Physiological and transcriptomic analyses to reveal underlying phenolic acid action in consecutive monoculture problem of Polygonatum odoratum

Abstract Background The root rot of fragrant solomonseal (Polygonatum odoratum) has occurred frequently in the traditional P. odoratum cultivating areas in recent years, causing a heavy loss in yield and quality. The phenolic acids in soil, which are the exudates from the P. odoratum root, act as allelochemicals that contribute to the consecutive monoculture problem (CMP) of the medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to get a better understanding of P. odoratum CMP. Results The phenolic acid contents, the nutrient chemical contents, and the enzyme activities related to the soil nutrient metabolism in the first cropping (FC) soil and continuous cropping (CC) soil were determined, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the regulation of the phenolic acids in roots were analyzed. The results showed that five low-molecule-weight phenolic acids were detected both in the CC soil and FC soil, but the phenolic acid contents in the CC soil were significantly higher than those in the FC soil except vanillic acid. The contents of the available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the CC soil were significantly decreased, and the activities of urease and sucrase in the CC soil were significantly decreased. The genomic analysis showed that the phenolic acid anabolism in P. odoratum in the CC soil was promoted. These results indicated that the phenolic acids were accumulated in the CC soil, the nutrient condition in the CC soil deteriorated, and the nitrogen metabolism and sugar catabolism of the CC soil were lowered. Meantime, the anabolism of phenolic acids was increased in the CC plant. Conclusions The CC system promoted the phenolic acid anabolism in P. odoratum and made phenolic acids accumulate in the soil.

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Effects of Different Straw Biochar Combined With Microbial Inoculants on Soil Environment of Ginseng

10.21203/rs.3.rs-189319/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuqi Qi ◽

Haolang Liu ◽

Jihong Wang ◽

Yingping Wang

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Continuous Cropping ◽

Corn Stalk ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Combined Application ◽

Ginseng Soil ◽

Important Cash Crop

Abstract Ginseng is an important cash crop. The long-term continuous cropping of ginseng causes the imbalance of soil environment and the exacerbation of soil-borne diseases, which affects the healthy development of ginseng industry. In this study, ginseng continuous cropping soil was treated with microbial inocula using broad-spectrum biocontrol microbial strain Frankia F1. Wheat straw, rice straw and corn straw were the best carrier materials for microbial inoculum. After treatment with microbial inoculum prepared with corn stalk biochar, the soil pH value, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were increased by 11.18%, 55.43%, 33.07%, 26.70%, 16.40%, and 9.10%, the activities of soil urease, catalase and sucrase increased by 52.73%, 16.80% and 43.80%, respectively. A Metagenomic showed that after the application of microbial inoculum prepared fromwith corn stalk biochar, soil microbial OTUs, Chao1 index, Shannon index, and Simpson index increased by 19.86%, 16.05%, 28.83%, and 3.16%, respectively. Three classes (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Sphingobacteria) were the dominant bacteria in ginseng soil, and their abundance increased by 7.87%, 9.81% and 1.24%, respectively, after treatment with microbial inoculum (corn stalk biochar). Results indicated that the most effective treatment in ginseng soil ould be the combined application of corn stalk biochar and Frankia F1.

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Study on Spatial Distribution of Soil Nutrients and Comprehensive Evaluation of Nutrients in Low Mountain-Hilly Region of Sichuan Province, China

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2544 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 295-298 ◽

pp. 2544-2548

Author(s):

Jiu Jin Xiao ◽

Hong Xing Ma ◽

Chuang Tai Lu

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Sichuan Province ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Nutrient Distribution ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Total N ◽

Hilly Region

It is generally accepted that to overuse fertilize can led to cause fertilize resource waste, increase agriculture production cost, reducing the quality of agricultural products, and cause agricultural non-point source pollution. Determining soil nutrient distribution is critical to identify sites which are at risk of N, P and K nutrition loading. In order to know the soil nutrition spatial distribution and to determine agricultural rational fertilization, a total of 98 soil samples from the plow layer (0-20 cm) were collected in low mountain-hilly region of Sichuan Province, China. Spatial variability and distribution of soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK) in agricultural soils were studied using geographic information system (GIS) software. And the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the weight of indexes by using quantitative analysis.

