An Economic Analysis of Cluster Bean Production in Bikaner District of Rajasthan

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The State ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Small Farm ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Bean Crop

Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub) commonly known as is a drought and high temperature tolerant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Guar, deep-rooted summer annual legume crop cultivated mainly in the Kharif season in an arid region and used as animal feed, fodder, green manure and extraction of gum for industrial uses. India is the largest producer of cluster bean and contributes 80 percent of total cluster bean production in the world. Rajasthan is the single largest producer and alone contributed to more than 70 percent of India’s total output. The increased demand for guar gum resulted in a strong escalation of the prices of cluster bean. Looking at the agricultural and industrial importance of this marginalized crop in Rajasthan, particularly realizing the potential in Bikaner district of the state, the present study attempted to analyze the present scenario of the production of cluster bean crops in Bikaner district of the state. A return per rupee invested in cluster bean crop was higher in the small farm (1:1.38) and marginally lowers on the medium farm (1:1.35). Break-even guar production ranged between 4.26 to 5.19 q per ha in small farm, 4.16 to 4.99 q per ha in medium and 3.98 to 4.94 q per ha on a large farm.

Galactomannan content and key enzymes of its metabolism in seedsof cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Wadhwa ◽  
Udai Narayan Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Key Enzymes ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mature Seeds

The present investigation was carried out to estimate galactomannan content in mature seeds of 17 guar genotypes and activity of enzymes involved in galactomannan metabolism. Galactomannan content was found in the range of 16.82 (in IC 310630) to 36.68 per cent (in HG 3-2). The developing pods were sampled at 25, 32, 39 and 46 days after flowering (DAF) for a-galactosyltransferase, ß-D-mannosidase & ß-1, 4-mannanase assay. The mean a-galactosyltransferase specific activity increased from 25 to 39 DAF (1557 to 3093 units) followed by decrease at 46 DAF (1484 units). The mean specific activity increased from 392 to 3166 units with the increase in galactomannan content from 16.82 to 36.68 per cent. Thus, this enzyme showed highly positive correlation with the galactomannan content. The mean specific activity of ß-D-mannosidase increased gradually from 25 to 39 DAF (67 to 138 units) followed by sharp decrease at 46 DAF (32 units). The mean specific activity of ß-1, 4-mannanase was found maximum at 25 DAF (102 units) and afterwards, it decreased continuously with advancement of days after flowering up to 46 days (9 units). On the whole, it can be said that the ß-D-mannosidase requires prior activity of ß-1, 4-mannanase for galactomannan catabolism while a-galactosyltransferase activity is positively correlated with galactomannan content and play a major role in guar gum synthesis and can be further used for gum improvement via genetic manipulation.

Cluster bean [cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.], an importantindustrial arid legume: A review

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Bhatt ◽  
A. K. Jukanti ◽  
M. M. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Well Drilling ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Global Cluster ◽  
Gum Content ◽  
Commercial Applications

Cluster bean is an important legume cultivated mostly on marginal and sub marginal lands of arid and semi-arid regions. Overall, India produces around 80% of global cluster bean production. It is cultivated on more than 4 m ha in India, Rajasthan alone accounts for around 80% of the area and production. Owing to its demand in the international market, it has been introduced in the non-traditional growing areas like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh. Further, its cultivation is also being taken up under irrigated conditions during summer. Cluster bean seed (endosperm) is a source of a natural hydrocolloid (galactomannan/‘guar gum’). The gum has unique abilities with multiple commercial applications like textile, printing, paper, cosmetics, mining, pharmaceutical, petroleum, natural gas, well drilling and oil industries. Green pods are nutritionally rich and are routinely consumed as vegetable especially in northern and western parts of India. Additionally, cluster bean has been reported to have beneficial effects when cultivated as an intercrop. Cluster bean meal (high protein content) obtained from seed coat and germ cell is an excellent feed for monogastric animals. Cluster bean cultivars with high gum content (>32%) and viscosity (4000-5000 cps) are more preferred for export. The value of cluster bean exports from India has increased from Rs 242 crores (1994) to Rs 2100 crores (2012-13). This review presents the various aspects of cluster bean cultivation and its emergence as an important industrial crop.

