scholarly journals Elucidating bacterial adhesion to mucosal surface by an original AFM approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Dunker ◽  
Sol Gomez de la Torre Canny ◽  
Catherine Taylor Nordgård ◽  
Etienne Dague ◽  
Cécile Formosa-Dague ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Fish Skin ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Afm Probe ◽  
Adhesive Interactions ◽  
Skin Mucosa

Abstract Background Fish skin represents an ancient vertebrate mucosal surface, sharing characteristics with other mucosal surfaces including those of the intestine. The skin mucosa is continuously exposed to microbes in the surrounding water and is therefore important in the first line defense against environmental pathogens by preventing bacteria from accessing the underlying surfaces. Understanding the microbe-host interactions at the fish skin mucosa is highly relevant in order to understand and control infection, commensalism, colonization, persistence, infection, and disease. Here we investigate the interactions between the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida (A. salmonicida) and Yersinia ruckeri (Y. ruckeri), respectively, and the skin mucosal surface of Atlantic salmon fry using AFM force spectroscopy. Results The results obtained revealed that when retracting probes functionalized with bacteria from surfaces coated with immobilized mucins, isolated from salmon mucosal surfaces, rupture events reflecting the disruption of adhesive interactions were observed, with rupture strengths centered around 200 pN. However, when retracting probes functionalized with bacteria from the intact mucosal surface of salmon fish fry no adhesive interactions could be detected. Furthermore, rheological measurements revealed a near fluid-like behavior for the fish fry skin mucus. Taken together, the experimental data indicate that the adhesion between the mucin molecules within the mucous layer may be significantly weaker than the interaction between the bacteria and the mucin molecules. The bacteria, immobilized on the AFM probe, do bind to individual mucins in the mucosal layer, but are released from the near fluid mucus with little resistance upon retraction of the AFM probe, to which they are immobilized. Conclusion The data provided in the current paper reveal that A. salmonicida and Y. ruckeri do bind to the immobilized mucins. However, when retracting the bacteria from intact mucosal surfaces, no adhesive interactions are detected. These observations suggest a mechanism underlying the protective function of the mucosal surface based on the clearing of potential threats by adhering them to loosely attached mucus that is subsequently released from the fish skin.

scholarly journals Load of Aeromonas salmonicida in Swamp Water and its Pathogenicity to Koi, Anabas testudineus (Bloch)

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowshatul Afza ◽  
M Afzal Hussain ◽  
Habiba Khatun ◽  
Sabina Yeasmin ◽  
Md Iqbal Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Aeromonas Salmonicida ◽  
Fish Production ◽  
Artificial Infection ◽  
Anabas Testudineus ◽  
Tropical Zone ◽  
Aeromonas Sobria ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Zone Temperature

Among the fishery resources, swamps are very important for various fish species such as Oreochromis nilotica, Oreochromis mossambica, Anabas testudineus, Channa punctatus and Heteropneustes fossilis. Swamps require shorter time and small investment for fish culture (Rahman et al. 1998). However, diseases are major problems in fish production both in culture system and wild condition in Bangladesh (Rahman and Chowdhury 1996). Bacteria, especially Aeromonas sp. is one of the causative agents of fish diseases. Bangladesh is situated in the tropical zone. Temperature is one of the important factors which affect the growth of pathogenic bacteria (Ljungh and Wadstrom 1982). Aeromonas sobria increases and grows at 17- 25°C (Rahman and Chowdhury 1996). Aeromonas sp. is the causative agent of various kinds of ulcerative disease of fishes (Karunasagar and Sugumar 1995). Yesmin et al. (2004) and Chowdhury and Baqui (1997) reported that Aeromonas is a very common pathogen in carps and live fishes. Hossain et al. (2006) worked on the bacterial load, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their artificial infection to Oreochromis niloticus. The present study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial load in swamp water and the pathogenicity of A. sobria in A. testudineus.   doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2162 J. bio-sci. 15: 181-184, 2007

Gastrointestinal mucus, a medium for survival and for elimination of parasitic nematodes and protozoa

Parasitology ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 94 (S1) ◽  
pp. S77-S100 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Elastic Material ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Mucin Glycoproteins ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Additional Support

Mucus is a sticky visco-elastic material which coats all mucosal surfaces. Florey, in 1955, noted the following three functions for gastrointestinal mucus: protection of the underlying mucosa from chemical and physical injury, lubrication of the mucosal surface to facilitate passage of luminal contents, and removal of parasites by binding and entrapment. In the 31 years since Florey's review, detailed analyses of the composition of mucus and of the biochemistry of mucin glycoproteins, as well as measurements of the physical properties of mucus from different organs and sites have yielded information at the molecular level which provide additional support for his views on its function (Allen, 1981; Forstner, Wesley & Forstner, 1982).

