practicing hematologist

Hematology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
Shannon A. Carty
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Hematologic Disorders ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Host Tissues

Abstract From an evolutionary perspective, the immune system developed primarily to protect the host from pathogens. In the continuous balance between killing pathogens and protecting host tissues, selective pressures have shaped the discriminatory functions of the immune system. In addition to protection against microbial pathogens, the immune system also plays a critical role in antitumor immunity. Immune dysfunction, either under- or overactivity, is found in a wide range of hematologic disorders. Here we review the fundamental features of the immune system and the key concepts critical to understanding the impact of immune dysfunction on hematologic disorders.

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Premature Aging in Hemodialysis: The Complex Interplay between Innate and Adaptive Immune Dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3422
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Losappio ◽  
Rossana Franzin ◽  
Barbara Infante ◽  
Giulia Godeas ◽  
Loreto Gesualdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Premature Aging ◽  
Immune System Dysfunction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
End Stage

Hemodialysis (HD) patient are known to be susceptible to a wide range of early and long-term complication such as chronic inflammation, infections, malnutrition, and cardiovascular disease that significantly affect the incidence of mortality. A large gap between the number of people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and patients who received kidney transplantation has been identified. Therefore, there is a huge need to explore the underlying pathophysiology of HD complications in order to provide treatment guidelines. The immunological dysregulation, involving both the innate and adaptive response, plays a crucial role during the HD sessions and in chronic, maintenance treatments. Innate immune system mediators include the dysfunction of neutrophils, monocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells with signaling mediated by NOD-like receptor P3 (NLRP3) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4); in addition, there is a significant activation of the complement system that is mediated by dialysis membrane-surfaces. These effectors induce a persistent, systemic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-coagulant milieu that has been described as inflammaging. The adaptive response, the imbalance in the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio, and the reduction of Th2 and regulatory T cells, together with an altered interaction with B lymphocyte by CD40/CD40L, have been mainly implicated in immune system dysfunction. Altogether, these observations suggest that intervention targeting the immune system in HD patients could improve morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this review is to expand our understanding on the role of immune dysfunction in both innate and adaptive response in patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment.

scholarly journals Impact of Housing Environment on the Immune System in Chickens: A Review

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanja Hofmann ◽  
Sonja S. Schmucker ◽  
Werner Bessei ◽  
Michael Grashorn ◽  
Volker Stefanski
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Housing Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

During their lifespan, chickens are confronted with a wide range of acute and chronic stressors in their housing environment that may threaten their welfare and health by modulating the immune system. Especially chronic stressful conditions can exceed the individual’s allostatic load, with negative consequences for immunity. A fully functional immune system is mandatory for health and welfare and, consequently, also for high productivity and safe animal products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of housing form, light regime as well as aerial ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations on the immune system in chickens. Certain housing conditions are clearly associated with immunological alterations which potentially impair the success of vaccinations or affect disease susceptibility. Such poor conditions counteract sustainable poultry production. This review also outlines current knowledge gaps and provides recommendations for future research.

Biofilms in an urban water distribution system: measurement of biofilm biomass, pathogens and pathogen persistence within the Greater Stockholm area, Sweden

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Långmark ◽  
M.V. Storey ◽  
N.J. Ashbolt ◽  
T.A. Stenström
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Uv Treatment ◽  
Aesthetic Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Distribution pipe biofilms can provide sites for the concentration of a wide range of microbial pathogens, thereby acting as a potential source of continual microbial exposure and furthermore can affect the aesthetic quality of water. In a joint project between Stockholm Water, the MISTRA “Sustainable Urban Water” program, the Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and the Royal Technical University, Stockholm, the aim of the current study was to investigate biofilms formed in an urban water distribution system, and quantify the impact of such biofilms on potential pathogen accumulation and persistence within the Greater Stockholm Area, Sweden. When used for primary disinfection, ultra-violet (UV) treatment had no measurable influence on biofilm formation within the distribution system when compared to conventional chlorination. Biofilms produced within a model pilot-plant were found to be representative to those that had formed within the larger municipal water distribution system, demonstrating the applicability of the novel pilot-plant for future studies. Polystyrene microspheres (1.0μm) and Salmonella bacteriophages demonstrated their ability to accumulate and persist within the model pilot-plant system, where the means of primary disinfection (UV-treatment, chlorination) had no influence on such phenomena. With the exception of aeromonads, potential pathogens and faecal indicators could not be detected within biofilms from the Stockholm water distribution system. Results from this investigation may provide information for water treatment and distribution management strategies, and fill key data gaps that presently hinder the refinement of microbial risk models.