Effect of seed pelleting with botanicals on germination and seedling growth of clusterbean under induced saline condition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Prakash ◽  
S. Pallavamallan ◽  
G. Sathiyanarayanan ◽  
S. Rameshkumar
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Pongamia Pinnata ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Saline Condition ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Vigour Index ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Albizia Amara

Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an important legume crop. Investigations were undertaken to study the effect of seed pelleting with botanicals viz., Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis juliflora, Vitex nigundo and Albizia amara@ 50, 100, 150 and 200 g kg-1 of seed on germination and seedling growth of cluster bean under induced saline condition viz., EC4, EC8, EC12 and EC16. The experimental results revealed that increased salinity caused harmful effects on germination and seedling growth in terms of germination %, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, dry matter production and vigour index. However, pelleting treatments increased these parameters with more pronounced effect by Pongamia pinnata leaf powder. Higher germination, growth and vigour of seedlings were recorded with Pongamia pinnata leaf powder treatment @ 200g per kg. The next best levels of vigour index was recorded in treatments with Pongamia pinnata leaf powder @ 150g per kg and Prosopis juliflora leaf powder @ 200g per kg only at no salinity and low levels and in high levels of salinity, Albizia amara leaf powder treatment @ 200g per kg performed as the nest best treatment.

scholarly journals The Evaluation of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (L.) Taub) Genotypes for Fruit and Gum Yield

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Balakumbahan ◽  
G. Prabukumar ◽  
V. Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fruit Length ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Check Variety ◽  
Gum Content ◽  
Number Of Seeds

An experiment on evaluation of cluster bean genotypes was conducted at the department of vegetable crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam. Fifty genotypes of gum type of cluster bean from NBPGR, Regional Station Jodhpur, two varieties viz., Thar Bhadavi and the check variety Pusa Navbahar were collected for the study. The collected fifty two (Ct - 1 to Ct - 52) genotypes were evaluated for their growth, yield and gum content for three seasons from November 2013 to February 2015. The data collected from the 52 genotypes. The three seasons data were pooled and statistically analysed. From the above study it is concluded that the variety Pusa Navbahar (Ct – 52 check variety) recorded highest total fruit yield per plant, fruit length, number of seeds per fruit and seed yield per plant than other genotypes taken for evaluation. The same genotype Ct - 52 also recorded the highest guar gum content of 13.44 per cent followed by 12.94 per cent in Ct – 39 and the lowest gum yield of 5.79 per cent was observed in Ct - 47.

scholarly journals Impacts of some biostimulants on guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safaa R. El-Lethy ◽  
Iman M. Talaat ◽  
Shahira A. Tarraf ◽  
Abdalla El Moursi
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Enzymatic Oxidation ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Vitamin B3 ◽  
Foliar Treatment

Abstract Background Guar is an economic crop due to guar gum which is extracted from seeds and is used in several industries such as food, ink, plastics, pharmaceutical industry, and cosmetics. It can also be used as a cover crop, animal feed, and green manure. l-Tryptophan (l-β-3-indolylalanine) is a precursor of auxin which regulates plant growth and development. Nicotinamide is known as the amide form of vitamin B3. It is a constituent of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes involved in many enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions in cells. L-Tryptophan and nicotinamide are used in this study in order to improve guar growth, yield, and chemical constituents of seeds. Results The highest records of plant height and fresh and dry weights of leaves were recorded for plants treated with 300 mg/l nicotinamide followed by foliar treatment with 300 mg/l tryptophan. Fresh and dry weights of stems, number of pods/plant, fresh and dry weights of pods, pods yield, seeds yield, and straw yield followed the same trend. Total protein in guar seeds was significantly increased due to foliar treatment with tryptophan, especially in plants treated with 300 mg/l tryptophan, followed by plants treated with 300 mg/l nicotinamide. Total carbohydrates (mg/g dry wt.), total soluble sugars (mg/g dry wt.), total insoluble sugars (mg/g dry wt.), proline (μmol/g dry wt.), and total phenolic compounds (mg/g dry wt.) in the leaves followed the same trend. Conclusion It could be concluded that guar growth and yield are maximized with foliar treatment with nicotinamide (300 mg/l). Also, chemical constituents of seeds improved with nicotinamide and tryptophan treatments (each at 300 mg/l).

scholarly journals Identification of Key Metabolic Pathways and Biomarkers Underlying Flowering Time of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) via Integrated Transcriptome-Metabolome Analysis

