Arterial health during early childhood following abnormal fetal growth

Abstract Background Abnormal fetal growth is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adulthood. We investigated the effect of fetal programming on arterial health and morphology during early childhood. Methods We examined 90 children (median age 5.81 years, interquartile range: 5.67; 5.95), born small for gestational age with fetal growth restriction, large or appropriate for gestational age (SGA, N = 23, LGA, N = 19, AGA N = 48). We measured body composition, anthropometrics, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV), lipids, glucose and inflammatory markers, and assessed carotid, brachial, radial and femoral arterial morphology and stiffness using very-high resolution ultrasound (46–71 MHz). Results LGA showed increased anthropometry, lean body mass and body mass index. SGA displayed decreased anthropometry and lean body mass. Blood pressure, PWV, carotid artery stiffness and blood work did not differ groupwise. Differences in lumen diameters, intima-media thicknesses (IMT) and adventitia thicknesses disappeared when adjusted for lean body mass and sex. In multiple regression models arterial dimensions were mainly predicted by lean body mass, with birth weight remaining associated only with carotid and brachial lumen dimensions, and not with IMTs. Carotid-femoral PWV was predicted by height and blood pressure only. No independent effect of adiposity was observed. Conclusions Arterial dimensions in childhood associate with current anthropometrics, especially lean body mass, and sex, explaining differences in arterial layer thickness. We found no signs of fetal programming of cardiovascular risk or arterial health in early childhood.

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Effect of pomegranate extract on blood pressure and anthropometry in adults: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial

Journal of Nutritional Science ◽

10.1017/jns.2017.36 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

A. Stockton ◽

G. Farhat ◽

Gordon J. McDougall ◽

E. A. S Al-Dujaili

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Clinical Trial ◽

Body Weight ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Weight Status ◽

Antioxidant Properties

AbstractPomegranate (Punica granatum), a polyphenol-rich fruit, has been suggested to reduce cardiovascular risk due to its antioxidant properties. Hypertension and obesity are the most preventable cardiovascular risk factors. Few studies on blood pressure and/or body-weight status have been conducted in human subjects. Previous investigations have tended to focus on pomegranate juice. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pomegranate extract (PE) on blood pressure and anthropometric measures in adults with no symptomatic disease. A total of fifty-five participants enrolled in a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial where they were assigned to either PE capsules or placebo capsules for 8 weeks. Blood pressure, body weight, waist circumference, waist:hip ratio (WHR) and body composition (lean body mass, body fat) were measured at baseline, week 4 and week 8. Results showed a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure after 8 weeks (by 2·79 (sd 5·32) mmHg; P < 0·05), while the decrease in systolic blood pressure did not reach statistical significance (2·57 (sd 7·4) mmHg; P > 0·05). Body fat percentage, lean body mass, waist circumference and WHR did not significantly differ between groups at the end of the intervention. Results suggest that PE may reduce blood pressure and possibly prevent hypertension in the normotensive population. Further large trials are required to elucidate this effect.

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EFFECT OF LINEAR GROWTH RATE AND CHANGE IN BODY MASS INDEX IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN AFRO-CARIBBEAN YOUTH: THE VULNERABLE WINDOWS COHORT STUDY

10.1101/2021.04.17.21255680 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Trevor S. Ferguson ◽

Tamika Y. Royal-Thomas ◽

Lisa Chin-Harty ◽

Minerva M. Thame ◽

Terrence E. Forrester ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Early Childhood ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Body Mass ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Early Infancy ◽

Linear Growth Rate

ABSTRACTBackgroundFaster growth velocity during childhood may increase blood pressure (BP) in adults, but there are little data from African-origin populations. We evaluated the effect of postnatal linear growth (increase in height) and change in body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) in Afro-Caribbean youth.MethodsWe used data from the Vulnerable Windows Birth Cohort Study in Jamaica. Children were followed from birth, with periodic anthropometric measurements. BP measurements started at age 1-year and every six months thereafter. Analyses used BP measurements (mmHg) from age 15-21 years. Linear growth and change in BMI measurements were calculated for: early infancy (0-6 months), late infancy (6 months - 2 years), early childhood (2-8 years), and later childhood (8-15 years). Conditional analyses were used to compute growth rates (as z-scores). Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of growth rates on BP.ResultsAnalyses included 365 individuals (162 males, 203 females) with mean age 16.7 years. In multivariable models, after adjustment for age, sex, birth length, gestational age and BMI at age 15 years, faster linear growth for early infancy (β=1.06, p=0.010) was significantly associated with higher SBP. For change in BMI, after adjustment for age, sex, gestational age, height and SES at birth, significant associations of higher SBP were seen for greater increase in BMI in late infancy (β=1.41, p=0.001), early childhood (β=1.22, p=0.001) and later childhood (β=0.74, p=0.035). Faster post-natal linear growth had no significant associations with DBP, but greater increase in BMI for each of the late infancy to late childhood periods was significantly associated with higher DBP. When both growth rates were modeled together, rate of change of BMI and faster linear growth in early infancy retained significance for SBP, but only change in BMI retained significance for DBP.ConclusionFaster linear growth and greater rate of increase in BMI were associated with higher SBP and DBP in Afro-Caribbean youth, but the BMI effect was stronger.

