scholarly journals LC-MSMS based screening of emerging pollutant degradation by different peroxidases

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khadega A. Almaqdi ◽  
Rana Morsi ◽  
Bahia Alhayuti ◽  
Farah Alharthi ◽  
S. Salman Ashraf

Abstract Background The presence of a wide range of bioactive organic pollutants in wastewater and municipal water sources is raising concerns about their potential effects on humans. Not surprisingly, various approaches are being explored that can efficiently degrade these persistent organic pollutants. Use of peroxidases has recently been recognized as a novel remediation approach that may have potential advantages over conventional degradation techniques. However, testing the abilities of different peroxidases to degrade diverse emerging pollutants is tedious and cumbersome. Results In the present study, we present a rapid and robust approach to easily test the degradability of 21 different emerging pollutants by five different peroxidases (soybean peroxidase, chloroperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, manganese peroxidase, and horseradish peroxidase) using an LC-MSMS approach. Furthermore, this approach was also used to examine the role of a redox mediator in these enzymatic degradation assays. Our results show that some of the organic pollutants can be easily degraded by all five of the peroxidases tested, whereas others are only degraded by a specific peroxidase (or when a redox mediator was present) and there are some that are completely resistant to degradation by any of the peroxidases tested (even in the presence of a redox mediator). The degradation of furosemide and trimethoprim by soybean peroxidase and chloroperoxidase, respectively, was investigated in detail by examining the transformation products generated during their degradation. Some of the products generated during enzymatic breakdown of these pollutants have been previously reported by others, however, we report many new transformation products. Conclusions LC-MSMS approaches, like the one described here, can be used to rapidly evaluate the potential of different peroxidases (and redox requirements) to be used as bioremediation agents. Our preliminary result shows peroxidases hold tremendous potential for being used in a final wastewater treatment step.

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262492
Author(s):  
Khawlah Athamneh ◽  
Aysha Alneyadi ◽  
Aya Alsadik ◽  
Tuck Seng Wong ◽  
Syed Salman Ashraf

The accumulation of emerging pollutants in the environment remains a major concern as evidenced by the increasing number of reports citing their potential risk on environment and health. Hence, removal strategies of such pollutants remain an active area of investigation. One way through which emerging pollutants can be eliminated from the environment is by enzyme-mediated bioremediation. Enzyme-based degradation can be further enhanced via advanced protein engineering approaches. In the present study a sensitive and robust bioanalytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS)-based approach was used to investigate the ability of a fungal dye decolorizing peroxidase 4 (DyP4) and two of its evolved variants—that were previously shown to be H2O2 tolerant—to degrade a panel of 15 different emerging pollutants. Additionally, the role of a redox mediator was examined in these enzymatic degradation reactions. Our results show that three emerging pollutants (2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), paracetamol, and furosemide) were efficiently degraded by DyP4. Addition of the redox mediator had a synergistic effect as it enabled complete degradation of three more emerging pollutants (methyl paraben, sulfamethoxazole and salicylic acid) and dramatically reduced the time needed for the complete degradation of MBT, paracetamol, and furosemide. Further investigation was carried out using pure MBT to study its degradation by DyP4. Five potential transformation products were generated during the enzymatic degradation of MBT, which were previously reported to be produced during different bioremediation approaches. The current study provides the first instance of the application of fungal DyP4 peroxidases in bioremediation of emerging pollutants.