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Intercropping of Peanut–Tea Enhances Soil Enzymatic Activity and Soil Nutrient Status at Different Soil Profiles in Subtropical Southern China

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10050881 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 881

Author(s):

Taimoor Hassan Farooq ◽

Uttam Kumar ◽

Jing Mo ◽

Awais Shakoor ◽

Jun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Soil Nutrients ◽

Southern China ◽

Cropping System ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Soil Morphology ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Soil Enzymatic Activity ◽

Nutrients Availability

Intercropping is one of the most widely used agroforestry techniques, reducing the harmful impacts of external inputs such as fertilizers. It also controls soil erosion, increases soil nutrients availability, and reduces weed growth. In this study, the intercropping of peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) was done with tea plants (Camellia oleifera), and it was compared with the mono-cropping of tea and peanut. Soil health and fertility were examined by analyzing the variability in soil enzymatic activity and soil nutrients availability at different soil depths (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, and 30–40 cm). Results showed that the peanut–tea intercropping considerably impacted the soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nutrient availability, and soil enzymatic responses at different soil depths. The activity of protease, sucrase, and acid phosphatase was higher in intercropping, while the activity of urease and catalase was higher in peanut monoculture. In intercropping, total phosphorus (TP) was 14.2%, 34.2%, 77.7%, 61.9%; total potassium (TK) was 13.4%, 20%, 27.4%, 20%; available phosphorus (AP) was 52.9%, 26.56%, 61.1%; 146.15% and available potassium (AK) was 11.1%, 43.06%, 46.79% higher than the mono-cropping of tea in respective soil layers. Additionally, available nitrogen (AN) was 51.78%, 5.92%, and 15.32% lower in the 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, and 30–40 cm layers of the intercropping system than in the mono-cropping system of peanut. Moreover, the soil enzymatic activity was significantly correlated with SOC and total nitrogen (TN) content across all soil depths and cropping systems. The depth and path analysis effect revealed that SOC directly affected sucrase, protease, urease, and catalase enzymes in an intercropping system. It was concluded that an increase in the soil enzymatic activity in the intercropping pattern improved the reaction rate at which organic matter decomposed and released nutrients into the soil environment. Enzyme activity in the decomposition process plays a vital role in forest soil morphology and function. For efficient land use in the cropping system, it is necessary to develop coherent agroforestry practices. The results in this study revealed that intercropping certainly enhance soil nutrients status and positively impacts soil conservation.

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Effects of different straw biochar combined with microbial inoculants on soil environment in pot experiment

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94209-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yuqi Qi ◽

Haolang Liu ◽

Jihong Wang ◽

Yingping Wang

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Shannon Index ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Continuous Cropping ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Corn Straw ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Combined Application ◽

Ginseng Soil ◽

Important Cash Crop

AbstractGinseng is an important cash crop. The long-term continuous cropping of ginseng causes the imbalance of soil environment and the exacerbation of soil-borne diseases, which affects the healthy development of ginseng industry. In this study, ginseng continuous cropping soil was treated with microbial inocula using broad-spectrum biocontrol microbial strain Frankia F1. Wheat straw, rice straw and corn straw were the best carrier materials for microbial inoculum. After treatment with microbial inoculum prepared with corn straw biochar, the soil pH value, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were increased by 11.18%, 55.43%, 33.07%, 26.70%, 16.40%, and 9.10%, the activities of soil urease, catalase and sucrase increased by 52.73%, 16.80% and 43.80%, respectively. A Metagenomics showed that after the application of microbial inoculum prepared with corn straw biochar, soil microbial OTUs, Chao1 index, Shannon index, and Simpson index increased by 19.86%, 16.05%, 28.83%, and 3.16%, respectively. Three classes (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Sphingobacteria) were the dominant bacteria in ginseng soil, and their abundance increased by 7.87%, 9.81% and 1.24%, respectively, after treatment with microbial inoculum with corn straw biochar. Results indicated that the most effective treatment in ginseng soil would be the combined application of corn straw biochar and Frankia F1.

