scholarly journals Emerging nanomedicines for effective breast cancer immunotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirhossein Bahreyni ◽  
Yasir Mohamud ◽  
Honglin Luo
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Tumor Environment ◽  
Advanced Biomaterials

AbstractBreast cancer continues to be the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women, putting their life in jeopardy. Cancer immunotherapy is a novel approach with the ability to boost the host immune system to recognize and eradicate cancer cells with high selectivity. As a promising treatment, immunotherapy can not only eliminate the primary tumors, but also be proven to be effective in impeding metastasis and recurrence. However, the clinical application of cancer immunotherapy has faced some limitations including generating weak immune responses due to inadequate delivery of immunostimulants to the immune cells as well as uncontrolled modulation of immune system, which can give rise to autoimmunity and nonspecific inflammation. Growing evidence has suggested that nanotechnology may meet the needs of current cancer immunotherapy. Advanced biomaterials such as nanoparticles afford a unique opportunity to maximize the efficiency of immunotherapy and significantly diminish their toxic side-effects. Here we discuss recent advancements that have been made in nanoparticle-involving breast cancer immunotherapy, varying from direct activation of immune systems through the delivery of tumor antigens and adjuvants to immune cells to altering immunosuppression of tumor environment and combination with other conventional therapies.

scholarly journals Cancer Vaccines: Promising Therapeutics or an Unattainable Dream

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 668
Author(s):  
Howard Donninger ◽  
Chi Li ◽  
John W. Eaton ◽  
Kavitha Yaddanapudi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccines

The advent of cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of cancer treatment and offers cancer patients new hope. Although this therapy has proved highly successful for some patients, its efficacy is not all encompassing and several cancer types do not respond. Cancer vaccines offer an alternate approach to promote anti-tumor immunity that differ in their mode of action from antibody-based therapies. Cancer vaccines serve to balance the equilibrium of the crosstalk between the tumor cells and the host immune system. Recent advances in understanding the nature of tumor-mediated tolerogenicity and antigen presentation has aided in the identification of tumor antigens that have the potential to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Cancer vaccines can either be prophylactic (preventative) or therapeutic (curative). An exciting option for therapeutic vaccines is the emergence of personalized vaccines, which are tailor-made and specific for tumor type and individual patient. This review summarizes the current standing of the most promising vaccine strategies with respect to their development and clinical efficacy. We also discuss prospects for future development of stem cell-based prophylactic vaccines.

scholarly journals Targeting Transforming Growth Factor β to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 141-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hahn ◽  
Emmanuel Akporiaye
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Human Tumours

Human tumours have evolved intricate mechanisms to evade the immune system, either by avoiding recognition or by inhibiting and eliminating immune cells. [...]

scholarly journals The Next-Generation of Combination Cancer Immunotherapy: Epigenetic Immunomodulators Transmogrify Immune Training to Enhance Immunotherapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3596
Author(s):  
Reza Bayat Mokhtari ◽  
Manpreet Sambi ◽  
Bessi Qorri ◽  
Narges Baluch ◽  
Neda Ashayeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Tumor Rejection ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Patient Response ◽  
Specific Antigens

Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system by targeting tumor cells that express antigens recognized by immune system cells, thus leading to tumor rejection. These tumor-associated antigens include tumor-specific shared antigens, differentiation antigens, protein products of mutated genes and rearrangements unique to tumor cells, overexpressed tissue-specific antigens, and exogenous viral proteins. However, the development of effective therapeutic approaches has proven difficult, mainly because these tumor antigens are shielded, and cells primarily express self-derived antigens. Despite innovative and notable advances in immunotherapy, challenges associated with variable patient response rates and efficacy on select tumors minimize the overall effectiveness of immunotherapy. Variations observed in response rates to immunotherapy are due to multiple factors, including adaptative resistance, competency, and a diversity of individual immune systems, including cancer stem cells in the tumor microenvironment, composition of the gut microbiota, and broad limitations of current immunotherapeutic approaches. New approaches are positioned to improve the immune response and increase the efficacy of immunotherapies, highlighting the challenges that the current global COVID-19 pandemic places on the present state of immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Meiliana ◽  
Nurrani Mustika Dewi ◽  
Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Adoptive Cell Transfer ◽  
Cell Transfer ◽  
Genetically Engineer

