scholarly journals Inter and intraspecies comparison of the level of selected bacterial phyla in in cattle and sheep based on feces

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Szeligowska ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska ◽  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Konrad Wojnarowski ◽  
Marzena Janczak
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
As Species ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Host Effect ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background The microbiome of the digestive tract of ruminants contains microbial ecosystem that is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. The subject of this study concerns the influence of selected genetic factors, such as species of animals and “host” individual differences on the digestive tract microbiome composition. The results show the core microbiological composition (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) of ruminants digestive tract (based on feces) depending on breed and “host”. The Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla are the most abundant in ruminants digestive tract. The aim of the study was to determine the differences prevalence level of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla in feces of Charolaise cattle and Polish Olkuska Sheep with respect to intra- and inter-species variability. Results The research group in the experiment consisted of animals at the age of 3 months kept in the same environmental conditions – rams of Polish Olkuska Sheep (n = 10) and Charolaise bulls (n = 10). Feces were collected individually from each animal (animals without disease symptoms were selected), living on the same environmental conditions. The analysis of the results in terms of species showed differences in the Firmicutes phylum level and Lactobacillaceae family between rams and bulls. Subsequently, the analysis performed for the “host effect” showed differentiation in the levels of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla between individuals in a group and also between the groups. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that, apart from the diet and the environment, the species and the individual host are equally important factors influencing the microbiological composition of the digestive system of ruminants.

scholarly journals Human beta defensin levels and vaginal microbiome composition in post-menopausal women diagnosed with lichen sclerosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Brunner ◽  
Márta Medvecz ◽  
Nóra Makra ◽  
Miklós Sárdy ◽  
Kinga Komka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lichen Sclerosus ◽  
Gardnerella Vaginalis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vaginal Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Streptococcus Anginosus ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Production

AbstractHuman beta defensins (hBDs) may play an important role in the progression of lichen sclerosus (LS), due to their ability to induce excessive stimulation of extracellular matrix synthesis and fibroblast activation. The genetic ability of the individual to produce defensins, the presence of microbes influencing defensin production, and the sensitivity of microbes to defensins together regulate the formation of an ever-changing balance between defensin levels and microbiome composition. We investigated the potential differences in postmenopausal vaginal microbiome composition and vaginal hBD levels in LS patients compared to non-LS controls. LS patients exhibited significantly lower levels of hBD1 (p = 0.0003), and significantly higher levels of hBD2 (p = 0.0359) and hBD3 (p = 0.0002), compared to the control group. The microbiome of the LS patients was dominated by possibly harmful bacteria including Lactobacillus iners, Streptococcus anginosus or Gardnerella vaginalis known to initiate direct or indirect damage by increasing defensin level production. Our observations highlight that correcting the composition of the microbiome may be applicable in supplementary LS therapy by targeting the restoration of the beneficial flora that does not increase hBD2-3 production.

scholarly journals Reconstructing Draft Genomes Using Genome Resolved Metagenomics Reveal Arsenic Metabolizing Genes and Secondary Metabolites in Fresh Water Lake in Eastern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117793222110253
Author(s):  
Samrat Ghosh ◽  
Aditya Narayan Sarangi ◽  
Mayuri Mukherjee ◽  
Deeksha Singh ◽  
Madduluri Madhavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Metagenomic Study

Rabindra Sarovar lake is an artificial freshwater lake in the arsenic infested eastern region of India. In this study, using the genome resolved metagenomics approach; we have deciphered the taxonomic diversity as well as the functional insights of the gene pools specific to this region. Initially, a total of 113 Metagenome Assembled Genomes (MAGs) were recovered from the two predominant seasons, that is, rainy (n = 50) and winter (n = 63). After bin refinement and de-replication, 27 MAGs (18 from Winter season and 9 from Rainy season) were reconstructed. These MAGs were either of high-quality (n = 10) or of medium quality (n = 17) that was determined based on genome completeness and contamination. These 27 MAGs spanning across 6 bacterial phyla and the most predominant ones were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria regardless of the season. Functional annotation across the MAGs suggested the existence of all known types of arsenic resistance and metabolism genes. Besides, important secondary metabolites such as zoocin_A, prochlorosin, and microcin were also abundantly present in these genomes. The metagenomic study of this lake provides the first insights into the microbiome composition and functional classification of the gene pools in two predominant seasons. The presence of arsenic metabolism and resistance genes in the recovered genomes is a sign of adaptation of the microbes to the arsenic contamination in this region. The presence of secondary metabolite genes in the lake microbiome has several implications including the potential use of these for the pharmaceutical industry.

