scholarly journals The effect of steam sterilization on different 3D printable materials for surgical use in veterinary medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Dautzenberg ◽  
Holger A. Volk ◽  
Nikolaus Huels ◽  
Lena Cieciora ◽  
Katharina Dohmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Steam Sterilization ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Before And After ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Surgical Templates

Abstract Background Different 3D-printed materials polyactic acid (PLA), polyamide (PA), polycarbonates (PC), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and GreenTEC Pro®I have been considered for surgical templates, but there is a sparity of data about how these materials are affected by steam sterilization. The aim of the current study was to test if and how these materials change morphologically when high temperature, pressure and humidity are applied during the steam sterilization process. The overall aim is to create patient-specific sawing templates for performing corrective osteotomies. After the designing process, test-specimens with five different materials: PLA, PC, ABS, PA and GreenTEC Pro® were 3D-printed in two filling grades (30 and 100%). The FDM method was used for printing. After 3D-printing, the test-specimens were steam sterilized with a standard program lasting 20 min, at a temperature of 121 °C and a pressure of 2–3 bar. In order to measure the deviation of the printed model, we measured the individual test-specimens before and after steam sterilization using a sliding gauge. Results PC, PA and ABS showed great morphological deviations from the template after 3D-printing and steam sterilization (> 1%) respectively. ABS proved unsuitable for steam sterilization. PLA and GreenTEC Pro® demonstrated fewer morphological deviations both before and after sterilization. Therefore, we decided to perform a second test just with PLA and Green-TEC Pro® to find out which material has the highest stability and is probably able to be used for clinical application. The smallest deviations were found with the GreenTEC Pro® solid body. After autoclaving, the specimens showed a deviation from the planned body and remained below the 1% limit. Conclusion Steam sterilization causes morphological deviations in 3D printed objects. GreenTEC Pro® seems to be a suitable material for clinical use, not only for intraoperative use, but also for precise modeling. Microbiological examination, as well as biomechanical tests, should be performed to further assess whether intraoperative use is possible.

scholarly journals Development of 3D Printed Symbrachydactyly Prosthetic Hand

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5943-5947
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Prosthetic Hand ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Electrical Component ◽  
Hand Geometry

Symbrachydactyly is a genetical problem occurred to newborn where the newborn experienced underdeveloped or shorten fingers. This condition will limit their normal as even a simple task of holding an item or pushing a button. A device is needed to help them gain a better life. The aim of this project is to fabricate a customized prosthesis hand using 3D printing technology at minimum cost. The proposed prosthetic was not embedded with any electrical component. The patient can only use the wrist to control the prosthetic part which is the prosthetic fingers. The prosthetic hand was also being developed with the patient specific features, which the initial design stage was adapted from a person’s hand geometry using a 3D scanner. Next the model of the prosthesis was analyzed computationally to predict the performance of the product. Different material properties are considered in the analysis to present Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) materials. Then, the prosthesis was fabricated using the 3D printing. The results suggested that PLA material indicated better findings and further be fabricated.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Polishing SLA 3D-Printed ABS-Like Resins for Surface Roughness and Glossiness Reduction

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Jungyu Son ◽  
Hyunseop Lee
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Machining Processes ◽  
Surface Machining ◽  
One Step ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
The One ◽  
Considerable Period

After the development of 3D printing, the post-processing of the 3D-printed materials has been continuously studied, and with the recent expansion of the application of 3D printing, interest in it is increasing. Among various surface-machining processes, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a technology that can effectively provide a fine surface via chemical reactions and mechanical material removal. In this study, two polishing methods were evaluated for the reduction of surface roughness and glossiness of a stereolithography apparatus (SLA) 3D-printed ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)-like resin. Experiments were conducted on the application of CMP directly to the 3D-printed ABS-like resin (one-step polishing), and on the application of sanding (#2000) and CMP sequentially (two-step polishing). The one-step polishing experiments showed that it took a considerable period of time to remove waviness on the surface of the as-3D printed specimen using CMP. However, in the case of two-step polishing, surface roughness was reduced, and glossiness was increased faster than in the case of one-step polishing via sanding and CMP. Consequently, the experimental results show that the two-step polishing method reduced roughness more efficiently than the one-step polishing method.