2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Langmead

AbstractThis paper argues that reconciliation can function as an integrating metaphor (or model) for Christian mission. The mission of God is for transformed relationships in all dimensions – between humans and God, between humans, and between humans and creation. Reconciliation is all about setting things right. Used metaphorically in the theology of mission it beautifully covers and draws together a wide range of ideas which, it is argued, are simply facets of the one mission of God for reconciliation. The paper analyses the role of metaphor in theology. It considers biblical terms related to reconciliation, such as sacrificial atonement, shalom, justice and peacemaking. It then considers five dimensions of Christian mission to illustrate the integrative power of reconciliation as a governing metaphor for mission: conversion as reconciliation, international peacemaking, reconciliation between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples, reconciliation between Christians and reconciliation with creation. Cet article soutient que la réconciliation peut fonctionner comme métaphore d'intégration (ou modèle) pour la mission chrétienne. Le but de la mission de Dieu est de transformer les relations dans toutes leurs dimensions – entre les êtres humains et Dieu, entre les humains eux-mêmes et entre eux et la création. Le but de la réconciliation est de tout remettre droit. Utilisée comme métaphore en théologie de la mission, elle recouvre et rassemble magnifiquement tout un éventail d'idées qui ne sont que des facettes de l'unique mission de réconciliation de Dieu, dit notre auteur. L'article analyse le rôle de la métaphore en théologie. Il examine les termes bibliques ayant trait à la réconciliation tels que le sacrifice d'expiation, le shalom, la justice, la construction de la paix. Il reprend ensuite cinq dimensions de la mission chrétienne, pour illustrer la force d'intégration de la réconciliation considérée comme métaphore de la mission : la conversion comme réconciliation, la construction de la paix internationale, la réconciliation entre les peuples indigènes et les non indigènes, la réconciliation entre chrétiens et la réconciliation avec la création. Dieser Beitrag behauptet, dass Versöhnung als eine integrierende Metapher (oder Modell) für christliche Mission funktionieren kann. Die Mission Gottes zielt auf veränderte Beziehungen in allen Bereichen – zwischen den Menschen und Gott, zwischenmenschlich und zwischen dem Menschen und der Schöpfung. Versöhnung bedeutet alle Dinge in die rechte Beziehung zu setzen. Wenn man sie metaphorisch in der Missionstheologie verwendet, schließt sie sehr schön einen weiten Bereich von Ideen ein und bringt sie zusammen, weil sie, so wird behauptet, einfach Facetten der einen Mission Gottes für Versöhnung darstellen. Der Artikel analysiert die Rolle von Metaphern in der Theologie. Er untersucht biblische Begriffe mit Bezug auf Versöhnung, wie Vergebung durch Opfer, Schalom, Gerechtigkeit, Friedensarbeit. Dann überlegt der Artikel fünf Dimensionen der christlichen Mission, um die Integrationsfähigkeiten von Versöhnung als Hauptmetapher für Mission zu beschreiben: Bekehrung als Versöhnung, internationale Friedensarbeit, Versöhnung zwischen einheimischen und nicht-einheimischen Völkern, Versöhnung unter Christen und Versöhnung mit der Schöpfung. Este artículo propone que la reconciliación puede funcionar como una metáfora (o modelo) integrante para la misión cristiana. La misión de Dios se dirige a relaciones transformadas en todas las dimensiones – entre los seres humanos y Dios, entre la gente y entre los humanos y la creación. La reconciliación tiene que ver sobre todo con articular las cosas de manera correcta. Cuando se la usa metafóricamente en la teología de la misión, ella cubre bellamente y junta una amplia gama de ideas que, según se propone, son simplemente facetas de la única misión de Dios por la reconciliación. Este artículo analiza el papel de una metáfora en teología. Considera los términos relacionados con reconciliación, como son la expiación sacrificial, shalom, justicia, hacer las paces. A continuación considera cinco dimensiones de la misión cristiana para ilustrar el poder de integración de la reconciliación como una metáfora central para la misión: la conversión como reconciliación, el trabajo internacional por la paz, la reconciliación entre pueblos indígenas y no-indígenas, la reconciliación entre cristianos y la reconciliación con la creación.


