scholarly journals Placing women in Cytogenetics: Lore Zech and the chromosome banding technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicitas Söhner ◽  
Nils Hansson
Keyword(s):  
Peer Group ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Banding Technique ◽  
Karolinska Institute ◽  
New Era ◽  
Human Cytogenetics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Witness Interviews

Abstract Background Scholars agree that Torbjörn Caspersson’s lab at the Institute of Medical Cell Research and Genetics at the Karolinska Institute, Sweden, played a key role in the first description of the so-called Q-banding technique. It laid the foundation for a new era of cytogenetic diagnostics and had a lasting impact in several areas of biology and medicine. Methods Based on a mixed-method approach, essential aspects of the history of human cytogenetics are considered via primary and secondary analysis of biographical interviews as well as the qualitative evaluation of bibliometrics. Drawing on interviews with colleagues of lab member Lore Zech (1923–2013) and contemporary publications, this paper illuminates the role of and contribution by Zech: To what extent is the discovery attached to her and what does her legacy look like today? Results The analysis of the contemporary witness interviews with colleagues, students and junior researchers shows that Lore Zech was a committed member of Caspersson's research group. In addition, memoirs by contemporary colleagues describe her outstanding skills in microscopy. The different sources paint a multifaceted picture. In addition to the historians' patterns of interpretation, different legacies can also be found within the peer group. Conclusions We argue that Zech represent the type of scientist who, although her research was acknowledged with several prizes, so far has not been part of the canon of pioneers of international cytogenetics.

Reorientation of Confucian Social Thought in the Age of Wang Yangming

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-shih Yü
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
New Era ◽  
Wang Yangming ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
History Of ◽  
Confucian Scholar

This essay examines how the most notable Neo-Confucian scholar Wang Yangming (1472-1529) re-oriented his Confucian project in the context of Ming despotism. It argues that Confucianism took a decidedly new turn in the sixteenth century and that Wang Yangming was at the center of this development from the sixteenth century to the early decades of the eighteenth. Details how Wang shifted the earlier central role of Confucian intellectuals in implementing reforms under the imperial support to enlightening the ordinary Chinese people, specifically including the merchant class, that they could realize the Dao or the Moral Way in their daily lives. This shift not only led to a new era of social and political thinking in the history of Confucianism, but also to the rise of the merchant class to unprecedented social and cultural prominence in the 16th century.

scholarly journals Countering Terrorism Through Multilateralism: Reviewing the Role of the United Nations

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-122
Author(s):  
Ayushi Tiwari ◽  
Parimal Kashyap
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
New Era ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
History Of ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Changing Times

The United Nations (UN) came into being after the world had been ravaged by two World Wars and was on the brink of a Cold War. It was uncharted territory, even for a global organisation, to acknowledge the perils of the new era, which were not limited to regional issues but also included territorial and communal tensions, the arrival of full-fledged non- State organisations and an intrinsic link to politics. The UN has witnessed the development of terrorism as a major international issue. Many of its agencies were conceived as part of its counter-terrorism strategy. It has sought the implementation of this strategy on an operational basis worldwide and brought about cooperation, aid and assistance for the same. This article analyses the history of the UN’s role in defining and countering terrorism, along with the reconfiguration of its stance according to the changing times. It lays out various new challenges put forth by terrorism in the 21st century and questions the legitimacy of the UN’s current counter-terrorism strategy. While advocating the necessity of the UN as a guide, a watch dog and an initiator, it highlights the major hurdles in a comprehensive plan of action and suggests a way forward to the revise the perception of the threat and realign the existing institutional efforts and policy changes, as well as highlighting the need to reconfigure the responses and techniques used.

Post-nationalism, sovereignty and the state

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Gary Wickham
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
New Era ◽  
Political Research ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se

The term ‘post-national formations’ is a product of some of the recent work of Jürgen Habermas. In using this term, Habermas highlights what he regards as a laudatory trend in social and political research. This is the trend away from an intense focus on the role of nation-states – a role he believes to be unconducive to progressive politics – and towards a focus on the role of new configurations – a role he believes to be much more conducive to this type of politics. ‘Post-national formations’, then, is the term Habermas uses to describe new non-state configurations he has identified. He is confident these configurations will eventually break free of the supposed yoke of the nation-state and usher in a new era of progressivism. This article is not concerned with the post-national formations literature per se. Rather, it is concerned with this literature’s failure to take into account the full history of both the nation-state and the notion of sovereignty that helps the nation-state to function. In pursuing this concern, the article draws material from various sources to offer a short historical defence of the sovereign state.

