scholarly journals Targeting mailed nicotine patch distribution interventions to rural regions of Canada: protocol for a randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Cunningham ◽  
Michael Chaiton ◽  
Scott T. Leatherdale ◽  
Alexandra Godinho ◽  
Christina Schell
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nicotine Patch ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Nicotine Patches ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Quitting smoking is the most effective way of reducing the risk of cancer among smokers. One way of helping people stop smoking is to provide them with free Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT), such as when NRT is sent to people by postal mail as part of a mass distribution initiative. Our previous research indicated that there may be a substantial impact on increasing quit rates of a mailed NRT intervention in rural areas. The current research seeks to confirm this finding and to understand the social determinants of health driving these anticipated large effects. Methods/design Telephone numbers will be randomly selected from across rural regions of Canada in order to recruit adult smokers interested in completing a smoking survey and willing to be interviewed again in 6 months. The survey will ask participants about their smoking history, demographic characteristics, and a hypothetical question: would they be interested in receiving nicotine patches if they were provided to them free of charge? Half of the smokers interested in receiving nicotine patches will be selected by chance and offered the NRT package. The other half of smokers will not be offered the nicotine patches. In addition, the municipality where each participant lives will be identified and, once the relevant general population data becomes available, attempts will be made to link participant data to relevant municipal characteristics (e.g., smoking rates, availability of health services). Characteristics of the participants and the municipalities in which they live will be used to explain why the nicotine patch intervention may have a larger impact in some rural regions compared to others. Discussion The findings from the proposed RCT are timely and of high relevance as the distribution of nicotine patches has substantial potential to combat the public health problem of cigarette related cancer, other diseases, and premature death from tobacco use. Targeting such tobacco cessation initiatives to rural regions may substantially increase the impact of this intervention, helping to optimize the use of limited prevention resources while aiming to save the maximum number of lives. Clinical trials registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT04606797, October, 27, 2020.

scholarly journals Evidence on Human Exposure to Pesticides and the Occurrence of Health Hazards in the Brazilian Population: A Systematic Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Panis ◽  
Aedra Carla Bufalo Kawassaki ◽  
Ana Paula Jaqueline Crestani ◽  
Claudiceia Risso Pascotto ◽  
Durcelina Schiavoni Bortoloti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Brazilian Population ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Central Nervous System Cancer ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
The Impact

Brazil is among the biggest pesticide consumers in the world, with its population severely exposed to tons of such substances, both because of environmental contamination and occupational use. The health consequences of pesticide exposure are well-documented, but still sparse regarding Brazilian population. This study systematically reviewed the Brazilian studies published that address the relationship between exposure to pesticides and health problems in the Brazilian population. Also, information about pesticide use in Brazil is provided. The included studies showed that exposure to pesticides has a relevant impact on the health of the Brazilian population, regardless of age and gender, and on workers in rural areas or not. Most poisoning events seem to result from the continuous use of pesticides, whether occupationally or environmentally, characterizing a public health problem. The major consequences reported in literature were damage to the central nervous system, cancer, deleterious effects on rural workers' health, intoxications, malformations, and endocrine changes. These findings point out the need to understand the impact of chronic exposure to pesticides on severely exposed people and highlight the importance of creating public policies to protect them and avoid disease occurrence.

scholarly journals Comercio internacional libre y las consecuencias para las áreasrurales europeas

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Jean-Christophe Bureau
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Welfare Losses ◽  
Trade Opening ◽  
The Impact

<span>General equilibrium models estimated by various authors and institutions show that, although trade liberalization leads to aggregate welfare gains, there are winners and losers. The aim of this article is to determine to what extent rural regions have won or lost in the trade opening process that has been underway since the 1990s. The economic literature on international trade and regional development suggests the presence of opposing forces, making the global impact of international trade liberalization on rural areas ambiguous. Using a series of empirical studies, the author assesses the impact of trade opening on the European regions, observing a significant proportion of losers in the trade liberalization process among the rural regions of Europe. The article concludes with an analysis of the negative effects of welfare losses on the environment and territorial ordering in many rural regions, and suggests the need to address the problem by modifying current EU policies.</span>

The Impact of Movement Control Order on Rural Livelihood in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Mohd Azren Hassan ◽  
Nur Atiqah Anuar Zabidi ◽  
Hidayati Ramli ◽  
Adam Aruldewan S. Muthuveeran ◽  
Yusfida Ayu Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
The Government ◽  
Control Order ◽  
The Impact