BACKGROUND: The goals of treating patients with cancer are to cure the disease, prolong survival, and improve quality of life. Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment have an important role in regulating tumor progression. Therefore, stimulating immune reactions to tumors can be an attractive therapeutic and prevention strategy.CONTENT: During immune surveillance, the host provides defense against foreign antigens, while ensuring it limits activation against self antigens. By targeting surface antigens expressed on tumor cells, monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated efficacy as cancer therapeutics. Recent successful antibody-based strategies have focused on enhancing antitumor immune responses by targeting immune cells, irrespective of tumor antigens. The use of antibodies to block pathways inhibiting the endogenous immune response to cancer, known as checkpoint blockade therapy, has stirred up a great deal of excitement among scientists, physicians, and patients alike. Clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of antibodies that block the T cell inhibitory molecules cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) have reported success in treating subsets of patients. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a highly personalized cancer therapy that involve administration to the cancer-bearing host of immune cells with direct anticancer activity. In addition, the ability to genetically engineer lymphocytes to express conventional T cell receptors or chimeric antigen receptors has further extended the successful application of ACT for cancer treatment.SUMMARY: For cancer treatment, 2011 marked the beginning of a new era. The underlying basis of cancer immunotherapy is to activate a patient’s own T cells so that they can kill their tumors. Reports of amazing recoveries abound, where patients remain cancer-free many years after receiving the therapy. The idea of harnessing immune cells to fight cancer is not new, but only recently have scientists amassed enough clinical data to demonstrate what a game-changer cancer immunotherapy can be. This field is no stranger to obstacles, so the future looks very promising indeed.KEYWORDS: immune checkpoint, adoptive cell transfer, neoantigen, monoclonal antibody

scholarly journals Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell as a New Source for Cancer Immunotherapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Rami ◽  
Halimeh Mollainezhad ◽  
Mansoor Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

The immune system consists of cells, proteins, and other molecules that beside each other have a protective function for the host against foreign pathogens. One of the most essential features of the immune system is distinguishability between self- and non-self-cells. This function has an important role in limiting development and progression of cancer cells. In this case, the immune system can detect tumor cell as a foreign pathogen; so, it can be effective in elimination of tumors in their early phases of development. This ability of the immune system resulted in the development of a novel therapeutic field for cancer treatment using host immune components which is called cancer immunotherapy. The main purpose of cancer immunotherapy is stimulation of a strong immune response against the tumor cells that can result from expressing either the immune activator cytokines in the tumor area or gene-modified immune cells. Because of the problems of culturing and manipulating immune cells ex vivo, in recent years, embryonic stem cell (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) have been used as new sources for generation of modified immune stimulatory cells. In this paper, we reviewed some of the progressions in iPSC technology for cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Enhancement of immune response against Bordetella spp. by disrupting immunomodulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica C. Gestal ◽  
Laura K. Howard ◽  
Kalyan Dewan ◽  
Hannah M. Johnson ◽  
Mariette Barbier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Sterilizing Immunity

AbstractWell-adapted pathogens must evade clearance by the host immune system and the study of how they do this has revealed myriad complex strategies and mechanisms. Classical bordetellae are very closely related subspecies that are known to modulate adaptive immunity in a variety of ways, permitting them to either persist for life or repeatedly infect the same host. Exploring the hypothesis that exposure to immune cells would cause bordetellae to induce expression of important immunomodulatory mechanisms, we identified a putative regulator of an immunomodulatory pathway. The deletion of btrS in B. bronchiseptica did not affect colonization or initial growth in the respiratory tract of mice, its natural host, but did increase activation of the inflammasome pathway, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. The mutant lacking btrS recruited many more B and T cells into the lungs, where they rapidly formed highly organized and distinctive Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) not induced by any wild type Bordetella species, and a much more rapid and strong antibody response than observed with any of these species. Immunity induced by the mutant was measurably more robust in all respiratory organs, providing completely sterilizing immunity that protected against challenge infections for many months. Moreover, the mutant induced sterilizing immunity against infection with other classical bordetellae, including B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, something the current vaccines do not provide. These findings reveal profound immunomodulation by bordetellae and demonstrate that by disrupting it much more robust protective immunity can be generated, providing a pathway to greatly improve vaccines and preventive treatments against these important pathogens.

