scholarly journals Is the suckling period and application pattern relevant for fluazuron against tick infestation in cows and their suckling calves?

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Suárez ◽  
Diego Robaina ◽  
Agustina Muela ◽  
Saporiti Tatiana ◽  
Florencia Puigvert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
The Third

Abstract Background Fluazuron is a chitin synthesis inhibitor administered as a pour-on formulation in cattle for tick control. This study analyzes under endemic tick infestation, the incidence of the pour-on application pattern on the plasma levels of fluazuron in calves and cows in the lactation period of the beef cow. Two hundred and ninety-two beef cows around parturition were treated with a commercial pour-on formulation of fluazuron at a rate of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. A total of 4 treatments were carried out on days 0, 32, 77, and 117. At each administration time, the cows were grouped according to the pour-on administration pattern: long (~ 60 cm pour-on application surface) and short (~ 30 cm pour-on application surface). Fluazuron levels in cows and calves plasma were determined before the third and fourth application for each subgroup (n = 10) by HPLC-MS/MS. During the entire study, cow-calf pairs were maintained under field conditions and qualitatively examined for tick infestation on the day of each treatment. Both treatments (long and short) schemes were designed to prevent the annual persistence of ticks. Results No animals with presence of ticks were identified during the first 117 days of the study, except for three cows and one calf at the time of the third application (day 77). There were no differences after 40 days (day 77) post-treatment of the second application (30 ± 5 ppb vs. 28.5 ± 12 ppb, p > 0.05) and 45 days (day 117) after the third application (147 ± 55 ppb vs 140 ± 46 ppb, p > 0.05) between groups of cows treated with the long or short pour-on application, respectively. Plasma concentration of fluazuron at second and third application was increased (3.3 and 2.9 times, respectively) in calves under free suckling compared to cows. Nevertheless, both groups of cows and calves showed a significant increase in plasma concentration of fluazuron between times (4.9 times, p < 0.0001 and 2.8 times, p < 0.0001, respectively). In both groups, tick prevalence was 0% throughout the trial, except for day 77, which reached 1%. Conclusions The main conclusions of this study were the following: 1) Different administration patterns (long vs. short) did not differ in plasma levels of fluazuron.; 2) Given that only the cows were treated and lactating calves presented higher plasma levels of fluazuron than cows, passage through milk appears to be relevant and possibly due to a cumulative effect and continuous drug intake.

scholarly journals Is the suckling period and application pattern relevant for fluazuron efficacy against ticks in cows and their suckling calves?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Suárez ◽  
Diego Robaina ◽  
Agustina Muela ◽  
Saporiti Tatiana ◽  
Florencia Puigvert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
The Third

Abstract Background: Fluazuron is a chitin synthesis inhibitor administered as a pour-on formulation in cattle for tick control. This study analyzes under endemic tick infestation, the incidence of the pour-on application pattern on the plasma levels of fluazuron in cows and calves in the lactation period of the beef cow. Three hundred and thirteen beef cows around parturition were treated with commercial pour-on formulation of fluazuron at a rate of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. A total of 4 treatments were carried out with a dosing period set in a range of 32 to 45 days. At each administration time, the cows were grouped according to the pour-on administration pattern: long (~60 cm pour-on application surface) and short (~30 cm pour-on application surface). Fluazuron levels in cattle and calves plasma were determined before the third and fourth application for each subgroup (n=10) by HPLC-MS/MS. During the entire study cow–calf pairs were maintained under field conditions and qualitatively examined for tick infestation on the day of each treatment. Both treatment (long and short) schemes were designed to prevent the annual persistence of ticks.Results: None of the groups presented ticks during the first 117 days of the study. There were no differences after 40 days post-treatment of the second application (30±5 ppb vs 28.5±12 ppb, P>0.05) and 45 days after the third application (147±55 ppb vs 140±46 ppb, P >0.05) between groups of cows treated with the long or short pour-on application, respectively. Plasma concentration of fluazuron at second and third application was increased (3.3 and 2.9 times, respectively) in calves under free suckling compared to cows. Nevertheless, both groups of cows (4.9 times) and calves (2.8 times) showed a significant increase in plasma concentration of fluazuron between times (P<0.05). In both groups, tick prevalence was 0% throughout the trial, except for day 77, which reached 1%.Conclusions: The main conclusions of this study were the following: 1) Different administration patterns (long vs short) did not differ in plasma levels of fluazuron.; 2) Given that only the cattle were treated, and lactating calves presented higher plasma levels of fluazuron than cows, passage through milk appears to be relevant and possibly due to a cumulative effect and continuos drug intake.

scholarly journals Chemosterilants as control agents of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in field trials

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Navarro-Llopis ◽  
J. Sanchis ◽  
J. Primo-Millo ◽  
E. Primo-Yúfera
Keyword(s):  
Field Trial ◽  
Ceratitis Capitata ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Continuous Application ◽  
Trial Monitoring