APPLICATION OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY FOR RAPID TOOLING IN SHEET METAL FORMING

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
M.A. SEREZHKIN ◽  
D.O. KLIMYUK ◽  
A.I. PLOKHIKH
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Sheet Metal Forming ◽  
Metal Forming ◽  
Rapid Tooling ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
3D Printing Technology ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Printing Parameters

The article presents the study of the application of 3D printing technology for rapid tooling in sheet metal forming for custom or small–lot manufacturing. The main issue of the usage of 3D printing technology for die tooling was discovered. It is proposed to use the method of mathematical modelling to investigate how the printing parameters affect the compressive strength of FDM 3D–printed parts. Using expert research methods, the printing parameters most strongly affecting the strength of products were identified for further experiments. A method for testing the strength of 3D–printed materials has been developed and tested.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectively 3D-Printed Rigid and Versatile Interpenetrating Polymer Networks

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4544
Author(s):  
Osman Konuray ◽  
Arnau Sola ◽  
Jordi Bonada ◽  
Agnieszka Tercjak ◽  
Albert Fabregat-Sanjuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks ◽  
Dual Processing ◽  
Digital Light Processing ◽  
Superior Mechanical Properties ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Acrylate Resin ◽  
Printed Materials

Versatile acrylate–epoxy hybrid formulations are becoming widespread in photo/thermal dual-processing scenarios, especially in 3D printing applications. Usually, parts are printed in a stereolithography or digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer, after which a thermal treatment would bestow the final material with superior mechanical properties. We report the successful formulation of such a hybrid system, consisting of a commercial 3D printing acrylate resin modified by an epoxy–anhydride mixture. In the final polymeric network, we observed segregation of an epoxy-rich phase as nano-domains, similar to what was observed in a previous work. However, in the current work, we show the effectiveness of a coupling agent added to the formulation to mitigate this segregation for when such phase separation is undesired. The hybrid materials showed significant improvement of Young’s modulus over the neat acrylate. Once the flexible, partially-cured material was printed with a minimal number of layers, it could be molded into a complex form and thermally cured. Temporary shapes were readily programmable on this final material, with easy shape recovery under mild temperatures. Inspired by repairable 3D printed materials described recently, we manufactured a large object by printing its two halves, and then joined them covalently at the thermal cure stage with an apparently seamless union.

scholarly journals Accessing 3D Printed Vascular Phantoms for Procedural Simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasamine Coles-Black ◽  
Damien Bolton ◽  
Jason Chuen
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Endovascular Procedures ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Routine Care ◽  
Aortic Aneurysms ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Ct Angiogram ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
3D Printed

Introduction: 3D printed patient-specific vascular phantoms provide superior anatomical insights for simulating complex endovascular procedures. Currently, lack of exposure to the technology poses a barrier for adoption. We offer an accessible, low-cost guide to producing vascular anatomical models using routine CT angiography, open source software packages and a variety of 3D printing technologies.Methods: Although applicable to all vascular territories, we illustrate our methodology using Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms (AAAs) due to the strong interest in this area. CT aortograms acquired as part of routine care were converted to representative patient-specific 3D models, and then printed using a variety of 3D printing technologies to assess their material suitability as aortic phantoms. Depending on the technology, phantoms cost $20–$1,000 and were produced in 12–48 h. This technique was used to generate hollow 3D printed thoracoabdominal aortas visible under fluoroscopy.Results: 3D printed AAA phantoms were a valuable addition to standard CT angiogram reconstructions in the simulation of complex cases, such as short or very angulated necks, or for positioning fenestrations in juxtarenal aneurysms. Hollow flexible models were particularly useful for device selection and in planning of fenestrated EVAR. In addition, these models have demonstrated utility other settings, such as patient education and engagement, and trainee and anatomical education. Further study is required to establish a material with optimal cost, haptic and fluoroscopic fidelity.Conclusion: We share our experiences and methodology for developing inexpensive 3D printed vascular phantoms which despite material limitations, successfully mimic the procedural challenges encountered during live endovascular surgery. As the technology continues to improve, 3D printed vascular phantoms have the potential to disrupt how endovascular procedures are planned and taught.

Environment Influence on the Properties of Functional Parts Made of HIPS Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 431-440
Author(s):  
Pavel Šafl ◽  
Jana Zimáková ◽  
Tomáš Binar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Starting Material ◽  
Climatic Chamber ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Formation Of Cracks ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Degree Of Degradation

The aim of this work is to study the climatic influences on 3D printed materials. This study focuses on the HIPS material, which was chosen as the starting material for further studies. The material in the field of 3D printing is known for its rapid photooxidation, which results in the formation of cracks in the final product. A climatic chamber was used for degradation, in which UV light, heat and increased humidity were applied to the material. The degree of degradation was then checked by tensile test and electron microscope.