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Effect of Soil Tillage and Fertilization on Soil Nutrient and Respiration Flux in Spring Maize Fields

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4604 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 518-523 ◽

pp. 4604-4609

Author(s):

Li Jun Li ◽

Jing Hui Liu ◽

Aodungerile Chen ◽

Li Gang Wang ◽

Jian Guo Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Respiration ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Close Relation ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Chemical Fertilizer ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Available N

In this paper the effects of two types of tillage (conventional tillage-CT and zero tillage-ZT) with three different soil fertilization patterns(chemical fertilizer, chemical-organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer) on soil rapidly available nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus, rapidly available kalium and soil respiration flux in ridge cultivation maize fields were studied. The results indicate that in 2005 and 2006, soil rapidly available nitrogen of two tillage type in different fertilization treatments were organic fertilizer (OF) > chemical-organic fertilizer (OCF) > no fertilizer (CK) > chemical fertilizer(CF); Except For OF, the decreasing of soil available nitrogen contents of each fertilization treatments for ZT were more than those of CT. Rapidly available phosphorus for ZT were OCF >OF > CF >CK, and for CT were OCF > CK >OF> CF; rapidly available kalium for ZT were OCF >OF > CK > CF. soil respiration for different of fertilization patterns for ZT were OCF >OF > CK > CF. In ZT, soil available N and P had close relation with soil respiration flux, especially in OCF treatment. While in CT, soil available N had close relation with soil respiration flux.

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Straw mulching and nitrogen application altered ammonia oxidizers communities and improved soil quality in the alkaline purple soil of southwest China

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-021-01211-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Songhe Chen ◽

Rencai Gao ◽

Xiaoling Xiang ◽

Hongkun Yang ◽

Hongliang Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Quality ◽

Ammonia Oxidation ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Rflp Analysis ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Purple Soil ◽

Ammonia Oxidizers ◽

Nitrogen Application ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Straw Mulching

AbstractMicrobe-mediated ammonia oxidation is a key process in soil nitrogen cycle. However, the effect of maize straw mulching on the ammonia oxidizers in the alkaline purple soil remains largely unknown. A three-year positioning experiment was designed as follows: straw mulching measures as the main-plot treatment and three kinds of nitrogen application as the sub-plot treatment. We found the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and NH4+-N were increased after straw mulching and nitrogen application in alkaline purple soil, so did the amoA genes abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaeal (AOA) and bacterial (AOB). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis revealed that Thaumarchaeote (448-bp T-RF) was dominated the AOA communities, whereas Nitrosospira sp (111-bp T-RF) dominated the AOB communities. The community compositions of both AOA and AOB were altered by straw mulching and nitrogen application in alkaline purple soil, however, the AOB communities was more responsive than AOA communities to the straw mulching and nitrogen application. Further analysis indicated that SOC and AP were the main factors affecting the abundance and community compositions of AOA and AOB in alkaline purple soil. The present study reported that straw mulching and nitrogen strategies differently shape the soil ammonia oxidizers community structure and abundance, which should be considered when evaluating agricultural management strategies regarding their sustainability and soil quality.

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The mechanism of iron uptake in Bacillus subtilis

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m70-214 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 1285-1291 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

W. J. Peters ◽

R. A. J. Warren

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phenolic Acids ◽

Phenolic Acid ◽

Iron Uptake ◽

Hydroxamic Acids ◽

Acid Complex ◽

Iron Deficient ◽

Active Transport System ◽

Energy Dependent

A variety of phenolic compounds and hydroxamic acids reduced or prevented phenolic acid and coproporphyrin accumulation by iron-deficient cultures of Bacillus subtilis, but only if they were added to cultures with levels of iron which alone did not prevent accumulation. The compounds also increased iron uptake by iron-deficient cultures and norma) cultures. When radioactive catechol or 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid was used to increase iron uptake by iron-deficient cells, only very low levels of radioactivity remained associated with the cells. It is suggested that B. subtilis produces phenolic acids to solubilize iron; that other phenolic compounds or hydroxamic acids may substitute for the phenolic acids produced by B. subtilis; that the iron: phenolic acid complex does not enter the cell; and that the iron is removed from the complex at the cell surface and taken into the cell by an energy-dependent active transport system.