AbstractLufenuron is a chitin synthesis inhibitor, which is able to impede Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), reproduction. In laboratory trials, following ingestion of lufenuron, the eggs laid by female Ceratitis capitata were prevented from hatching. In field trials in Valencia, Spain, lufenuron showed its effectiveness by reducing C. capitata wild populations and its continuous application to several generations of fruit fly resulted in increased pest control. This field trial was conducted in an isolated valley some 80 ha in size, over a continuous four-year period. In order to maintain the sterilizing effect in the field throughout the whole year, a new lufenuron bait gel was developed. This bait gel was introduced in to delta traps suspended in trees at a density of 24 traps ha−1, and these traps were replaced once a year during the field trial. Monitoring of the adult C. capitata population was conducted to assess the effects of the chemosterilant treatment. In the first year of treatment with sterilizing traps, a reduction of the C. capitata population was observed, indicating that the traps reduce the population right from the first generation. In the second, third and fourth years, a continuous and progressive reduction of the adult Mediterranean fruit fly population was observed. Therefore, the successive application of chemosterilization treatment has a cumulative effect on reducing the fly population year after year. Aerial treatment using malathion does not produce this cumulative effect, and consequently every year it is necessary to start again with the same number of flies as the year before. The possibility of using the chemosterilant method alone or combined with the sterile insect technique is discussed.

Thyroid hormone-catecholamine interrelationships during exposure to cold

1981 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Storm ◽  
C. van Hardeveld ◽  
A. A. H. Kassenaar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Basal Plasma ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

Abstract. Basal plasma levels for adrenalin (A), noradrenalin (NA), l-triiodothyronine (T3), and l-thyroxine (T4) were determined in rats with a chronically inserted catheter. The experiments described in this report were started 3 days after the surgical procedure when T3 and T4 levels had returned to normal. Basal levels for the catecholamines were reached already 4 h after the operation. The T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 3, 7, and 14 days in rats kept at 4°C and the same holds for the iodide in the 24-h urine after 7 and 14 days at 4°C. The venous NA plasma concentration was increased 6- to 12-fold during the same period of exposure to cold, whereas the A concentration remained at the basal level. During infusion of NA at 23°C the T3/T4 ratio in plasma was significantly increased after 7 days compared to pair-fed controls, and the same holds for the iodide excretion in the 24-h urine. This paper presents further evidence for a role of the sympathetic nervous system on T4 metabolism in rats at resting conditions.

Urinary calculi formation in sheep on high wheat grain diets

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Godwin ◽  
VJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Faecal Output ◽  
The Third ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus

The effects of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contents of diets containing different proportions of wheat grain to roughage on the excretion of minerals involved in urinary calculi formation by sheep, were examined in three separate studies: the first, with six sheep, determined the effects of increasing the percentage of wheat grain in the diet on the digestibilities of Ca, P and Mg, the excretion of these three elements in urine and on the propensity of the diets to form calculi; the second involved two sheep and studied the effects of supplementing a 90% grain diet with CaCO3 and roughage on faecal and urinary excretion of Ca, P and Mg; the third was carried out using four sheep fed on a 75 % grain diet and examined the effects of supplementation with extra P, Ca and roughage on Ca, P and Mg excretion. Urinary P concentration was directly correlated with the formation of calculi. Plasma inorganic phosphorus (P,) increased when grain in the diet was 75 % or greater and this led to increased urinary P excretion. The addition of CaCO3 reduced urinary P without large changes in plasma P1 and increased the faecal output of P. Extra roughage added to high grain diets reduced the digestibility of both Ca and P and the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of P. The significance of these findings for the prevention of urinary calculi in sheep is discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of matrix on plasma levels of EPA and DHA in dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay Goffin ◽  
Marc van Maris ◽  
Ronald J. Corbee
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Plasma Fatty Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Baseline Levels

AbstractEPA and DHA are often used in veterinary medicine due to their beneficial effects for several medical conditions such as osteoarthritis. EPA and DHA are administered to dogs through different matrices. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects on the plasma levels in dogs caused by various matrices for EPA and DHA administration. In this study, three different n-3 PUFA formulations were used: soft chew tablet (CCx); liquid fish oil (LFO); and enriched kibbles (EK). The formulations were administered single-dose and compared in a randomised, cross-over designed study with a 1-week wash-out period. Several variables were observed after the administration of these formulations in thirteen dogs: the NEFA plasma concentration, the AUC for 1 d (AUC0–24 h), and maximum plasma concentration for both EPA and DHA. All plasma fatty acid levels reached baseline levels within 72 h. CCx (median = 2·987) had a significantly lower AUC0–24 h for EPA compared with LFO (median = 5·647, P = 0·043) and EK (median = 5·119, P = 0·032) (F2,22 = 4·637, P = 0·021). CCx (median = 2·471) AUC0–24 h for DHA was significantly lower compared with LFO (median = 4·837, Z = −2·56, P = 0·011) and EK (median = 4·413, Z = −2·59, P = 0·01). EPA and DHA plasma levels were affected by matrix, as with the CCx, the AUC0–24 h of EPA and DHA were both lower compared with LFO and EK. The effect of matrix on bioavailability is important for product development as well as for clinical trials studying effects of EPA and DHA.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF AN INSECT CHITIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR ON HONEY BEES