scholarly journals Effect of Toxoplasma gondii on colon cancer growth in mouse model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Farideh Zavareh ◽  
◽  
Mahboubeh Hadiipour ◽  
Reza Kalantari ◽  
Somayeh Mousavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Target Therapy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Neoplastic Cells ◽  
Tumor Environment ◽  
The Difference

Despite all advances in cancer treatment methods, failure of treatment is a major concern. This failure can be caused by tumor environment made by tumor cells and prevents immune system to reach neoplastic cells. So, cancer immunotherapy and target therapy are in the focus of scientists. Due to the inverse relationship shown between parasites and cancer, parasites are a candidate for use in cancer immunotherapy. Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite invades many cells of vertebrae spices but make symptoms only in fetus and immuno-deficient person. Studies have shown T. gondii can stimulate immune system against neoplastic cells and break fort of tumor environment. In this experimental work, Colon cancer bearing mice randomly divided into three groups. Groups 1 and 2 were injected with either lysate or irradiated tachyzoite of T. gondii respectively. The third group were left intact as control group. Our resulted data showed that in irradiated tachyzoite or lysate treated groups there was a significant reduction in tumor growth in comparison with control group. However, the difference in survival time was not statistically significant. In conclusion, treatment with T. gondii antigens resulted in suppression of tumor growth.

scholarly journals Understanding the Role of Innate Immune Cells and Identifying Genes in Breast Cancer Microenvironment

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2226
Author(s):  
Israa Shihab ◽  
Bariaa A. Khalil ◽  
Noha Mousaad Elemam ◽  
Ibrahim Y. Hachim ◽  
Mahmood Yaseen Hachim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Cancer Microenvironment

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens and has a major role in clearing transformed cells, besides its essential role in activating the adaptive immune system. Macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and granulocytes are part of the innate immune system that accumulate in the tumor microenvironment such as breast cancer. These cells induce inflammation in situ by secreting cytokines and chemokines that promote tumor growth and progression, in addition to orchestrating the activities of other immune cells. In breast cancer microenvironment, innate immune cells are skewed towards immunosuppression that may lead to tumor evasion. However, the mechanisms by which immune cells could interact with breast cancer cells are complex and not fully understood. Therefore, the importance of the mammary tumor microenvironment in the development, growth, and progression of cancer is widely recognized. With the advances of using bioinformatics and analyzing data from gene banks, several genes involved in NK cells of breast cancer individuals have been identified. In this review, we discuss the activities of certain genes involved in the cross-talk among NK cells and breast cancer. Consequently, altering tumor immune microenvironment can make breast tumors more responsive to immunotherapy.

Leishmanial selenoproteins and the host immune system: towards new therapeutic strategies?

2020 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 541-544
Author(s):  
Sajad Rashidi ◽  
Kurosh Kalantar ◽  
Paul Nguewa ◽  
Gholamreza Hatam
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Abstract Optimum levels of selenoproteins are essential for starting and managing the host immune responses against pathogens. According to the expression of selenoproteins in Leishmania parasites, and since high levels of selenoproteins lead to adverse effects on immune cells and their functions, Leishmania parasites might then express selenoproteins such as selenomethionine in their structure and/or secretions able to challenge the host immune system. Finally, this adaptation may lead to evasion of the parasite from the host immune system. The expression of selenoproteins in Leishmania parasites might then induce the development of infection. We therefore suggest these molecules as new therapeutic candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

Role of Immune Cells in the Course of Central Nervous System Injury: Modulation with Natural Products

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Matteo Antonio Russo ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cns Injury ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Immune cells actively participate to the central nervous system (CNS) injury either damaging or protecting neural tissue with release of various mediators. Residential microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages play a fundamental role within the injured CNS and, here, special emphasis will be placed on M1 and M2 macrophages for their different functional activities. On the other hand, peripheral T regulatory (Treg) cells exert antiinflammatory activities in the diseased host. In this respect, activation of Treg cells by nutraceuticals may represent a novel approach to treat neuroinflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols will be described as substances endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, taking into account that Treg cells act in the later phase of CNS injury, favoring immune suppression, manipulation of host immune system with both substances requires caution to avoid undesired side effects.

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