scholarly journals β-glucan as a promising food additive and immunostimulant in aquaculture industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Khanjani ◽  
Moslem Sharifinia ◽  
Gholamreza Ghaedi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Food Additive ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Immune Stimulants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The use of antibiotics in aquatic feed reduces the incidence of disease and enhances growth performance, although it presents harmful effects, such as development of resistant bacteria and accumulation in the natural environment. A variety of immune stimulants including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, phytobiotics, organic acids, nucleotides, antioxidants, microalgae, yeast and enzymes have been used in the aquaculture industry. In recent decades, much attention has been paid on finding a variety of immunostimulants with lower cost which also affect specific and non-specific immunity and improve fish resistance against a wide range of pathogens. These stimulants strengthen the fish’s immune system by increasing the number of phagocytes, lysozyme activity and level of immunoglobulin. The use of immune stimulants as an effective tool to overcome diseases and strengthen the immune system of farmed species, leads to the promotion of cellular and humoral defense mechanisms and increases resistance to infectious diseases. Among these immunostimulants used in aquaculture, β-glucans are of particular importance. Glucans are complex polysaccharide compounds extracted from the cell wall of yeasts and fungi. These compounds can stimulate fish growth, survival, and immune function. Therefore, this review discusses the role and importance of β-glucan as a food additive in aquaculture and examines the impact of these compounds on the growth performance, immunity and biochemical parameters of farmed species.

One concept does not fit all: the immune system in different forms of acute kidney injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Hans-Joachim Anders ◽  
Louise Wilkens ◽  
Barbara Schraml ◽  
Julian Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Serum Creatinine ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acute Increase ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Renal and immune systems maintain body homoeostasis during physiological fluctuations and following tissue injury. The immune system plays a central role during acute kidney injury (AKI), adapting evolutional systems programmed for host defence and minimizing unnecessary collateral damage. Indeed, depending upon the disease context, the impact of the immune system upon the manifestations and consequences of AKI can be quite different. Here we provide an overview of the known and unknown involvement of the immune system within the wide range of different forms of AKI, to oppose oversimplification and to endorse deeper insights into the pathogenesis of the different diseases causing kidney injury. This approach may help to overcome some of the current hurdles in translational AKI research and the development of specific treatments for the different diseases, all presenting with an acute increase in serum creatinine or decline in urinary output. One concept does not fit all.

scholarly journals Innate Pathways of Immune Activation in Transplantation

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd V. Brennan ◽  
Keri E. Lunsford ◽  
Paul C. Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
First Line ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Studies of the immune mechanisms of allograft rejection have predominantly focused on the adaptive immune system that includes T cells and B cells. Recent investigations into the innate immune system, which recognizes foreign antigens through more evolutionarily primitive pathways, have demonstrated a critical role of the innate immune system in the regulation of the adaptive immune system. Innate immunity has been extensively studied in its role as the host's first-line defense against microbial pathogens; however, it is becoming increasingly recognized for its ability to also recognize host-derived molecules that result from tissue damage. The capacity of endogenous damage signals acting through the innate immune system to lower immune thresholds and promote immune recognition and rejection of transplant grafts is only beginning to be appreciated. An improved understanding of these pathways may reveal novel therapeutic targets to decrease graft alloreactivity and increase graft longevity.

scholarly journals Macronutrients and caloric intake in health and longevity

2015 ◽  
Vol 226 (1) ◽  
pp. R17-R28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha M Solon-Biet ◽  
Sarah J Mitchell ◽  
Rafael de Cabo ◽  
David Raubenheimer ◽  
David G Le Couteur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Both lifespan and healthspan are influenced by nutrition, with nutritional interventions proving to be robust across a wide range of species. However, the relationship between nutrition, health and aging is still not fully understood. Caloric restriction is the most studied dietary intervention known to extend life in many organisms, but recently the balance of macronutrients has been shown to play a critical role. In this review, we discuss the current understanding regarding the impact of calories and macronutrient balance in mammalian health and longevity, and highlight the key nutrient-sensing pathways that mediate the effects of nutrition on health and ageing.

scholarly journals Immunotoxic Effects Induced by Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin: A Review

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Leticia Diez-Quijada ◽  
Maria del Monte Benítez-González ◽  
María Puerto ◽  
Angeles Jos ◽  
Ana M. Cameán
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Picture ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