Apidologie ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. HERBERT ◽  
R. J. ARGAUER ◽  
H. SHIMANUKI
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Chitin Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor

scholarly journals Tick incidence in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mildred Cortés ◽  
Alberto Pantoja ◽  
Wilfredo Robles ◽  
José Pantoja
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Tick Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Milk Cows ◽  
Average Annual Cost

Incidence of tick infestation in Puerto Rico was evaluated, as well as control mechanisms, and economic losses due to ticks in dairy herds. Data were obtained by means of questionnaire information from 261 dairy herds representing 85% of all dairies in Puerto Rico. Seventy-one percent of those interviewed confirmed tick infestation in their herds. To control tick infestation 97% used fumigation of animals; 8%, fumigation of structures. The most common method used for pesticide application (73%) was by fumigating animals in chutes by using a pump. Tick incidence was 72% in dry cows and 54% in milk cows. Poisson regression analysis showed no significant differences in mortality rates between the northeast and northwest zones of the island. Differences were found among municipalities. The average annual cost of the tick control program that farmers maintained was $28.09 per cow but mortality losses are much more costly.

scholarly journals Use of magnesium by cow’s breast tissue in the lactation periods during the day

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
L. Pluta
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
The Third ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
New Period ◽  
The New Period ◽  
Breast Tissues

The article is presented daily dynamics of the magnesium using of cow’s mammary gland during the new lactation period. During the time from milking to milking the breast tissue in the new lactation period absorbed and released Magnesium into the flowing out blood. In general, the use of Magnesium by the tissues of the cow’s mammary gland during the new lactation period during the time of the first milking ranged from 1.44±0.288 to 1.46±0.292 mmol/l. Magnesium from the incoming blood. For the fourth hour after milking, the breast tissue of the cows was absorbed only 0.01±0.002 mmol/l of Magnesium, or 0.68%. By the sixth hour after milking the breast tissue secrete 0.01 ± 0.002 mmol/l of Magnesium in the flowing out blood, and they absorbed the same amount of Magnesium for eight hours after milking. It should be noted that during the period from the first to the second milking breast tissue absorbed only 0.003±0.0006 mmol/l of Magnesium, which is 0.21 % of its content in arterial blood. From the second to the third milking breast tissue used Magnesium in small quantities. In the second hour after milking, they absorbed 0.02 ± 0.004 mmol/l of Magnesium from the incoming blood. In the fourth and sixth hours of the second milking only 0.70 % of Magnesium content in the arterial blood (0.01±0.002 mmol/l) was used by breast tissue. At eight hours after milking, breast tissue secretes 0.70 % of Magnesium (0.01±0.002 mmol/l) into the blood. From the second to the third milking, on average, the cow’s breast tissue of absorbed 0.007±0.0014 mmol/l of Magnesium, which is 1.48 % of its content in the arterial blood. During the period from the third evening to the first morning milking breast tissues for the second and fourth hours after the third milking absorbed 0.01±0.002 mmol/l of Magnesium. In the sixth and eighth hours after milking the cow’s breast tissue excreted 0.01±0.002 mmol/l of Magnesium into flowing out from the breast blood. During the period from the third to the first milking cow’s breast tissue absorbed only 0.005±0.001 mmol/l of Magnesium, which is 1.4 times less (p<0.001) than after the second milking, which is 0.35 %. On average per day cow’s breast tissue absorbed 0.005±0.001 mmol/l of Magnesium, which is only 0.35 % of its content in arterial blood. During the day, the breast tissue of cows in the period of milking isolated Magnesium in the blood from the breast at the level of 0.28 %.During the period of lactation recession the use of Magnesium by cows breast tissue had a corresponding characteristic. It should be noted, breast tissue of cows was excreted Magnesium in the flowing out blood only for the second hour after milking during the period from the first to the second milking (- 0.01±0.002 mmol/l, or 0.69 %). Breast tissue of cows absorbed Magnesium at the level 0.01±0.002 mmol/l in the next hour after the milking. Breast tissue of the cows did not absorb Magnesium from the incoming to them blood in the sixth and eighth hours after milking the. Breast tissue of cows did not adsorb Magnesium from the blood flowing to the breast the incoming blood in the period from the third to the first milking. Breast tissue absorbed it from incoming blood and released into the flowing out blood wavily during the period from the second to the third milking. In the second hour after milking the breast tissue of cows excreted 0.01±0.002 mmol/l of Magnesium into the blood, for the fourth hour absorbed Magnesium in the same amount. Magnesium only on the second hour after milking. In the following, at the fourth, sixth and eight hours after milking breast tissue was excreted in the flowing out from the breast of cows blood at the level of 0.02±0.004 mmol/l and 0.01±0.002 mmol/l of Magnesium. On average, from the third (evening) to the first (morning) milking of the breast tissue excreted Magnesium into the flowing out blood at the level -0.002±0.0004 mmol/l, or 0.13 %. In general during the day, breast tissue of cows during the period of lactation recession, Magnesium was excreted into the flowing out blood at the level of 0.02±0.004 mmol/l, or 0.14 %, which is 2.5 times and 1.5 times less than in the middle of lactation less than in the new-period of lactation (p<0.01).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document