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 952
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Grigoreva ◽  
Alexander Tkachenko ◽  
Serafima Arkhimandritova ◽  
Aleksandar Beatovic ◽  
Pavel Ulianich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Legume Crop

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an annual legume crop native to India and Pakistan. Seeds of the plant serve as a source of galactomannan polysaccharide (guar gum) used in the food industry as a stabilizer (E412) and as a gelling agent in oil and gas fracturing fluids. There were several attempts to introduce this crop to countries of more northern latitudes. However, guar is a plant of a short photoperiod, therefore, its introduction, for example, to Russia is complicated by a long day length during the growing season. Breeding of new guar varieties insensitive to photoperiod slowed down due to the lack of information on functional molecular markers, which, in turn, requires information on guar genome. Modern breeding strategies, e.g., genomic predictions, benefit from integration of multi-omics approaches such as transcriptome, proteome and metabolome assays. Here we present an attempt to use transcriptome-metabolome integration to understand the genetic determination of flowering time variation among guar plants that differ in their photoperiod sensitivity. This study was performed on nine early- and six delayed-flowering guar varieties with the goal to find a connection between 63 metabolites and 1,067 differentially expressed transcripts using Shiny GAM approach. For the key biomarker of flowering in guar myo-inositol we also evaluated the KEGG biochemical pathway maps available for Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway is initiated in guar plants that are ready for flowering through the activation of the phospholipase C (PLC) gene, resulting in an exponential increase in the amount of myo-inositol in its free form observed on GC-MS chromatograms. The signaling pathway is performed by suppression of myo-inositol phosphate kinases (phosphorylation) and alternative overexpression of phosphatases (dephosphorylation). Our study suggests that metabolome and transcriptome information taken together, provide valuable information about biomarkers that can be used as a tool for marker-assisted breeding, metabolomics and functional genomics of this important legume crop.

Stability Analysis of Yield and Yield Attributing Traits of Promising Genotypes of Cluster Bean [Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ravi Teja ◽  
P. Saidaiah ◽  
A. Kiran Kumar ◽  
A. Geetha ◽  
K. Bhasker
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Stable Performance ◽  
Gum Content

Background: Cluster bean is originated in India and Pakistan and is characterized as a short day plant. It is a drought tolerant, warm season legume crop, cultivated mainly as rain fed crop in arid and semi-arid regions during rainy season for vegetable, galactomannan gum, forage and green manure. In view of growing demand for its yield, development of new varieties with stable performance over environments is need of the hour.Methods: Twenty five genotypes of cluster bean including one check were evaluated for yield and its attributes in Randomized Block Design with three replications in field investigation during Kharif, 2019 at three agro-climatic Zones of Telangana. G x E interaction and stability analysis of different genotypes across the three environments were worked out as per the model given by Eberhart and Russel (1966).Result: The environments linear were highly significant for all the traits, revealed that the environments were effective in affecting the performance of all the genotypes with respect to cluster bean yield attributing traits. Genotypes IC-9052, IC-10323, IC-10333, IC-103295 and IC-200680 were high yielding and stable under all environments, IC-103295, IC-10323 and IC-9077P1 for higher gum content, IC-10333, IC-28286, IC-103295 and IC-200715 for protein content and genotype IC- 9077-P1 for fibre content were considered as desirable and stable over the environments. The results of the present study could contribute for stable cluster bean varietal improvement in India.

scholarly journals Key metabolites associated with the onset of flowering of guar genotypes (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafima Arkhimandritova ◽  
Alexey Shavarda ◽  
Elena Potokina
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Gene Associations ◽  
Delayed Flowering ◽  
Leaf Appearance