Cyanotoxin occurrence is gaining importance due to anthropogenic activities, climate change and eutrophication. Among them, Microcystins (MCs) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are the most frequently studied due to their ubiquity and toxicity. Although MCs are primary classified as hepatotoxins and CYN as a cytotoxin, they have been shown to induce deleterious effects in a wide range of organs. However, their effects on the immune system are as yet scarcely investigated. Thus, to know the impact of cyanotoxins on the immune system, due to its importance in organisms’ homeostasis, is considered of interest. A review of the scientific literature dealing with the immunotoxicity of MCs and CYN has been performed, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have been considered. Results have confirmed the scarcity of reports on the topic, particularly for CYN. Decreased cell viability, apoptosis or altered functions of immune cells, and changed levels and mRNA expression of cytokines are among the most common effects reported. Underlying mechanisms, however, are still not yet fully elucidated. Further research is needed in order to have a full picture of cyanotoxin immunotoxicity.

scholarly journals Statistical Assessment of the Impact of Structural Factors on Economic Activities of Agricultural Enterprises

2017 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Т. V. Kobylynska
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Agricultural enterprises have a critical role in the agrarian market of Ukraine, as they account for nearly 60% of the plant-growing output. Studies of the dynamics and structure of production processes at agricultural enterprises are obviously important and expedient due to the need for operative and sound data on their economic performance, required by a wide range of users. Besides that, whatever is produced in the market environment needs to be demanded by the market and be sold with profit, with due consideration for the requirements on rational land use, to maintain the fertility of lands and prevent from their destruction. The objective of the study is to conduct statistical analysis of the structure and structural change of the agricultural output produced by agricultural enterprises in Ukraine. Negative and positive tendencies in the structural change of operation at agricultural enterprises by organizational and legal form of proprietorship are analyzed. The indicator of production output in constant prices is used to characterize the dynamics of the total output. It is stressed that it is a key performance indicator in agricultural sector, used for both agricultural enterprises and households. The agricultural output is computed by valuating all the categories of products irrespective of the production location and conditions, by the same price This algorithm avoids the impact of variations in regional prices for categories of agricultural products and enables for comparative analysis at national and regional level by main agricultural activity (plant-growing, animal husbandry) and category of agricultural producers. The structure and structural change in the agricultural output by product category and form of proprietorship is analyzed, ft is shown that while in 2012-2013 agricultural enterprises accounted for average 52.4% of the gross agricultural output, in 2014-2016 their average contribution in the output grew by 3.4 percentage points and reached 55.8%.

scholarly journals Influence of cadmium on the cellular part of the immune system of young cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Y. Y. Lavryshyn ◽  
B. V. Gutyj ◽  
K. Y. Leskiv ◽  
I. I. Hariv ◽  
L. H. Yevtukh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Control Group ◽  
T Suppressors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

The article presents the results of research on the effect of cadmium load on the body of young cattle. The negative effect of Cadmium on the liver causes a wide range of pathological changes at different levels of its organization. The impact of heavy metals on the immune system is particularly significant, because it performs a leading role in maintaining health and is recognized as one of the most sensitive to adverse factors, even in relatively low concentrations. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of cadmium on the cellular part of the immune system of young cattle. The research was carried out on 10 bulls of six months of age, Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, which were formed into 2 groups of 5 animals each: control and experimental. The bulls of the control group were on a normal diet. Animals of the experimental group were administered cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.04 mg/kg body weight of the animal. It was found that feeding bulls with a diet of cadmium chloride, the number of B-lymphocytes on the 5th day of the experiment was 17.54 ± 0.95 %. The lowest number of B-lymphocytes was on the 20th day of testing – 15.12 ± 0.37 %. The study of the number of T-lymphocytes shows that at the beginning of analysis the number of T-lymphocytes in the blood of animals of the control and experimental groups ranged from 40.70 ± 3.62 and 40.85 ± 2.54 %. Subsequently, the number of T-lymphocytes in the blood of the experimental group began to decline. The lowest number of T-lymphocytes was in the experimental group of animals on the 20th day of the research, compared with the control group, this figure decreased by 3.63 %. The state of immunity of animals under cadmium load significantly depends on the ratio of T-helpers to T-suppressors. It was found that the immunoregulatory index of blood of bulls of the experimental group probably decreased from 10 days of the research. The number of T-helper lymphocytes in the blood of the experimental group of bulls under cadmium loading is probably reduced by 15, 20 and 30 days of testing. A probable increase in the number of T-suppressors was noted in the bull's blood of the experimental group on the 20th day of the research. Immunoglobulins of different classes are crucial among bull’s serum proteins under cadmium loading. The concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood under cadmium load decreased by 15.9 % relative to the control group on the 20th day of analysis.

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