scholarly journals Key metabolites associated with the onset of flowering of guar genotypes (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafima Arkhimandritova ◽  
Alexey Shavarda ◽  
Elena Potokina
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Gene Associations ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Abstract Background Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.), a short-day plant, is an economically valuable legume crop. Seeds of guar serve as a source of galactomannan polysaccharide, known as guar gum, which is in demand in the gas and oil industries. The rapid and complete maturation of guar seeds depends on the flowering time of a particular genotype. It is known that flowering in guar is controlled by several gene systems. However, no information about the process and mechanisms that trigger flowering in guar on the molecular and biochemical levels was previously reported. The aim of the study was to investigate the metabolic landscape underlying transition to the flowering in guar using GC-MS-metabolomic analysis. Results 82 diverse guar genotypes (each in 8 replicates) from the VIR collection were grown under experimental conditions of high humidity and long photoperiod. In the stress environment some guar genotypes turned to flowering early (41 ± 1,8 days from the first true leaf appearance) while for others the serious delay of flowering (up to 95 ± 1,7 days) was observed. A total of 244 metabolites were detected by GC-MS analysis on the third true leaves stage of 82 guar genotypes. Among them some molecules were associated with the transition of the guar plants to flowering. Clear discrimination was observed in metabolomic profiles of two groups of «early flowering» and «delayed flowering» plants, with 65 metabolites having a significantly higher abundance in early flowering genotypes. Among them 7 key molecules were identified by S-plot, as potential biomarkers discriminating of «early flowering» and «delayed flowering» guar genotypes. Conclusions The metabolomic landscape accompanying transition to flowering in guar was firstly described. The results obtained can be used in subsequent genomic research for identifying metabolite-gene associations and revealing genes responsible for the onset of flowering and photoperiod sensitivity of guar. In addition, the detected key metabolites associated with flowering of guar can be employed as biomarkers allowing rapid screening of breeding material for the potentially early flowering genotypes.

An Economic Analysis of Cluster Bean Production in Bikaner District of Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The State ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Bean Crop

Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) commonly known as is a drought and high temperature tolerant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Guar, deep-rooted summer annual legume crop cultivated mainly in the Kharif season in an arid region and used as animal feed, fodder, green manure and extraction of gum for industrial uses. India is the largest producer of cluster bean and contributes 80 percent of total cluster bean production in the world. Rajasthan is the single largest producer and alone contributed to more than 70 percent of India’s total output. The increased demand for guar gum resulted in a strong escalation of the prices of cluster bean. Looking at the agricultural and industrial importance of this marginalized crop in Rajasthan, particularly realizing the potential in Bikaner district of the state, the present study attempted to analyze the present scenario of the production of cluster bean crops in Bikaner district of the state. A return per rupee invested in cluster bean crop was higher in the small farm (1:1.38) and marginally lowers on the medium farm (1:1.35). Break-even guar production ranged between 4.26 to 5.19 q per ha in small farm, 4.16 to 4.99 q per ha in medium and 3.98 to 4.94 q per ha on a large farm.

scholarly journals Identification of Key Metabolic Pathways and Biomarkers Underlying Flowering Time of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) via Integrated Transcriptome-Metabolome Analysis

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Grigoreva ◽  
Alexander Tkachenko ◽  
Serafima Arkhimandritova ◽  
Aleksandar Beatovic ◽  
Pavel Ulianich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Legume Crop

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an annual legume crop native to India and Pakistan. Seeds of the plant serve as a source of galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) used in the food industry as a stabilizer (E412) and as a gelling agent in oil and gas fracturing fluids. There were several attempts to introduce this crop to countries of more northern latitudes. However, guar is a plant of a short photoperiod, therefore, its introduction, for example, to Russia is complicated by a long day length during the growing season. Breeding of new guar varieties insensitive to photoperiod slowed down due to the lack of information on functional molecular markers, which, in turn, requires information on guar genome. Modern breeding strategies, e.g., genomic predictions, benefit from integration of multi-omics approaches such as transcriptome, proteome and metabolome assays. Here we present an attempt to use transcriptome-metabolome integration to understand the genetic determination of flowering time variation among guar plants that differ in their photoperiod sensitivity. This study was performed on nine early- and six delayed-flowering guar varieties with the goal to find a connection between 63 metabolites and 1,067 differentially expressed transcripts using Shiny GAM approach. For the key biomarker of flowering in guar myo-inositol we also evaluated the KEGG biochemical pathway maps available for Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway is initiated in guar plants that are ready for flowering through the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) gene, resulting in an exponential increase in the amount of myo-inositol in its free form observed on GC-MS chromatograms. The signaling pathway is performed by suppression of myo-inositol phosphate kinases (phosphorylation) and alternative overexpression of phosphatases (dephosphorylation). Our study suggests that metabolome and transcriptome information taken together, provide valuable information about biomarkers that can be used as a tool for marker-assisted breeding, metabolomics and functional genomics of this important legume crop.