In 2020, the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19) had a global impact on normal daily life. The Government of Malaysia officially declared the Movement Control Order (MCO), an official national lockdown, to reduce the virus’s spread. In the face of the unprecedented global health pandemic, Malaysia had struggled to protect its citizens’ welfare and livelihoods, particularly in the hardest-hit rural areas. Therefore, this study uses the sustainable livelihood approach (SLA) focusing on the aspect of financial assets and government intervention to enhance understanding on the vulnerability in rural area’s livelihood. Pasir Puteh, Kelantan was identified as the rural area for this study. The analysis was performed on a questionnaire survey based on convenience sampling of 62 respondents. Cross table analysis and a correlation test were used to examine the livelihood of the rural area concerning the financial assets, government intervention and vulnerability. The findings indicated that the MCO had a substantial impact on the rural area regarding the vulnerability toward the financial assets, such as employment status, job loss, increasing living costs, and an insufficient response to rural economic challenges. At the same time, there is no substantial government intervention in the welfare of rural areas. According to the results, the study concluded that the government should set up training courses to assist in the long-term recovery of rural areas due to the enforced lockdown, which has adversely affected rural livelihoods.

scholarly journals The Impact of Mass Exodus on the Resurgence of COVID19 Cases: Study Case of Regions in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuning Nuraini ◽  
Kamal Khairudin Sukandar ◽  
Wirdatul Aini
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Actual Data ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Mobility Rate ◽  
Simulated Model ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe inclusion of the human mobility aspect is essential for understanding the behavior of COVID-19 spread, especially when millions of people travel across borders near Eid Al-Fitr. This study aims at grasping the effect of mass exodus among regions on the active cases of COVID-19 in a mathematical perspective. We construct a multi-region SIQRD (Susceptible-Infected-Quarantined-Recovered-Death) model that accommodates the direct transfer of people from one region to others. The mobility rate is estimated using the proposed Dawson-like function, which requires the Origin-Destination Matrix data. Assuming only susceptible, unapparent infected, and recovered individuals travel near Eid Al-Fitr, the rendered model is well-depicting the actual data at that time, giving either a significant spike or decline in the number of active cases due to the mass exodus. Most agglomerated regions like Jakarta and Depok City experienced the fall of active cases number, both in actual data and the simulated model. However, most rural areas experienced the opposite, like Bandung District and Cimahi City. This study should confirm that most travelers originated from big cities to the rural regions and scientifically justifies that massive mobility affects the COVID-19 transmission among areas.

scholarly journals A MURINE EXPERIMENTAL MODELS IN CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES ARE EFFICIENT?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-219
Author(s):  
Rondon Ramalho ◽  
Antônio Carlos de Abreu ◽  
Evair Moisés De Lima Santiago ◽  
Gislaine Recaldes de Abreu ◽  
Marcelo Barbosa Neves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Economic and social development has essential repercussions on the health of populations, as it alters the morbidity and mortality profile and favors the increase in exposures and risks to human health, especially the risk of cancer. Cancer is considered a significant public health problem worldwide, and remains with high incidence rates, being considered a complex disease, with multifactorial causes. The permanent incidence rates of prostate cancer prove to be one of the most prevalent, considered the second most common cancer in men worldwide, and a leading cause of deaths from chronic noncommunicable diseases. Among the different types of cancer, prostate cancer has been the subject of great scientific interest. In this context, animal models are valuable for studying cancer-related aspects, the use of animal models has the potential to increase our understanding of carcinogenesis, tumor biology, and the impact of specific molecular events on tumor biology. Animal models with specific human cancer characteristics can be used to test cancer prevention and treatment strategies. In this review, we aim to show how the use of animal models as an essential tool in the study of the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals HOW EFFECTIVELY DO COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS SPREAD HEALTH AWARENESS VIA WOMEN’S SELF-HELP GROUPS IN RURAL INDIA?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (Special1) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
J. Sophie von Lieres ◽  
Anish K. Abraham ◽  
Renu Raveendran
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Community Health Workers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Health Awareness ◽  
Knowledge Test ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Impact

In many lower- and middle-income countries, the public health system is made more accessible in rural areas through training lay people to become community health workers (CHWs) within their communities. This mixed-methods study aims to evaluate such a CHW program in rural Uttarkashi, India, which is being run by a non-government organization (NGO). In the CHW program to be evaluated, the CHWs give monthly health awareness classes during women’s self-help group (SHG) meetings. By involving women’s SHGs, community participation is supposed to be fostered and health knowledge spread. Therefore, it was hypothesized that communities with an active CHW should achieve a higher number of correct answers on a health knowledge test than communities without an active CHW. Moreover, using qualitative methods, we explored the SHG members’ and CHWs’ viewpoints on the impact of the awareness classes held during SHG meetings. Five focus group discussions were conducted with members of SHGs, as well as with NGO-trained CHWs and government-employed CHWs. Results confirmed that the respondents from a community with an NGO-trained CHW performed significantly better on the health knowledge test, although not uniformly across all sampling areas. The qualitative data revealed a substantial impact of the health awareness classes on behavior changes among SHG members and their families. Further, the NGO-trained CHWs collaborated well with other government-employed CHWs. In conclusion, the authors feel that is would be worthwhile to employ more NGO-run CHW programs throughout India, to supplement the government-run programs, especially in remote and underserviced areas.