scholarly journals Soldiers, Scouts and Spies: A Military History of the New Zealand Wars 1845–1864

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Military History ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
New Era ◽  
Military Background ◽  
History Of ◽  
Richard Taylor ◽  
Bold Claim

Military historian Cliff Simons says one of the inspirations for Soldiers, Scouts and Spies was “hearing a well-known Pākehā host on national radio vehemently declare that ‘Māori never lost a battle’” during the New Zealand Wars (21). At its launch, fellow military historian Richard Taylor described the new book as a “watershed publication” that marked a new era in research on the New Zealand Wars, supplanting the allegedly flawed work of James Belich.[i] It is a bold claim to make for a history of the role of military intelligence in some (but not all) of the conflicts fought between 1845 and 1864, especially given the omission of all of the wars fought after that date through until 1872. Simons himself makes some further claims for the work, suggesting that his own background as an officer in the New Zealand Army gives him special insights into the wars not available to other historians and writers from a non-military background.   [i] Launch speech for Soldiers, Scouts & Spies, by Lieutenant Colonel Richard Taylor, 15 October 2019, https://www.masseypress.ac.nz/news/2019/october/launch-speech-for-soldiers-scouts-and-spies/

The Role of an Academic Center in Promoting Common Goals

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
JOANNE ZURLO ◽  
ALAN M. GOLDBERG
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
New Era ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Academic Center ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
The Three Rs

The publication in 1959 of Russell and Burch's The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique initiated a new era in the history of the debate between science and animal protection, the era of alternatives. Although Russell and Burch never used the word “alternatives” (speaking instead of the “three Rs”: replacement, reduction, and refinement), and although the animal protection movement was somewhat moribund at the time in both England and the United States, within a decade of the book's publication a number of signs indicating a resurgence of public interest in the issue began to appear. At the same time, increased knowledge and understanding of neurophysiology and ethology heightened scientific awareness of the significance of humane treatment in the laboratory and professionalized laboratory animal science.

scholarly journals The Medici’s Influence: Revival of Political and Financial Thought in Europe

Belleten ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 85 (302) ◽  
pp. 29-51
Author(s):  
Sema Yılmaz Genç ◽  
Hassan Syed
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
World History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
New Era ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Renaissance

The history of the European Renaissance has been written in many versions. The move from medieval to Renaissance period in world history shows clashes between empires and human nature. The contemporary scholars have many variants of history to choose from and form their own views about what actually transpired during the historical period. The most significant role of the Medici family was in the new era of European history that witnessed the art of administration on the Medici Bank in Florence/Italy. This paper portrays the point of view of the influence of Islamic Arab scholars as scribes in the re-introduction of Greek-Aristotelian philosophies to Renaissance Europe. This view is being increasingly challenged. The Islamic-Arab scholars such as Averroes and Avicenna were not mere scribes. Better translations of Arabic and Persian historical treasures reveal that the Islamic-Arab scholars during the golden age of Islam were globally accepted literary giants who made profound changes to the ideological shaping of Renaissance Europe.

NEW DATA ON THE DOMES OF THE ANI’S CHURCHES. PART TWO. THE CHURCH OF THE INNER FORTRESS

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-144
Author(s):  
Армен Юрьевич Казарян
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Concrete Core ◽  
New Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
Actual Material ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
The Church