Investigation of three-dimensional printing materials for printing aorta model replicating Type B aortic dissection

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-An Wu ◽  
Andrew Squelch ◽  
Zhonghua Sun
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Aortic Dissection ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type B Aortic Dissection ◽  
Ct Attenuation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
3D Printed

Aim: To determine a printing material that has both elastic property and radiology equivalence close to real aorta for simulation of endovascular stent graft repair of aortic dissection. Background: With the rapid development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, a patient-specific 3D printed model is able to help surgeons to make better treatment plan for Type B aortic dissection patients. However, the radiological properties of most 3D printing materials have not been well characterized. This study aims to investigate the appropriate materials for printing human aorta with mechanical and radiological properties similar to the real aortic computed tomography (CT) attenuation. Objective: Quantitative assessment of CT attenuation of different materials used in 3D printed models of aortic dissection for developing patient-specific 3D printed aorta models to simulate type B aortic dissection. Method: A 25-mm length of aorta model was segmented from a patient’s image dataset with diagnosis of type B aortic dissection. Four different elastic commercial 3D printing materials, namely Agilus A40 and A50, Visijet CE-NT A30 and A70 were selected and printed with different hardness. Totally four models were printed out and conducted CT scanned twice on a 192-slice CT scanner using the standard aortic CT angiography protocol, with and without contrast inside the lumen.Five reference points with region of interest (ROI) of 1.77 mm2 were selected at the aortic wall and intimal flap and their Hounsfield units (HU) were measured and compared with the CT attenuation of original CT images. The comparison between the patient’s aorta and models was performed through a paired-sample t-test to determine if there is any significant difference. Result: The mean CT attenuation of aortic wall of the original CT images was 80.7 HU. Analysis of images without using contrast medium showed that the material of Agilus A50 produced the mean CT attenuation of 82.6 HU, which is similar to that of original CT images. The CT attenuation measured at images acquired with other three materials was significantly lower than that of original images (p<0.05). After adding contrast medium, Visijet CE-NT A30 had an average CT attenuation of 90.6 HU, which is close to that of the original images with statistically significant difference (p>0.05). In contrast, the CT attenuation measured at images acquired with other three materials (Agilus A40, A50 and Visiject CE-NT A70) was 129 HU, 135 HU and 129.6 HU, respectively, which is significantly higher than that of original CT images (p<0.05). Conclusion: Both Visijet CE-NT and Agilus have tensile strength and elongation close to real patient’s tissue properties producing similar CT attenuation. Visijet CE-NT A30 is considered the appropriate material for printing aorta to simulate contrast-enhanced CT imaging of type B aortic dissection. Due to lack of body phantom in the experiments, further research with simulation of realistic anatomical body environment should be conducted.

scholarly journals Clinical Applications of Patient-Specific 3D Printed Models in Cardiovascular Disease: Current Status and Future Directions

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1577
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Junior Doctors ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
3D Printed

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been increasingly used in medicine with applications in many different fields ranging from orthopaedics and tumours to cardiovascular disease. Realistic 3D models can be printed with different materials to replicate anatomical structures and pathologies with high accuracy. 3D printed models generated from medical imaging data acquired with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound augment the understanding of complex anatomy and pathology, assist preoperative planning and simulate surgical or interventional procedures to achieve precision medicine for improvement of treatment outcomes, train young or junior doctors to gain their confidence in patient management and provide medical education to medical students or healthcare professionals as an effective training tool. This article provides an overview of patient-specific 3D printed models with a focus on the applications in cardiovascular disease including: 3D printed models in congenital heart disease, coronary artery disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection, and aortic valvular disease. Clinical value of the patient-specific 3D printed models in these areas is presented based on the current literature, while limitations and future research in 3D printing including bioprinting of cardiovascular disease are highlighted.

Thermal Conductivity Testing Apparatus for 3D Printed Materials

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffaney Flaata ◽  
Gregory J. Michna ◽  
Todd Letcher
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Metal Polymer

Additive manufacturing, the layer-by-layer creation of parts, was initially used for rapid prototyping of new designs. Recently, due to the decrease in the cost and increase in the resolution and strength of additively manufactured parts, additive manufacturing is increasingly being used for production of parts for end-use applications. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), a type of 3d printing, is a process of additive manufacturing in which a molten thermoplastic material is extruded to create the desired geometry. Many potential heat transfer applications of 3d printed parts, including the development of additively manufactured heat exchangers, exist. In addition, the availability of metal/polymer composite filaments, first used for applications such as tooling for injection molding applications and to improve wear resistance, could lead to increased performance 3d printed heat exchangers because of the higher thermal conductivity of the material. However, the exploitation of 3d printing for heat transfer applications is hindered by a lack of reliable thermal conductivity data for as-printed materials, which typically include significant void fractions. In this experimental study, an apparatus to measure the effective thermal conductivity of 3d printed composite materials was designed and fabricated. Its ability to accurately measure the thermal conductivity of polymers was validated using a sample of acrylic, whose conductivity is well understood. Finally, the thermal conductivities of various 3d printed polymer, metal/polymer composite, and carbon/polymer composite filaments were measured and are reported in this paper. The materials used are acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), stainless steel/PLA, Brass/PLA, and Bronze/PLA.

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