Aspects of Immunology of the Gut and Rotavirus Infection

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 32-32
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Subsequent Infection ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Artificial Induction ◽  
Enteric Infections ◽  
Portal Of Entry ◽  
Immune Defences

The major portal of entry for most pathogenic microorganisms is the mucosal surface. It seems reasonable therefore that the host in its turn should possess substantial immune defences at the mucosae to provide protection against these insults. Enteric infections usually result in at least some degree of specific protection against a subsequent infection with the same organism. However artificial induction of mucosal immunity has proved difficult. Clearly, as yet, we do not have a full understanding of the inductive events involved in the generation of mucosal immune responses or the immune mechanisms operating at mucosal surfaces. In this paper I will attempt to briefly review the main aspects of mucosal immunity concentrating on the gut as the model mucosal surface.

scholarly journals The Major Subunit, CfaB, of Colonization Factor Antigen I from Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Is a Glycosphingolipid Binding Protein

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 3488-3497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Jansson ◽  
Joshua Tobias ◽  
Michael Lebens ◽  
Ann-Mari Svennerholm ◽  
Susann Teneberg
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colonization Factor ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Colonization Factors ◽  
Bacteria Adhesion ◽  
Colonization Factor Antigen I

ABSTRACT Bacterial adherence to mucosal surfaces is an important virulence trait of pathogenic bacteria. Adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) to the intestine is mediated by a number of antigenically distinct colonization factors (CFs). One of the most common CFs is CFA/I. This has a fimbrial structure composed of a major repeating subunit, CfaB, and a single tip subunit, CfaE. The potential carbohydrate recognition by CFA/I was investigated by binding CFA/I-fimbriated bacteria and purified CFA/I fimbriae to a large number of variant glycosphingolipids separated on thin-layer chromatograms. For both fimbriated bacteria and purified fimbriae, specific interactions could be identified with a number of nonacid glycosphingolipids. These included glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide with phytosphingosine and/or hydroxy fatty acids, neolactotetraosylceramide, gangliotriaosylceramide, gangliotetraosylceramide, the H5 type 2 pentaglycosylceramide, the Lea-5 glycosphingolipid, the Lex-5 glycosphingolipid, and the Ley-6 glycosphingolipid. These glycosphingolipids were also recognized by recombinant E. coli expressing CFA/I in the absence of tip protein CfaE, as well as by purified fimbriae from the same strain. This demonstrates that the glycosphingolipid-binding capacity of CFA/I resides in the major CfaB subunit.

scholarly journals Movement of Sodium Across the Mucosal Surface of the Isolated Toad Bladder and its Modification by Vasopressin

1962 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Frazier ◽  
Eleanor F. Dempsey ◽  
Alexander Leaf
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Mucosal Surface ◽  
Transepithelial Transport ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Chemical Gradients ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Toad Bufo ◽  
Stimulation Of

Studies have been made on the isolated urinary bladder of the toad, Bufo marinus, in an attempt to evaluate gradients of chemical activity across the mucosal surfaces of the epithelial cells which would serve to maintain a net movement of sodium from the mucosal medium into the cells. The likelihood of such chemical gradients has been established by the demonstration of lower contents of sodium within the tissue, expressed as microequivalents per gram of tissue water, than of concentrations of sodium in the mucosal medium at all levels of the latter examined. The transepithelial transport of sodium and the sodium content of the tissue were found to increase rapidly with rise in concentration of sodium in the mucosal medium up to values of 30 to 60 meq per liter. Further increase in concentration of the medium above this value failed to induce further stimulation of sodium transport or increase in the sodium content of the tissue. Vasopressin increased the rate of transport of sodium at every concentration of sodium in the mucosal medium without altering this relationship. Although entry of sodium across the mucosal surface of the epithelial cells may be passive it is not by free diffusion but involves some considerable interaction with the mucosal surface of the bladder and constitutes the major determinant of the rate of transepithelial transport of sodium. Vasopressin acts to enhance this initial step in the transport of sodium.