Abstract Background Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.), a short-day plant, is an economically valuable legume crop. Seeds of guar serve as a source of galactomannan polysaccharide, known as guar gum, which is in demand in the gas and oil industries. The rapid and complete maturation of guar seeds depends on the flowering time of a particular genotype. It is known that flowering in guar is controlled by several gene systems. However, no information about the process and mechanisms that trigger flowering in guar on the molecular and biochemical levels was previously reported. The aim of the study was to investigate the metabolic landscape underlying transition to the flowering in guar using GC-MS-metabolomic analysis. Results 82 diverse guar genotypes (each in 8 replicates) from the VIR collection were grown under experimental conditions of high humidity and long photoperiod. In the stress environment some guar genotypes turned to flowering early (41 ± 1,8 days from the first true leaf appearance) while for others the serious delay of flowering (up to 95 ± 1,7 days) was observed. A total of 244 metabolites were detected by GC-MS analysis on the third true leaves stage of 82 guar genotypes. Among them some molecules were associated with the transition of the guar plants to flowering. Clear discrimination was observed in metabolomic profiles of two groups of «early flowering» and «delayed flowering» plants, with 65 metabolites having a significantly higher abundance in early flowering genotypes. Among them 7 key molecules were identified by S-plot, as potential biomarkers discriminating of «early flowering» and «delayed flowering» guar genotypes. Conclusions The metabolomic landscape accompanying transition to flowering in guar was firstly described. The results obtained can be used in subsequent genomic research for identifying metabolite-gene associations and revealing genes responsible for the onset of flowering and photoperiod sensitivity of guar. In addition, the detected key metabolites associated with flowering of guar can be employed as biomarkers allowing rapid screening of breeding material for the potentially early flowering genotypes.

scholarly journals Chromosome scale reference genome of Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor Gaikwad ◽  
G. Ramakrishna ◽  
Harsha Srivastava ◽  
Swati Saxena ◽  
Tanvi Kaila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Reference Genome ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Western India ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Cluster Bean ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
A Genome

AbstractClusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.), also known as Guar is a widely cultivated dryland legume of Western India and parts of Africa. Apart from being a vegetable crop, it is also an abundant source of a natural hetero-polysaccharide called guar gum or galactomannan which is widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food processing, shale gas drilling etc. Here, for the first time we are reporting a chromosome-scale reference genome assembly of clusterbean, from a high galactomannan containing popular guar cultivar, RGC-936, by combining sequenced reads from Illumina, 10x Chromium and Oxford Nanopore technologies. The initial assembly of 1580 scaffolds with an N50 value of 7.12 Mbp was generated. Then, the final genome assembly was obtained by anchoring these scaffolds to a high density SNP map. Finally, a genome assembly of 550.31 Mbp was obtained in 7 pseudomolecules corresponding to 7 chromosomes with a very high N50 of 78.27 Mbp. We finally predicted 34,680 protein-coding genes in the guar genome. The high-quality chromosome-scale cluster bean genome assembly will facilitate understanding of the molecular basis of galactomannan biosynthesis and aid in genomics-assisted breeding of superior cultivars.

scholarly journals ​Genetic Diversity for Seed Yield and its Components in Clusterbean [Cymopsis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub]

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hina M. Makwana ◽  
P.R. Patel ◽  
D.G. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Hybrid Vigor ◽  
Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Cluster Distance ◽  
Gum Content

Background: Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] (2n=2x=14) is an under exploited legume belonging to family fabaceae. Clusterbean is a versatile legume crop cultivated mostly as animal feed, green manure green leaves as fodder, vegetable and cover crop. Clusterbean is a drought resistant, hardy, deep rooted annual legume crop. D2 statistics provides a measure of magnitude for divergence between two genotypes under comparison. For broadening the genetic base of cultivars, the genetic diversity present in cultivated and wild relatives must be explored. Generally, diverse germplasms are expected to give high hybrid vigor and hence, it necessitates studying genetic divergence among the existing varieties and genotypes for the identification of parents for hybridization programme. Methods: The present investigation was undertaken to study genetic variability in clusterbean [Cymopsis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub] with using a set of 40 genotypes at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar during Kharif 2019 in randomized block design with four replications. Mahalanobis (1928) D2 statistic was used for assessing the genetic divergence between different populations. Grouping of the genotypes in different clusters was done by using Tocher’s method. The inter-cluster distance was calculated by measuring the distance between clusters I and cluster II, between clusters I and cluster III, between clusters II and cluster III and so on. Likewise, one by one cluster was taken and their distances from other clusters were calculated. Result: The genetic diversity analysis revealed the formation of nine clusters suggested the presence of considerable genetic diversity among the 40 genotypes. The clustering pattern indicated that geographic diversity was not associated with genetic diversity. The analysis of per cent contribution of various characters towards the expression of total genetic divergence indicated that, the number of branches per plant followed by gum content, days to maturity, days to flowering contributed maximum towards total genetic divergence. On the basis of inter cluster distances, cluster IX was found to be more divergent. Therefore, it was concluded that the genotypes belonging to these cluster should be inter crossed in order to generate more variability.

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