Prostate brachytherapy: the impact of smoking on recurrence and overall survival of localized prostate cancer

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
Edwin Cohen ◽  
Justin Robinson ◽  
Paul Margolis ◽  
Marcia Gaut ◽  
Amie Alperson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Cancer Recurrence ◽  
Localized Prostate Cancer ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Prostate Brachytherapy ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Brachytherapy has been shown to be an efficacious and cost-effective treatment among patients with localized prostate cancer. In this study, we examined the effects of smoking on prostate cancer recurrence and mortality in patients undergoing brachytherapy for locally advanced prostate cancer. The study population consisted of 405 patients with an average age of 73.4 years. Smoking history included 88 (21.7%) patients with no history of smoking, 108(26.6%) patients with one to twenty pack-years, and 209 (51.7%) patients with twenty-one or more pack-years. The impact of smoking history on OS relative to nonsmokers was hazards ratio 1.39 (CI: 0.81-2.64; P<0.05). In conclusion, the era of brachytherapy dose and treatment intensification strategies to improve upon prostate cancer outcomes, our study showed that smoking increases the risk of cancer recurrence and mortality. Patients who have smoked a higher number of pack-years are at increased risk of recurrence and mortality compared to those who smoked less.

scholarly journals Transformations of spatial relationships in elementary education: A case study of changes in two Czech rural areas since the second half of the 20th century

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvie R. Kučerová ◽  
Jan D. Bláha ◽  
Zdeněk Kučera
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
General Development ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Transformations in the spatial organization of elementary education in the Czech Republic over the last 50 years are examined in this article, via case studies of two rural regions (Turnov district and Zábřeh district). The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of general development trends in elementary schools in territorial detail. Changes in the spatial distribution of schools, the size of school catchment areas, and the main education-related commuter flows are analyzed and visualized in cartographic form, in the context of educational policy and management.

scholarly journals Evaluating the efficacy, impact, and feasibility of community-based house screening as a complementary malaria control intervention in southern Africa: a study protocol for a household randomized trial

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Onyango P. Sangoro ◽  
Ulrike Fillinger ◽  
Kochelani Saili ◽  
Theresia Estomih Nkya ◽  
Rose Marubu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Transmission Season ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Concerted effort to control malaria has had a substantial impact on the transmission of the disease in the past two decades. In areas where reduced malaria transmission is being sustained through insecticide-based vector control interventions, primarily long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), non-insecticidal complementary tools will likely be needed to push towards malaria elimination. Once interruption in local disease transmission is achieved, insecticide-based measures can be scaled down gradually and eventually phased out, saving on costs of sustaining control programs and mitigating any unintended negative health and environmental impacts posed by insecticides. These non-insecticidal methods could eventually replace insecticidal methods of vector control. House screening, a non-insecticidal method, has a long history in malaria control, but is still not widely adopted in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to add to the evidence base for this intervention in low transmission settings by assessing the efficacy, impact, and feasibility of house screening in areas where LLINs are conventionally used for malaria control. Methods A two-armed, household randomized clinical trial will be conducted in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to evaluate whether combined the use of house screens and LLINs affords better protection against clinical malaria in children between 6 months and 13 years compared to the sole use of LLINs. Eight hundred households will be enrolled in each study area, where 400 households will be randomly assigned the intervention, house screening, and LLINs while the control households will be provided with LLINs only. Clinical malaria incidence will be estimated by actively following up one child from each household for 6 months over the malaria transmission season. Cross-sectional parasite prevalence will be estimated by testing all participating children for malaria parasites at the beginning and end of each transmission season using rapid diagnostic tests. CDC light traps and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC) will be used to sample adult mosquitoes and evaluate the impact of house screening on indoor mosquito density, species distribution, and sporozoite rates. Discussion This study will contribute epidemiological data on the impact of house screening on malaria transmission and assess the feasibility of its implementation on a programmatic scale. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov PACTR202008524310568. Registered on August 11, 2020.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF RDP 2007–2013 MEASURES IMPLEMENTATION ON LITHUANIAN RURAL AREAS

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-260
Author(s):  
Gediminas Kuliešis ◽  
Lina Pareigienė
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Average Data ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Impact

After joining EU Lithuania for more than a decade is receiving support for agricultural production modernization, maintaining farmers' income, for upgrading rural areas, for improving quality of life of rural population. Support coming for municipalities from RDP 2007–2013 measures implementation differs very much and it could be supposed that the impact of the support had to be different. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the implementation of RDP 2007– 2013 program measures for Lithuanian rural regions. For the investigation purposes Lithuanian municipalities were divided into three groups according to received support per 1 ha of agricultural land: the biggest, medium and least. According to the chosen system of indicators describing the rural areas as a whole, it has been studied the impact of support demographic situation, economic, social and natural environments. Average data of two periods: 2004–2008 without the support were compared to the average data of the period of 2009–2015 when the support has already been obtained. The investigation showed that the municipal group that received the highest support, compared with the other two municipal groups demonstrated better results: the net emigration and depopulation trend slowed, a significant increase in capital investment in agriculture, forestry and fisheries is observed, the overall area declared and the area per one application is stated. Differences in number of operating SMEs and the share of employed out of the working-age people were not as great to compare with other two municipality group indicator’s values.

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