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Distribution of Phenolic Acids and Antioxidant Activities of Different Bran Fractions from Three Pigmented Wheat Varieties

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2018/6459243 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jinli Zhang ◽

Yan Ding ◽

Haizhou Dong ◽

Hanxue Hou ◽

Xiansheng Zhang

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Acids ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Phenolic Acid ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Scavenging Activity ◽

Wheat Varieties

Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of outer bran, coarse bran, and shorts from blue, black, and purple wheat were analyzed. Phenolic acids were mainly in the bound form in pigmented wheat bran fractions. Phenolic acid content decreased in the order of outer bran, coarse bran, and shorts for the three pigmented wheat varieties. HPLC analysis of phenolic extracts demonstrated that the bound form of phenolic acids contained more ferulic, isoferulic, and p-coumaric acids compared to their free counterparts. Among the three pigmented wheat varieties, the bran fractions from blue wheat contained higher bound phenolic acids than the other two pigmented wheat bran fractions, except for purple coarse bran. The blue wheat outer bran had the highest total bound phenolic acid of 3458.71 μg/g while the purple wheat shorts had the lowest of 1730.71 μg/g. The contribution of bound phenolic acids to the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was significantly higher than that of free phenolic acids. Blue wheat bran fractions had the highest radical scavenging activity against DPPH∙ while those of purple wheat gained the highest ABTS∙+ scavenging activity. High correlations were observed between TPC and radical scavenging capacities for DPPH and ABTS (R2>0.85, P<0.05).

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Integrated Evaluation on Soil Nutrients in Spring Maize (Zea mays) Field Subjected to Limited Irrigation

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.389.67 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 389 ◽

pp. 67-72

Author(s):

Heng Jia Zhang ◽

Jun Hui Li

Keyword(s):

Soil Nutrients ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Fuzzy Mathematics ◽

Available Nitrogen ◽

Maize Field ◽

Spring Maize ◽

Significant Difference ◽

One Year ◽

The Membership Function

An experiment was conducted to explore the integrated evaluation on soil nutrients in spring maize field subjected to limited irrigation (LI) in oasis region. The soil organic matter (SOM), soil total and available nitrogen (STN and SAN) and phosphorus (STP and SAP), and soil available potassium (SAK) in 0~40 cm increment at harvest of maize subjected to LI were selected as the evaluation factors to calculate the weighing coefficient of each soil nutrient and the IEI for soil nutrients using the membership function in fuzzy mathematics. At maize harvest, differences were not significant (p>0.05) in SOM, STN, STP, SAP, and SAK within 0~40 cm increment among treatments and CK, but significant difference (p<0.05) was found in SAN, with the maximum SAN maintained in MI5, which was respectively 187.3%, 96.8%, and 41.2% higher over MI2 valued the minimum, MI1, and CK. The IEI was improved by 12.4% to 22.3% in all the other treatments and CK compared to the minimum marked in MI4, with the maximum valued in MI3 treatments. Therefore, after one year experiment, the optimized irrigation management was maintained in MI3 treatment due to its maximum IEI in all the LI regimes.

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Spatial Patterns and Drivers of Soil Chemical Properties in a Typical Hickory Plantation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-845777/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mengjiao Sun ◽

Enqing Hou ◽

Jiasen Wu ◽

Jianqin Huang ◽

Xingzhao Huang

Keyword(s):

Random Forest ◽

Soil Nutrients ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Abiotic Factors ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Parent Material ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Available Phosphorus ◽

Mean Annual Temperature

Abstract Background: Soil nutrients play critical roles in regulating and improving the sustainable development of economic forests. Consequently, an elucidation of the spatial patterns and drivers of soil nutrients in these forests is fundamental to their management. For this study, we collected 314 composite soils at a 0-30 cm depth from a typical hickory plantation in Lin 'an, Zhejiang Province, China. We determined the concentrations of macronutrients (i.e., soil organic carbon, hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium) and micronutrients (i.e., iron, manganese, zinc, and copper.) of the soils. We employed random forest analysis to quantify the relative importance of soil-forming factors to predict the soil nutrient concentrations, which could then be extrapolated to the entire hickory region. Results: Random forest models explained 61%–88% of the variations in soil nutrient concentrations. The mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation were the most important predictor of soil macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations. Moreover, parent material was another key predictor of soil available phosphorus and micronutrient concentrations. Mapping results demonstrated the importance of climate in controlling the spatial distribution of soil nutrient concentrations at finer scales, as well as the effect of parent material, topography, stand structure, and management measures of hickory plantations. Conclusions: Our study highlights the biotic factors, abiotic factors, and management factors control over soil macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations, which have significant implications for the sustainability of soil nutrients in forest plantations.

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