Author(s):  
Olha Petrenko

The article deals with the role of musical images in the poetry of Dmitry Kremen. The subject of study is the music code, which is present in many works of the poet. Musical signs, symbols, links play a significant role in vocabulary, phraseology and other ways of poetic expressiveness. Familiarity with the subject world of D. Kremin's poetic texts includes a wide range of concepts related to the world of sounds. The additional accents of a musical-conceptual thesaurus arise when musical cues form certain speech turns that acquire the meaning of metaphors. Musical signs in the lyrics of Dmitry Kremin imply awareness of a wide range of sound associations, which the poet interprets from the standpoint of his own value attitude to them. Beethoven, Chopin, Mozart are the names-symbols of the world music culture, which occupy a significant place in the thesaurus of Dmitry Kremin's poetic texts. Behind these subject designations lies the vast world of artistic and figurative generalization and lyrical and philosophical reflections that are gaining coded meaning. Familiarity with the poetry of Dmitry Kremin proves that the leitmotif of many of his texts is the image of a violin, which acquires different semantic shades. Thus, in Beethoven's poetry, the poet emphasizes the value of music as a special language, devoid of words, but empowered to embody emotional and semantic richness, and therefore capable of being the language of angels. Music code the poetry of Dmitry Kremen is a multidimensional system in which the concept of "music" acts as a concept as a set of meaningful characters and their semantic meanings. In the process of decoding Dmitry Kremin's poetry, one can discover the deep semantic loads of the musical code, on the one hand – as the embodiment of the categories of high, sublime, valuable and eternal in the human sense, on the other – as a symbol of the extra-material, mystical, language of which the angels speak. Decoding the poet's texts is the process of extracting recognition codes and perception codes. The codes of perception in the poetry of Dmitry Kremenya are meaningful loads of texts, its semantic components, which highlight the deep meanings of texts. Through the musical code, the poet embodies the content of the categories of the sublime and the beautiful. The music code shows the understanding of poetry of Dmitry Kremenin a deeply metaphorical sense.


2021 ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
Karol Piwoński

The aim of this article is to analyse the position and role of the European Commission in the procedure provided in the regulation on a general regime of conditionality for the protection of the European Union’s budget. For this purpose the scheme of this procedure was analysed, by interpreting the relevant regulations using the dogmatic method and considering opinions of the EU institutions and views of the scholars. A comparative method has also been applied. The new position of the Commission in the procedure for protection of the EU budget has been compared with the position it plays in the existing instruments. The analysis made from the point of view of the position of individual institutions in the new procedure, although it does not allow predicting how they will be implemented. The conducted analysis demonstrates that the European Commission – an institution of Community character – has gained wide competences, and in applying them it has been given a wide range of discretion. On the one hand, the introduced regulations exemplify a new paradigm in creating mechanisms for protection of the rule of law. On the other hand, they raise doubts as to their compliance with EU law. However, they undoubtedly constitute a decisive step towards increasing the effectiveness of the EU's instruments for the rule of law protection.


2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Rimoldi ◽  
Daniela Meroni ◽  
Ermelinda Falletta ◽  
Valentina Pifferi ◽  
Luigi Falciola ◽  
...  

The role played by different water media in the photodegradation of a mixture of four emerging pollutants was investigated.


Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 904
Author(s):  
Rana Morsi ◽  
Khadega A. Al-Maqdi ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Hafiz M. N. Iqbal ◽  
Abbas Khaleel ◽  
...  

In the present study, soybean peroxidase (SBP) was covalently immobilized onto two functionalized photocatalytic supports (TiO2 and ZnO) to create novel hybrid biocatalysts (TiO2-SBP and ZnO-SBP). Immobilization caused a slight shift in the pH optima of SBP activity (pH 5.0 to 4.0), whereas the free and TiO2-immobilized SBP showed similar thermal stability profiles. The newly developed hybrid biocatalysts were used for the degradation of 21 emerging pollutants in the presence and absence of 1-hydroxy benzotriazole (HOBT) as a redox mediator. Notably, all the tested pollutants were not equally degraded by the SBP treatment and some of the tested pollutants were either partially degraded or appeared to be recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation. The presence of HOBT enhanced the degradation of the pollutants, while it also inhibited the degradation of some contaminants. Interestingly, TiO2 and ZnO-immobilized SBP displayed better degradation efficiency of a few emerging pollutants than the free enzyme. Furthermore, a combined enzyme-chemical oxidation remediation strategy was employed to degrade two recalcitrant pollutants, which suggest a novel application of these novel hybrid peroxidase-photocatalysts. Lastly, the reusability profile indicated that the TiO2-SBP hybrid biocatalyst retained up to 95% degradation efficiency of a model pollutant (2-mercaptobenzothiazole) after four consecutive degradation cycles.