scholarly journals Cleavage of the Human Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) Hinge Region by IgA1 Proteases Requires Structures in the Fc region of IgA

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 2563-2570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koteswara R. Chintalacharuvu ◽  
Philip D. Chuang ◽  
Ashley Dragoman ◽  
Christine Z. Fernandez ◽  
Jiazhou Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Constant Region ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin

ABSTRACT Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) protects the mucosal surfaces against inhaled and ingested pathogens. Many pathogenic bacteria produce IgA1 proteases that cleave in the hinge of IgA1, thus separating the Fab region from the Fc region and making IgA ineffective. Here, we show that Haemophilus influenzae type 1 and Neisseria gonorrhoeae type 2 IgA1 proteases cleave the IgA1 hinge in the context of the constant region of IgA1 or IgA2m(1) but not in the context of IgG2. Both Cα2 and Cα3 but not Cα1 are required for the cleavage of the IgA1 hinge by H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae proteases. While there was no difference in the cleavage kinetics between wild-type IgA1 and IgA1 containing only the first GalNAc residue of the O-linked glycans, the absence of N-linked glycans in the Fc increased the ability of the N. gonorrhoeae protease to cleave the IgA1 hinge. Taken together, these results suggest that, in addition to the IgA1 hinge, structures in the Fc region of IgA are required for the recognition and cleavage of IgA1 by the H. influenzae and N. gonorrhoeae proteases.

scholarly journals Transmembrane Mucins: Signaling Receptors at the Intersection of Inflammation and Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jos P.M. van Putten ◽  
Karin Strijbis
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mesh Structure ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mucosal Layer ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Express Cell ◽  
Signaling Receptors ◽  
Interaction Surface

Mucosal surfaces line our body cavities and provide the interaction surface between commensal and pathogenic microbiota and the host. The barrier function of the mucosal layer is largely maintained by gel-forming mucin proteins that are secreted by goblet cells. In addition, mucosal epithelial cells express cell-bound mucins that have both barrier and signaling functions. The family of transmembrane mucins consists of diverse members that share a few characteristics. The highly glycosylated extracellular mucin domains inhibit invasion by pathogenic bacteria and can form a tight mesh structure that protects cells in harmful conditions. The intracellular tails of transmembrane mucins can be phosphorylated and connect to signaling pathways that regulate inflammation, cell-cell interactions, differentiation, and apoptosis. Transmembrane mucins play important roles in preventing infection at mucosal surfaces, but are also renowned for their contributions to the development, progression, and metastasis of adenocarcinomas. In general, transmembrane mucins seem to have evolved to monitor and repair damaged epithelia, but these functions can be highjacked by cancer cells to yield a survival advantage. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge of the functions of transmembrane mucins in inflammatory processes and carcinogenesis in order to better understand the diverse functions of these multifunctional proteins.

Bacterial Adherence: Adhesin Receptor-mediated Attachment of Pathogenic Bacteria to Mucosal Surfaces

1988 ◽  
Vol 138 (6_pt_2) ◽  
pp. S45-S48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin H. Beachey ◽  
Christopher S. Giampapa ◽  
Soman N. Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Adherence ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces

scholarly journals Mutual Preservation: A Review of Interactions Between Cervicovaginal Mucus and Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stylianos Vagios ◽  
Caroline M. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Cervicovaginal Mucus ◽  
Female Genital

At mucosal surfaces throughout the body mucus and mucins regulate interactions between epithelia and both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Although the microbes in the female genital tract have been linked to multiple reproductive health outcomes, the role of cervicovaginal mucus in regulating genital tract microbes is largely unexplored. Mucus-microbe interactions could support the predominance of specific bacterial species and, conversely, commensal bacteria can influence mucus properties and its influence on reproductive health. Herein, we discuss the current evidence for both synergistic and antagonistic interactions between cervicovaginal mucus and the female genital tract microbiome, and how an improved understanding of these relationships could significantly improve women’s health.

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