High Grade Mental Deficiency in Relation to Differential Fertility

1947 ◽  
Vol 93 (391) ◽  
pp. 289-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Fraser Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Mental Deficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
The People ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
The Individual

Mr. Caradoc Jones this morning emphasized very clearly indeed the important distinction between high and low grade mental deficiency. He showed us some very striking figures suggesting, not that heredity is not involved in both, but that it is a different sort of heredity. It always seems to me that in considering this and related matters the analogy of stature is a helpful one. Many of us remember those posters of the last war but one, which said “Your King and Country Need YOU,” coupled with the statement that “You” had to be 5 ft. 4 in. high—a standard which went down afterwards. If one rejects for any purpose a segment of the population on a measurement of this kind one is rejecting people for very different reasons. The arbitrary standard cuts off, of course, the dwarfs; the achondroplasics, the midgets, the cretins, the rachitic dwarfs, and so on; but it cuts off far more of those who are simply short. In causation we can normally expect the dwarf's condition to be due to hereditary factors, actually a single factor in achondroplasia; or it may be something environmental, as in the rachitic dwarfs or the cretins, but when we come to the people who are just short, it has been shown fairly conclusively that in a civilized community in which the standard of nutrition is adequate, at least 90 per cent. of the differences are due to heredity; but it is a different sort of heredity. We have a whole host of genetic factors, each one of which has a small effect; but the effect is cumulative; some factors make for greater stature, some for smaller, and it is on the sum total received from the parents that the stature of the individual depends.

scholarly journals Isolated individuals and groups show opposite preferences toward humidity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Calvo Martín ◽  
Stamatios C. Nicolis ◽  
Isaac Planas-Sitjà ◽  
Jean-Christophe de Biseau ◽  
Jean-Louis Deneubourg
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractCockroaches, like most social arthropods, are led to choose collectively among different alternative resting places. These decisions are modulated by different factors, such as environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) and sociality (groups size, nature of communications). The aim of this study is to establish the interplay between environmental conditions and the modulation of the interactions between individuals within a group leading to an inversion of preferences. We show that the preferences of isolated cockroaches and groups of 16 individuals, on the selection of the relative humidity of a shelter are inversed and shed light on the mechanisms involved. We suggest that the relative humidity has a multi-level influence on cockroaches, manifested as an attractant effect at the individual level and as a negative effect at the group level, modulating the interactions.

scholarly journals Contrasting population genetics of cattle- and buffalo-derived Theileria annulata causing tropical theileriosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Chaudhry ◽  
Qasim Ali ◽  
Lynn Zheng ◽  
Imran Rashid ◽  
Muhammad Zubair Shabbir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome B ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Theileria Annulata ◽  
Tropical Theileriosis ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Individual Host ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe present study was designed to improve understanding of Theileria annulata in sympatric water buffalo and cattle in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The prevalence of tropical theileriosis is high, buparvaquone resistance is widespread, and vaccine protection is poor in the field. Better understanding is, therefore, needed of the factors that influence the genetics of T. annulata populations both within its hosts and in its overall populations. Here we utilise a panel of six satellites and a mitochondrial cytochrome b marker to explore the multiplicity of T. annulata infection and patterns of emergence and spread of different parasite genotypes. Parasite materials were collected from infected animals in defined regions, where water buffalo and cattle are kept together. Our results show that T. annulata is genetically more diverse in cattle- than in water buffalo-derived populations (the mean numbers of unique satellite alleles were 13.3 and 1.8 and numbers of unique cytochrome b locus alleles were 65 and 27 in cattle- and water buffalo-derived populations, respectively). The data show a high level of genetic diversity among the individual host-derived populations (the overall heterozygosity (He) indices were 0.912 and 0.931 in cattle, and 0.874 and 0.861 in buffalo, based on satellite and cytochrome b loci, respectively). When considered in the context of high parasite transmission rates and frequent animal movements between different regions, the predominance of multiple T. annulata genotypes, with multiple introductions of infection in the hosts from which the parasite populations were derived, may have practical implications for the spread of parasite genetic adaptations; such as those conferring vaccine cross-protection against different strains affecting cattle and buffalo, or resistance to antiprotozoal drugs.

Environmental Conditions of the Work Organization for the Disabled People

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 70-70
Author(s):  
Ewa Górska
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Company

A disabled person in a company is affected by a number of various environmental conditions. Among these the most important are such as organizational, technical, social, economic and, finally, legal working conditions. The standard and quality of the just mentioned conditions determine significantly the way in which a disabled person performs the assigned tasks and duties in the company and it also helps to create the individual sense of self-fulfillment and work satisfaction. What is more, at the same time the level of environmental conditions influences directly work efficiency and profits of the company. It must be clearly stated that working conditions do not appear immediately and spontaneously - they need careful planning and modern organization. This research paper presents the environmental conditions and discusses a model design of the work organization for the disabled people.