scholarly journals Degradation of hydroxypropyl guar gum at wide pH range by a heterogeneous Fenton-like process using bentonite-supported Cu(0)

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1635-1642
Author(s):  
Ling Zhou ◽  
Zhongying Xu ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Zhifang Zhang ◽  
Ying Tang
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Heterogeneous Reaction ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Guar ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Guar Gum

Abstract To seek for efficient Fenton-like oxidation processing for treatment of waste fracturing fluid containing hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPGG), in heterogeneous reaction, five bentonite-supported zero-valent metal catalysts were prepared by liquid-phase reduction. The results showed that the bentonite-supported zero-valent copper exhibited best catalytic performance, attributed to the high dispersion of active sites of zero-valent copper. The effects of the most relevant operating factors (H2O2 concentration, catalyst dosage, temperature and pH) were evaluated in detail. Moreover, the chemical oxygen demand removal rate of HPGG can achieve 76% when the reaction time was selected at 45 min under optimal experimental conditions. The stability evaluation showed that the catalytic performance was almost unaffected after the catalyst was recycled and used once more showing the good stability of the bentonite-supported zero-valent copper in the application process.

scholarly journals In vivo mucoadhesive strength appraisal of gum Manilkara zapota

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Singh Sudarshan ◽  
Bothara Sunil B
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Manilkara Zapota ◽  
Seed Mucilage

The mucilage (MMZ) extracted from the seeds of Manilkara zapota(Linn.) P. Royen syn. using maceration techniques was evaluated for mucoadhesive strength by various in vitro and in vivo methods. The result showed that mucoadhesive strength of seeds mucilage have comparable property toward natural and synthetic polymers such as Guar Gum and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC E5LV) under the experimental conditions used in this study. Briefly, it could be concluded that the seed mucilage of Manilkara zapota can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient in oral mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Further, it may be appropriate to study the changes in these properties after chemical modifications.

The effect of leaf removal on flowering time in subterranean clover

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Collins ◽  
Y Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Rate Of Leaf Appearance

The removal of fully expanded leaves delayed flowering by up to 30 days in subterranean clover cv. Mt. Barker sown in winter at Melbourne (38�S.). This effect on flowering was attributable partly to a delay in flower initiation and partly to a slower rate of leaf appearance after flower initiation. Thus leaf removal may be added to the factors already known to influence flower initiation in subterranean clover. When plants were grown under a 24 hr photoperiod. leaf removal had no effect on flower initiation; the slight delay that leaf removal caused in flowering was therefore due entirely to its effect in reducing the rate of leaf appearance. In other experiments leaf removal delayed the time of flower initiation but had no effect on the rate of leaf appearance. The effect of leaf removal on the time of flowering on the main shoot in lateral-dominant plants (as occur in the field) was qualitatively the same as in plants from which the laterals had been removed. Grazing management of subterranean clover which results in severe defoliation during early growth may delay flowering to such an extent that seed production is reduced substantially, and persistence thereby prejudiced.

A rapid screening method for Rhizobium meliloti symbiotic nitrogenase activity

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Sirois ◽  
E. A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Rapid Screening Method

A method for screening Rhizobium meliloti isolates for their symbiotic nitrogenase activity with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Apollo is described. The nitrogenase activity of each isolate is assessed by measuring the reduction of acetylene (C2H2) to ethylene (C2H4) by 50 intact plants grown in 10 plastic pouches for 2 weeks. The method is rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and accurate enough to differentiate 29 Rhizobium isolates and 5 authentic strains into 13 subsets. Under the experimental conditions used, nodulation occurred within 5 days of inoculation and there was a significant positive relationship between the nitrogenase activity of those isolates which reduced more than 60 nmol C2H2∙plant−1∙h−1 and the dry weight of the shoots of the nodulated plants in 2 weeks of growth.