Статья посвящена реконструкции и научной интерпретации форм купольной главы одного из ключевых памятников архитектуры Армении рубежа XII-XIII вв. - церкви, построенной амирспасаларом и шахиншахом Закаре Мхаргрдзели из рода Закарянов во Внутренней крепости Ани, именуемой в народной традиции Ахчкабердом (Девичьей крепостью). Исследование является второй статьей о купольных главах Ани и в то же время продолжает серию публикаций об этой церкви, начатых в 2019 г. в соавторстве с Е. А. Лошкаревой. Предпринятое в мае 2019 г. новое обследование руины этой анийской церкви и обмеры ее фрагментов позволили реконструировать высокий 12-гранный барабан, украшенный рельефной аркатурой и фризом и увенчанный зигзагообразным широким карнизом, служившим основой складчатого зонтичного шатра. В статье выдвигаются предположения о рождении такой формы главы в результате творческого соединения двух архитектурных идей эпохи Багратидов: декорации барабана Анийского кафедрального собора конца X в. и складчатого купола группы монастырских храмов первой половины XI в. Анализ форм барабана и принципов архитектурного творчества в сравнении с памятниками новой эпохи, ознаменованной приходом к власти Закаре, уточняет место исследуемой постройки в сложении монастырских церквей первой четверти XIII в. Как выдвигаемая реконструкция церкви Закаре, так и расширение знаний о куполах эпохи позволяют глубже познать концептуальные основы средневекового армянского зодчества и выявить роль творческого начала в его развитии. The article is devoted to the scientific interpretation and reconstruction of the forms of the dome of one of the key architectural monuments in Armenia at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries - a church built in the Ani Inner Fortress by Amirspasalar and Shahinshah Zakara Mkhargrdzeli from the Zakarian family. The Inner fortress is traditionally referred to as Aghjkberd (Maiden Fortress). The present study is the second in a series of articles on the Ani cupolas and, at the same time, it continues the sequence of publications on the church undertaken in 2019 in collaboration with E. A. Loshkareva. An important aspect of Armenian architecture research is the possibility to create fairly accurate reconstructions based on actual material. Thanks to the masonry technique, strengthened by a rubble-concrete core, joints of different architectural forms are preserved in fragments of ruined buildings. Such joint details in fallen fragments serve as clues to the reconstruction of architectural forms and in determining their order in the vertical composition of the building. A new survey undertaken in May 2019 on the ruined Ani church and the measurements of its fragments made it possible to reconstruct a tall domed tholobate, decorated with a 12-part blind arcade covered in relief. Passing above it is a frieze crowned with a zigzaged wide cornice that served as the basis of an umbrella-like steeple. Attention is drawn to the interpretation of some individual details, to the specific understanding of the covering ornaments, especially to the motif of geometric weaving on the frieze, and to the variations of the floral ornament in the shape of a festoon on the capitals and spandrels. The results of the investigation of details and ornamentation help us to understand the genesis of the composition of the dome and the entire church too. In the article it is presumed that this particular shape of the dome had become an outcome of the creative combination of two architectural ideas of the Bagratid era: the decoration of the drum of the Ani Cathedral from the end of the 10th century and a type of cupola of a group of monastery churches from the first half of the 11th century. The exploration of the drum’s forms and the principles of architectural design in comparison with the data on the monuments of the new era, marked by the rise to power of Zakare, clarifies the place and role of the church of the Inner fortress in the history of monastery churches in the first quarter of the 13th century. Both the proposed reconstruction of Zakare’s building and the expanded scope of knowledge of the cupolas of the era allow us to understand better the conceptual foundations of medieval Armenian architecture and to reveal the role of creativity in its development.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of a family history of adenocarcinomas in patients with Barrett oesophagus

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A442-A442
Author(s):  
P TSIBOURIS ◽  
M HENDRICKSE ◽  
P ISAACS
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrett Oesophagus

Protective Factors and Suicidality in Members of Arab Kindred

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Hamdan ◽  
Nadine Melhem ◽  
Israel Orbach ◽  
Ilana Farbstein ◽  
Mohammad El-Haib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Suicidal Risk ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
History Of

Background: Relatively little is known about the role of protective factors in an Arab population in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Aims: To examine the role of protective factors in a subsample of in large Arab Kindred participants in the presence of suicidal risk factors. Methods: We assessed protective and risk factors in a sample of 64 participants (16 suicidal and 48 nonsuicidal) between 15 and 55 years of age, using a comprehensive structured psychiatric interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), self-reported depression, anxiety, hopelessness, impulsivity, hostility, and suicidal behavior in first-degree and second-relatives. We also used the Religiosity Questionnaire and suicide attitude (SUIATT) and multidimensional perceived support scale. Results: Suicidal as opposed to nonsuicidal participants were more likely to have a lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD) (68.8% vs. 22.9% χ2 = 11.17, p = .001), an anxiety disorder (87.5% vs. 22.9, χ2 = 21.02, p < .001), or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (25% vs. 0.0%, Fisher’s, p = .003). Individuals who are otherwise at high risk for suicidality have a much lower risk when they experience higher perceived social support (3.31 ± 1.36 vs. 4.96 ± 1.40, t = 4.10, df = 62, p < .001), and they have the view that suicide is somehow unacceptable (1.83 ± .10 vs. 1.89 ± .07, t = 2.76, df = 60, p = .008). Conclusions: Taken together with other studies, these data suggest that the augmentation of protective factors could play a very important role in the prevention of incidental and recurrent suicidal behavior in Arab populations, where suicidal behavior in increasing rapidly.

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