Author(s):  
Justin S. Holcomb

This book introduces the reader to the great variety of distinctive interpretations within the Christian tradition regarding theologies of salvation, distinctive interpretations expressed by a wide range of Christian theologians. Christian theology is reflection on the one whom Christians confess as Lord and Savior. This reflection has been informed by the interest in salvation. The role of soteriology is to show why and how Jesus is significant. All Christian theologians would agree that Jesus Christ is the one through whom salvation comes, but to explain what that means has been debated throughout the tradition. Various contributors from a wide variety of Christian traditions address theologies of salvation, each bringing his or her own expertise to bear on theologies of the salvation as expressed in the work of specific theologians and in historical periods of church history, as well as cultural and sociological perspectives of the present. The theologies of the salvation are addressed from several angles—theological, historical, pastoral, and others. While there are many different perspectives regarding theologies of salvation, the recurring unifying theme is the role of the Trinity and the focus on the person and work of Jesus Christ.


1999 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Gibson

In this paper I propose to consider Ovid's poem as a document of literary criticism, which offers us a striking treatment of the role of the audience in reception. Ovid's concerns are twofold: on the one hand he is concerned with the ostensible manner in which his own works have been read, but he also discusses a wide range of other texts, and in doing so, offers readings of them, which, I will argue, illustrate the open-ended nature of reception and meaning.Now, undoubtedly we are sometimes too willing to label works as ‘anti-Augustan’ or ‘Augustan’, as if that was all that could be said about them; the glib use of such terms often seems to obscure more complex and more interesting questions (theAeneidand theGeorgicsare familiar examples). But with Ovid, however, such issues are at least raised by the poet himself, since the exile poems do deal with Ovid's attitude to Augustus, and the twin possibilities of writing poetry which can offend the emperor, or which can please him. Now while Ovid's famous explanation of the causes of his exile as ‘carmen et error’ (Trist.2.207) may perhaps be a smokescreen — Ovid adducing theArs Amatoriaas his fault in order not to have to go into the details of what theerrorwas that had offended Augustus —Tristia2 must still be considered on its own terms; Ovid writes as if it is possible for Augustus to be offended by his poetry, and therefore the issue is an important one.


Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Aya Alsadik ◽  
Khawlah Athamneh ◽  
Ahmed F. Yousef ◽  
Iltaf Shah ◽  
Syed Salman Ashraf

In recent years, concerns are being raised about the potential harmful effects of emerging pollutants (EPs) on human and aquatic lives. Extensive research is being conducted on developing efficient remediation strategies to target this new class of toxic pollutants. Studies focused on biological (enzyme-based) methods have shown potential as greener and possibly more economical alternatives to other treatment approaches, such as chemical methods. The current study focused on the use of recombinantly produced novel bacterial peroxidases, namely dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs), to study their effectiveness in degrading a number of diverse EPs. In this context, a sensitive bioanalytical Liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS)-based method was developed to simultaneously detect a mixture of 31 EPs and to examine their degradability by a panel of seven different recombinant bacterial DyPs (rDyPs). We show that up to 9 of the 31 tested EPs could be degraded by at least one of the DyPs tested. The results also indicated that not all rDyPs behaved similarly in their abilities to degrade EPs, as some rDyPs (such as SviDyP and CboDyP) showed a promising potential to degrade EPs while others (such as ScDyP) were almost ineffective. Additionally, the role of redox mediators for effective emerging pollutant degradation by rDyPs was also examined, which showed dramatic improvement in the DyP-mediated degradation of five different EPs. Detailed analysis of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole degradation by SviDyP showed that six distinct breakdown products were generated. The present study showed for the first time that recombinant bacterial DyPs can be used for wastewater remediation by degrading a range of different EPs.


Author(s):  
Anna Mikhailovna Oleshkova

The present research examines the phenomenon of big data in the context of social media analysis, as it can serve a major instrument in studying various aspects of modern society. The role of automated content analysis is presented in two aspects. On the one hand, the application of this method is neces-sary for collection and interpretation of large amounts of qualitative data, which is a general trend in interdisciplinary research. On the other hand, the importance of using the method is even more ap-parent when it is applied to social media studies. It is the latter that enables a researcher to investigate a wide range of scholastic subjects starting from tar-get marketing to the study of consciousness through linguistics, philosophy and sociology of language. The author proposes methods and princi-ples of social media research from the standpoint of sociological knowledge and interdisciplinary trends. There is revealed the content analysis with regard to the prospects for their application in computer-aided social and humanitarian studies. The author outlines limitations of the proposed method and suggests other ways of organizing qualitative re-search of social media data using various software.


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