Galactomannan content and key enzymes of its metabolism in seedsof cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Wadhwa ◽  
Udai Narayan Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mature Seeds

The present investigation was carried out to estimate galactomannan content in mature seeds of 17 guar genotypes and activity of enzymes involved in galactomannan metabolism. Galactomannan content was found in the range of 16.82 (in IC 310630) to 36.68 per cent (in HG 3-2). The developing pods were sampled at 25, 32, 39 and 46 days after flowering (DAF) for a-galactosyltransferase, ß-D-mannosidase & ß-1, 4-mannanase assay. The mean a-galactosyltransferase specific activity increased from 25 to 39 DAF (1557 to 3093 units) followed by decrease at 46 DAF (1484 units). The mean specific activity increased from 392 to 3166 units with the increase in galactomannan content from 16.82 to 36.68 per cent. Thus, this enzyme showed highly positive correlation with the galactomannan content. The mean specific activity of ß-D-mannosidase increased gradually from 25 to 39 DAF (67 to 138 units) followed by sharp decrease at 46 DAF (32 units). The mean specific activity of ß-1, 4-mannanase was found maximum at 25 DAF (102 units) and afterwards, it decreased continuously with advancement of days after flowering up to 46 days (9 units). On the whole, it can be said that the ß-D-mannosidase requires prior activity of ß-1, 4-mannanase for galactomannan catabolism while a-galactosyltransferase activity is positively correlated with galactomannan content and play a major role in guar gum synthesis and can be further used for gum improvement via genetic manipulation.

Organic Modification and Ball Milling of Bentonite and its Retention Properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
Wei Chen ◽  
You Ming Li ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Dong Hai Chen ◽  
Xiao Fang Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ball Mill ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Interplanar Spacing ◽  
Retention Rate ◽  
Ammonium Bromide ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Organic Modification ◽  
Modified Bentonite ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Ft Ir

Stearyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(STAB) was used for organic modification of bentonite and then ball milled the modified bentonite. The organically modified bentonite was analyzed by FT-IR and XRD. The results show that the stearyltrimethyl ammonium bromide has been interalated into the layers of bentonite. The layer distance of the bentonite is increased from 1.256nm to 2.694nm. The appropriate experimental conditions of interplanar spacing increasing were the dosage of STAB 40%, reaction time 4h, temperature 75°C. The ball milled organically modified bentonite was analyzed by SEM. The results show that the particle mainly reach submicron to nanometer when ball mill 2h. The particle size distribution range is from 100nm to 500nm. Ball milled organically modified bentonite/ cationic guar gum(CGG) can improve retention rate of paper-process reconstituted tobacco pulp obviously than organically modified bentonite/CGG because of smaller grains and better unigormity of ball milled bentonite.

Overcoming the barriers of combining early flowering and anthracnose resistance in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) for the Northern Agricultural Region of Western Australia

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kedar Nath Adhikari ◽  
Geoff Thomas ◽  
Dean Diepeveen ◽  
Richard Trethowan
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Agricultural Region ◽  
Anthracnose Resistance ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Lupinus Albus L

White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is an important grain legume crop in Australia. The anthracnose incursion in the mid-1990s wiped out the white lupin industry in Western Australia (WA). Since then, incorporation of anthracnose resistance has been a major focus in white lupin breeding. After a series of experiments and targeted breeding in WA, high-yielding anthracnose-resistant genotypes were developed. One of these lines, Amira, was released in 2012 as a replacement for the then-benchmark variety Andromeda. Amira is high-yielding and early-maturing and it has substantially improved resistance to anthracnose compared with Andromeda. Its yield and grain quality are similar to Kiev Mutant and it will be suitable for growing in parts of the Northern Agricultural Region of WA where anthracnose risk is moderate to low. With the adoption of this new variety, reliable production of white lupin can recommence in WA. The growing season in WA is characterised by terminal drought, and early flowering is as important as anthracnose resistance. However, combining these traits was difficult and their combination was not achieved at a desired level in earlier work. The incorporation of the early-flowering trait from a different genetic source from France demonstrated that it is possible to combine these traits at an appropriate level. There was no genetic linkage between the two traits, and consequently, new genotypes with earlier phenology and higher levels of resistance than Amira were developed. The combination of early flowering and anthracnose resistance represents a breakthrough that will significantly improve the adaptation and profitability of white lupin production in WA.

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