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Lean body mass in small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age infants

The Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80025-8 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 113 (5) ◽

pp. 886-889 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Sten Petersen ◽

Anders Gotfredsen ◽

Finn Ursin Knudsen

Keyword(s):

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age

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Measurement of the Brain Volume/Liver Volume Ratio by Three‐Dimensional MRI in Appropriate‐for‐Gestational Age Fetuses and Those With Fetal Growth Restriction

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

10.1002/jmri.27792 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kui Li ◽

Guohui Yan ◽

Weizeng Zheng ◽

Jin Sun ◽

Yu Zou

Keyword(s):

Fetal Growth ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Fetal Growth Restriction ◽

Brain Volume ◽

Liver Volume ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

Growth Restriction ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽

The Brain

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Serum kallistatin level is decreased in women with preeclampsia

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2020-0142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 60-66

Author(s):

Onur Güralp ◽

Nevin Tüten ◽

Koray Gök ◽

Kübra Hamzaoglu ◽

Huri Bulut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Late Onset ◽

Serine Proteinase ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Control Group ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Uncomplicated Pregnancy ◽

Appropriate For Gestational Age

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the serum levels of the serine proteinase inhibitor kallistatin in women with preeclampsia (PE).MethodsThe clinical and laboratory parameters of 55 consecutive women with early-onset PE (EOPE) and 55 consecutive women with late-onset PE (LOPE) were compared with 110 consecutive gestational age (GA)-matched (±1 week) pregnant women with an uncomplicated pregnancy and an appropriate for gestational age fetus.ResultsMean serum kallistatin was significantly lower in women with PE compared to the GA-matched-controls (27.74±8.29 ng/mL vs. 37.86±20.64 ng/mL, p<0.001); in women with EOPE compared to that of women in the control group GA-matched for EOPE (24.85±6.65 ng/mL vs. 33.37±17.46 ng/mL, p=0.002); and in women with LOPE compared to that of women in the control group GA-matched for LOPE (30.87±8.81 ng/mL vs. 42.25±22.67 ng/mL, p=0.002). Mean serum kallistatin was significantly lower in women with EOPE compared to LOPE (24.85±6.65 ng/mL vs. 30.87±8.81 ng/mL, p<0.001). Serum kallistatin had negative correlations with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, creatinine, and positive correlation with GA at sampling and GA at birth.ConclusionsSerum kallistatin levels are decreased in preeclamptic pregnancies compared to the GA-matched-controls. This decrease was also significant in women with EOPE compared to LOPE. Serum kallistatin had negative correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, creatinine and positive correlation with GA at sampling and GA at birth.

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The effect of VDR gene polymorphisms and vitamin D level on blood pressure, risk of preeclampsia, gestational age, and body mass index

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry ◽

10.1002/jcb.27934 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (4) ◽

pp. 6441-6448 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Negin Rezavand ◽

Saba Tabarok ◽

Ziba Rahimi ◽

Asad Vaisi‐Raygani ◽

Ehsan Mohammadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Body Mass ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Gene Polymorphisms ◽

Vdr Gene ◽

Vdr Gene Polymorphisms ◽

Risk Of Preeclampsia

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DIABETES OR OBESITY; MAJOR EFFECTOR OF ALTERED LEVELS OF GHRELIN AND LEPTIN

10.36106/ijsr/2604593 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 55-59

Author(s):

Lakshmi G.L ◽

Shruti Dasgupta ◽

Mohammed Salman ◽

Sanjay K. R

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Postprandial Glucose ◽

Independent Effect ◽

Mass Percentage ◽

Obesity And Diabetes ◽

Obese Subjects

Background: Ghrelin and leptin are the key hormones involved in the energy homeostasis and plays a relevant role in regulating hunger and satiety stimuli afferent to the brain. Abnormalities in the levels of ghrelin and leptin are often associated with the obesity and type 2 diabetes complications. However, there are no studies clarifying whether ghrelin and leptin levels have stronger association with obesity or Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Aims:To evaluate and compare the independent effect of major dening factors of obesity and diabetes on ghrelin and leptin concentrations. Materials And Methods: Anthropometric measures such as height, weight, waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC), Body mass index (BMI), Basal metabolic rate (BMR), fat percentage, lean body mass, were taken. Assessed daily physical activity and energy intake. Biochemical parameters such as fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, HBA1c, ghrelin, leptin and insulin levels were measured. Statistical Analysis: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-square (χ2) test Pearson's correlation coefcients, Multiple stepwise linear regression model analysis were performed. Result: The diabetic subjects irrespective of obesity showed signicantly higher waist to hip ratio, HOMAIR levels of fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose and signicantly lower levels of Ghrelin than non-diabetics. Similarly, obese subjects irrespective of diabetes have signicantly higher BMR and higher levels of Leptin than non-diabetics. Asignicantly higher BMI, fat mass percentage and lower lean body mass percentage were observed in obese subjects irrespective of diabetes than non-obese subjects. Among non-obese, diabetics have higher BMI, Fat mass percentage and lower lean body mass percentage. The levels of insulin were signicantly higher in diabetic obese subjects. HOMAIR (P≤0.0001) and Postprandial glucose (P≤0.05) showed negative independent effect and QUICKI (P≤0.0001) showed positive independent effect on the levels of ghrelin. BMI (P≤0.05) showed a positive effect and lean body mass percentage (P≤0.0001) showed an inverse effect on levels of leptin. Conclusion: It is evident from the study that low levels of ghrelin are predominantly associated with diabetes parameters when compared to parameters of obesity and on the contrary increased leptin levels have much stronger association with measures of obesity than diabetes. Evidence of altered leptin and ghrelin levels in these disorders infers vice versa, their respective roles in obesity and lean diabetes.

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