Influence of the digestive/reproductive tract microbiota on chicken egg production beyond host genetics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diyan Li ◽  
Shilin Tian ◽  
Wei Zhu ◽  
Yuan Su ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Host Genetics ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Chicken Egg ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Major Factors

Abstract Background: The microbiota of the digestive and reproductive systems has a prominent role in animal health and performance, but the extent of its contribution is difficult to determine. In chickens, the effect of host genetics on the reproductive and digestive tract microbiota is unclear, and the means by which digestive/reproductive microbiomes help improve egg production in chicken are unknown.Results: To gain insight into this, we examined genomes from 128 chickens reared under identical conditions and described their digestive (crop, gizzard and small intestine) and reproductive tract (vagina, uterus and isthmus) microbiota. Although the diversity, composition and predicted function of the digestive and reproductive tract microbiota exhibited notable microbiota variation substantially between different parts, host genetics had limited effects on the reproductive and digestive tract microbial community. The digestive and reproductive tract microbiota had a significant effect on egg production (accounting for 52.31% - 98.86% of the variance), after correcting for host genetic effects; in particular, the uterus and isthmus microbiota accounted for an average of 93.59% and 98.86%, respectively, of variance in egg production. We further identified four reproductive tract microbial species which were related to immune system, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides salanitronis, Bacteroides barnesiae and Clostridium leptum, that were significantly positively correlated with egg production. Chickens with a lower abundance of these species had produced significantly fewer eggs at 300 days of age (37.13 vs. 113.75) than those with a higher abundance of these microorganisms. These taxa indicate potential roles play in promoting reproductive performance. Especially uterus and isthmus tract microbiota were major factors in regulating the chicken egg production.Conclusions: Host genetics has limited effect on digestive/reproductive microbiome composition. The distinct site-associated chicken microbiome may be determined by the differences of their physical function. These findings may help design strategies for controlling and altering the digestive/reproductive tract microbiota in chickens to improve egg production.

EMBRYO-SAC PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO SEED YIELDS OF DIPLOID DOLLARD RED CLOVER

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronius Povilaitis ◽  
J. W. Botes
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions ◽  
Seed Yields

Evidence that red clover plants of the Dollard variety differ in production of fertile ovaries is presented. The amount of ovary sterility arising through failure of the embryo sac to complete its development is apparently controlled by genetic factors and influenced by environmental conditions. Consideration of the data on frequencies of ovary fertility of plants in nursery lines and in progenies of crosses, together with data on their seed production, leads to the conclusion that ovary sterility is an important limiting factor on the ability of a plant to produce seed. Even under adverse environmental conditions; appreciable ovary sterility is still the primary limiting factor in restricting seed production and hence, among plants affected by ovary sterility, it is not surprising that we found significant correlation between the percentages of ovary fertility and seed yields.

Some Biomedical Indicators in Chronogenetics

1974 ◽  
Vol 23 (S1) ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
M. Milani Comparetti ◽  
D.P. Pace ◽  
F. Britti ◽  
D. Casini
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Evolutionary Adaptation ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Differential Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Phenotypical Variability ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

All living beings are variously conditioned by both continuous and repetitive chronological phenomena.The greater biochemical complexity afforded by the genome of higher organisms contributes to increase their independence from environmental chronological phenomena (= increased homeostasis). Genetic variability (originated by mutations and required for evolutionary adaptation) extends its influence on the biochemical mechanisms of homeostasis.Phenotypical variability, if prevailing environmental conditions are constant, is based on genotypical variability. Thus the variability observed in the duration of homeostatic mechanisms must be genotypical.In current chronogenetical theory, Gedda and Brenci's concept of the Ergon) Chronon System provides the explanation for the observed variability in the duration of homeostatic phenomena; in this concept, the differential stability of genie information explains the variation of patterns of senescence in different individuals. From the viewpoint of the continuity of life, senescence must be considered as “physiological”, but its individual, especially initial degenerative manifestations are generally considered as pathological. The fundamental applications of chronogenetics to the human species are to be aimed in this direction.Individual phenomena of senescence may be more or less linear; the pattern of the respective curves may be common to the entire species, or else it may afford varying degrees of variability. The ascertainment of the respective curves (for which some indicators may serve as examples) is a prerequisite for the application of chronogenetics to the individual, framing him within his genealogy and providing great potential developments for preventive medicine.

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